水氮耦合对土壤水分时空分布与胡麻耗水特性及产量的影响
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摘要
为明确水氮耦合效应对陇中黄土高原半干旱丘陵沟壑区胡麻耗水特性的影响,筛选出适宜当地的灌水量和施肥量,采用三因素裂区试验设计,以轮选2号(V1)、定压22号(V2)2个胡麻品种为主区,3个灌水量0(W1)、1 200(W2)和1 800 m~3·hm~(-2)(W3)为副区,3个氮肥梯度0(N1)、60(N2)和120 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)为副副区,研究水氮耦合对胡麻不同生育时期的耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌水量和施氮量主要影响100 cm以上土层土壤含水量,表现为W3>W2>W1,N3>N2>N1,成熟期0～100 cm土层平均土壤含水量W3较W2、W1分别高9.04%和30.93%,N3较N2、N1分别高5.96%和9.68%;品种、灌水、氮肥对产量有显著影响,V2较V1增加8.94%,W3、W2较W1分别增加40.35%和27.42%,N3、N2较N1分别增加13.86%和8.50%,除VXN外,各处理两因素间交互作用显著(P<0.01),而三因素间交互作用不显著;农学利用率随着灌水量、施氮量的增加而下降,偏生产力随着灌水量的增加而增加,随着施氮量的增加而下降。综合评价水氮互作效应对胡麻耗水特性、产量、水分利用效率及肥料利用效率的影响,建议在试验区条件选择V2品种、灌水为1 800 m~3·hm~(-2),施氮量为60 kg N·hm~(-2)。综上,适宜的水氮耦合模式在增加旱地胡麻籽粒产量、促进土壤水分吸收的基础上,能够保证胡麻的高产高效。本研究结果为旱区胡麻高产栽培技术提供了理论依据。
In order to clarify the effects of water and nitrogen coupling on water consumption characteristics of oil flax in typical semiarid gully area of Loess Plateau and select the suitable local irrigation amount and fertilization application rate, the field experiment was conducted. The effects of water and nitrogen coupling on water use characteristics at different growth stages, grain yield, and water use efficiency of oil flax were studied by three-factor split. Two species of Lunxuan 2(V1) and Dingya 22(V2) were selected as the main area, three irrigations of 0(W1), 1 200(W2), and 1 800 m~3·hm~(-2)(W3) were set as the sub-area, and three nitrogen fertilizer gradients of 0(N1), 60(N2), and 120 kg·hm~(-2)(N3) were the secondary sub-areas. The results showed that the irrigation amount and nitrogen rate mainly affected the soil water content above 100 cm soil depth, indicating that W3 was higher than W2 and W1, and N3 was higher than N2 and N1. The average soil water content of W3 in the 0～100 cm soil layer during maturity was 9.04% and 30.93% higher than W2 and W1, respectively, and N3 was 5.96% and 9.68% higher than N2 and N1, respectively. The variety, irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected yield. The yield of V2 increased by 8.94% compared with the yield of W3 and W2 increased by 40.35% and 27.42%, respectively, compared with W1, and the yield of N3 and N2 increased by 13.86% and 8.50%, respectively, compared with N1. The interactive effects between water and nitrogen, variety and water, and variety and nitrogen were significant(P<0.01), however, the interactive effects among variety, water and nitrogen were not significant. The agronomic utilization efficiency decreased with the increase of irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate, the partial productivity increased with the increase of irrigation amount, and decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. These results suggested that selecting V2 with 1 800 m~3·hm~(-2) irrigation amount and 60 kg N·hm~(-2) nitrogen fertilizer in test region was the best choice, which can increase grain yield and improve soil moisture absorption of oil flax in dryland. The results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of oil flax.
In order to clarify the effects of water and nitrogen coupling on water consumption characteristics of oil flax in typical semiarid gully area of Loess Plateau and select the suitable local irrigation amount and fertilization application rate, the field experiment was conducted. The effects of water and nitrogen coupling on water use characteristics at different growth stages, grain yield, and water use efficiency of oil flax were studied by three-factor split. Two species of Lunxuan 2(V1) and Dingya 22(V2) were selected as the main area, three irrigations of 0(W1), 1 200(W2), and 1 800 m~3·hm~(-2)(W3) were set as the sub-area, and three nitrogen fertilizer gradients of 0(N1), 60(N2), and 120 kg·hm~(-2)(N3) were the secondary sub-areas. The results showed that the irrigation amount and nitrogen rate mainly affected the soil water content above 100 cm soil depth, indicating that W3 was higher than W2 and W1, and N3 was higher than N2 and N1. The average soil water content of W3 in the 0～100 cm soil layer during maturity was 9.04% and 30.93% higher than W2 and W1, respectively, and N3 was 5.96% and 9.68% higher than N2 and N1, respectively. The variety, irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer significantly affected yield. The yield of V2 increased by 8.94% compared with the yield of W3 and W2 increased by 40.35% and 27.42%, respectively, compared with W1, and the yield of N3 and N2 increased by 13.86% and 8.50%, respectively, compared with N1. The interactive effects between water and nitrogen, variety and water, and variety and nitrogen were significant(P<0.01), however, the interactive effects among variety, water and nitrogen were not significant. The agronomic utilization efficiency decreased with the increase of irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate, the partial productivity increased with the increase of irrigation amount, and decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. These results suggested that selecting V2 with 1 800 m~3·hm~(-2) irrigation amount and 60 kg N·hm~(-2) nitrogen fertilizer in test region was the best choice, which can increase grain yield and improve soil moisture absorption of oil flax in dryland. The results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of oil flax.
引文
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[2] 胡梦芸,门福圆,张颖君,孙丽静,刘茜,李倩影,刘富爽,李辉.水氮互作对作物生理特性和氮素利用影响的研究进展[J].麦类作物学报, 2016,36(3):332-340
[3] 包恩春.浅谈农田地面灌溉技术的改进[J].中国科技博览,2011,29:319
[4] 秦姗姗,侯宗建,吴忠东,马东豪,黄平.水氮耦合对冬小麦氮素吸收及产量的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2017,35(5):440-447
[5] 朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783
[6] Che S G, Zhao B Q, Li Y T, Yuan L, Li W, Lin Z A, Hu S W, Shen B. Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2015,14(12):2456-2466
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[8] 郭天财,冯伟,赵会杰,朱云集,王晨阳,闫耀礼,罗毅.水分和氮素运筹对冬小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响[J].西北植物学报, 2003, 23(9): 1512-1517
[9] Guan D H, Zhang Y S, Al-Kaisi M M, Wang Q Y, Zhang M C, Li Z H. Tillage practices effect on root distribution and water use efficiency of winter wheat under rain-fed condition in the North China Plain[J]. Soil & Tillage Research,2015,146:286-295
[10] 闫佳,张均,马超.氮素水平对冬小麦地上部分锌积累和转运的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2016,45(5):102-106
[11] 李生秀.土壤植物营养研究文集[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1999:1-36
[12] 李培岭,张富仓,贾运岗.沙漠绿洲地区膜下滴灌棉花水分利用的水氮耦合效应[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(3):53-59
[13] 刘小刚,张富仓,杨启良,田玉丰,李志军.石羊河流域武威绿洲春玉米水氮耦合效应[J].应用生态学报, 2013,24(8):2222-2228
[14] 徐国伟,王贺正,尼娇娇,陈明灿,李友军.水氮耦合对郑麦9023结实期叶片衰老及产量的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(11):137-145
[15] 欧巧明,叶春雷,李进京,陈军,崔文娟,厚毅清,王立光,李忠旺,罗俊杰.油用亚麻品种资源主要性状的鉴定与评价[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(5):623-633
[16] 崔红艳,胡发龙,方子森,任盼荣,牛俊义.不同施氮水平对胡麻根系形态和氮素利用的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2015,37(5):694-701
[17] 崔红艳,许维成,孙毓民,牛俊义,方子森.施用有机肥对土壤水分、胡麻产量和品质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):307-312
[18] 张中凯,吴兵,令鹏, 剡斌, 崔政军,谢亚萍,李亚娇,牛俊义.氮磷配施对旱地油用亚麻水分利用效率及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(30):203-208
[19] 吴兵,高玉红,高珍妮, 剡斌,张中凯,崔政军,牛俊义.施肥对旱地胡麻耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(3):188-193
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