基于双作物系数法的干旱区覆膜农田耗水及水量平衡分析
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摘要
农田覆膜技术应用广泛,覆膜条件下农田蒸散发(ET)规律是制定合理灌溉制度、提高用水效率的基础。根据2014—2015年甘肃省石羊河流域春小麦试验观测资料率定和验证农田水量平衡模型,利用双作物系数法得到作物的耗水规律和耗水结构。结果表明,覆膜春小麦全生育期耗水比不覆膜减少10%~16%,有一定的节水效果。覆膜促进了春小麦全生育期蒸腾,蒸腾占总耗水的比例在70%~74%之间,比不覆膜情况提高了25%~27%。在春小麦生长前期,覆膜能够显著降低ET;中期,覆膜能够降低土壤蒸发、促进作物蒸腾。此外,覆膜还具有促进作物前期生长、延长作物中期生长、延缓冠层衰老的作用。
Plastic mulch has been widely used in agricultural production, especially in arid and semiarid regions. The study of crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient in fields with plastic mulch is the base for irrigation scheduling and improving water use efficiency, especially in Northwest China where water shortage happens frequently. Based on field experiment data of spring wheat in 2014-2015 in the Shiyang River Basin Experiment station in Gansu province, water balance components over the spring wheat field was analyzed using the dual crop coefficient approach for crop evapotranspiration and a field water balance model through calibration and verification. The pattern and structure of water consumption under different irrigation treatment with and without mulch was revealed by simulating the variation of soil water content in the whole growing stage of spring wheat. The results showed that evapotranspiration of spring field with mulch was reduced by 10% to 16% for different irrigation treatment compared with field without mulch, which indicated the effect of water saving for plastic mulch. The plastic mulch attained the optimal effect of saving water at the initial stage and reduced the water consumption by 69.03% in the stage compared to no mulch. At the development stage, the water consumption and its rate was similar for spring wheat with or without mulch. After stepping into mid stage, plastic mulch achieved a similar evapotranspiration rate due to the higher crop transpiration. According to the analysis for water supply and consumption, the water scarcity period was at the mid or late stage for spring wheat with mulch and initial or development stage for spring wheat without mulch. Hence irrigating late properly could be advantage for plastic mulch. In the study, the calibrated basal crop coefficients for initial, mid and late stage were separately 0.101, 0.751 and 0.300 for spring wheat without mulch and 0.150, 0.900 and 0.700 for spring wheat with mulch. The basal crop coefficient in mid stage was relatively lower in this research compared to the recommended value in FAO-56 due to the difference of variety, district and climate. The larger basal crop coefficient for plastic mulch led to a higher transpiration of spring wheat in the whole stage, which adjusted the structure of evapotranspiration efficiently. The fractions of transpiration to evapotranspiration were 43%-47% and 70%-74% for spring wheat without and with mulch which meant that plastic mulch increased the fraction by 25%-27%.The evaporation was relatively stable for plastic mulch treatment due to the effect of saving moisture of the topsoil layer and limitation of the vent holes. Through the analysis of field water balance, it was seen that amount of soil water was wasted for the exorbitant initial soil water content especially for plastic mulch field. Therefore, the irrigation amount before sowing should be controlled to avoid the waste of water. Moreover, plastic mulch had an effect on influencing the growth of spring wheat. In the previous growth stage, plastic mulch can promote the rate of growth and shorten the initial stage for seven days; while in the middle and late stages, plastic mulch can prolong the length of middle stage for 10 days and delayed canopy senescence.
Plastic mulch has been widely used in agricultural production, especially in arid and semiarid regions. The study of crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient in fields with plastic mulch is the base for irrigation scheduling and improving water use efficiency, especially in Northwest China where water shortage happens frequently. Based on field experiment data of spring wheat in 2014-2015 in the Shiyang River Basin Experiment station in Gansu province, water balance components over the spring wheat field was analyzed using the dual crop coefficient approach for crop evapotranspiration and a field water balance model through calibration and verification. The pattern and structure of water consumption under different irrigation treatment with and without mulch was revealed by simulating the variation of soil water content in the whole growing stage of spring wheat. The results showed that evapotranspiration of spring field with mulch was reduced by 10% to 16% for different irrigation treatment compared with field without mulch, which indicated the effect of water saving for plastic mulch. The plastic mulch attained the optimal effect of saving water at the initial stage and reduced the water consumption by 69.03% in the stage compared to no mulch. At the development stage, the water consumption and its rate was similar for spring wheat with or without mulch. After stepping into mid stage, plastic mulch achieved a similar evapotranspiration rate due to the higher crop transpiration. According to the analysis for water supply and consumption, the water scarcity period was at the mid or late stage for spring wheat with mulch and initial or development stage for spring wheat without mulch. Hence irrigating late properly could be advantage for plastic mulch. In the study, the calibrated basal crop coefficients for initial, mid and late stage were separately 0.101, 0.751 and 0.300 for spring wheat without mulch and 0.150, 0.900 and 0.700 for spring wheat with mulch. The basal crop coefficient in mid stage was relatively lower in this research compared to the recommended value in FAO-56 due to the difference of variety, district and climate. The larger basal crop coefficient for plastic mulch led to a higher transpiration of spring wheat in the whole stage, which adjusted the structure of evapotranspiration efficiently. The fractions of transpiration to evapotranspiration were 43%-47% and 70%-74% for spring wheat without and with mulch which meant that plastic mulch increased the fraction by 25%-27%.The evaporation was relatively stable for plastic mulch treatment due to the effect of saving moisture of the topsoil layer and limitation of the vent holes. Through the analysis of field water balance, it was seen that amount of soil water was wasted for the exorbitant initial soil water content especially for plastic mulch field. Therefore, the irrigation amount before sowing should be controlled to avoid the waste of water. Moreover, plastic mulch had an effect on influencing the growth of spring wheat. In the previous growth stage, plastic mulch can promote the rate of growth and shorten the initial stage for seven days; while in the middle and late stages, plastic mulch can prolong the length of middle stage for 10 days and delayed canopy senescence.
引文
[1]陈亚宁,杨青,罗毅,等.西北干旱区水资源问题研究思考[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(1):1-9.Chen Yaning,Yang Qing,Luo Yi,et al.Ponder on the issues of water resources in the arid region of northwest China[J].Arid Land Geography,2012,35(1):1-9.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
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[3]Cooper P J M,Gregory P J,Keatinge J D H,et al.Effects of fertilizer,variety and location on barley production under rainfed conditions in Northern Syria 2.Soil water dynamics and crop water use[J].Field Crops Research,1987,16(1):67-84.
[4]Yunusa I A M,Belford R K,Tennant D,et al.Row spacing fails to modify soil evaporation and grain yield in spring wheat in a dry Mediterranean environment[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1993,44(4):661-676.
[5]Li F M,Guo A H,Hong W.Effects of clear plastic film mulch on yield of spring wheat[J].Field Crops Research,1999,63(1):79-86.
[6]马忠明.穴播地膜小麦有限灌溉的产量效应及其影响机制[J].干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1):67-71.Ma Zhongming.The yield effects and its influencing mechanism for bunch planting wheat covered with plastic film under limited irrigation[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1999,17(1):67-71.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[7]Li S,Kang S,Li F,et al.Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of spring maize with plastic mulch using eddy covariance in northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(11):1214-1222.
[8]Shrestha N K,Shukla S.Basal crop coefficients for vine and erect crops with plastic mulch in a sub-tropical region[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,143:29-37.
[9]Shuttleworth W J,Wallace J S.Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1985,111(469):839-855.
[10]Norman J M,Kustas W P,Humes K S.Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,77(3):263-293.
[11]Guan H,Wilson J L.A hybrid dual-source model for potential evaporation and transpiration partitioning[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,377(3/4):405-416.
[12]杨雨亭,尚松浩.双源蒸散发模型估算潜在蒸散发量的对比[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(24):85-91.Yang Yuting,Shang Songhao.Comparison of dual-source evapotranspiration models in estimating potential evaporation and transpiration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(24):85-91.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[13]Allen R G.Using the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method over an irrigated region as part of an evapotranspiration intercomparison study[J].Journal of Hydrology,2000,229(1/2):27-41.
[14]Allen R G,Smith M,Wright J L,et al.FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method for estimating evaporation from soil and application extensions[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2005,131(1):2-13.
[15]Jiang X L,Kang S Z,Li F S.Evapotranspiration partitioning and variation of sap flow in female and male parents of maize for hybrid seed production in arid region[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,176:132-141.
[16]Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop EvapotranspirationGuidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[M].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1998.
[17]康绍忠,刘晓明,熊运章.土壤-植物-大气连续体水分传输理论及应用[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1994.
[18]赵丽雯,吉喜斌.基于FAO-56双作物系数法估算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发研究:以西北干旱区黑河流域中游绿洲农田为例[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(19):4016-4026.Zhao Liwen,Ji Xibin.Quantification of transpiration and evaporation over agricultural field using the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach:A case study of the maize field in an oasis in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin in northwest China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(19):4016-4026.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[19]王会肖,刘昌明.农田蒸散、土壤蒸发与水分有效利用[J].地理学报,1997,52(5):447-454.Wang Huixiao,Liu Changming.Evapotranspiration,soil evaporation and water efficient use[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1997,52(5):447-454.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[20]尚松浩.作物非充分灌溉制度的模拟—优化方法[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2005,45(9):1179-1183.Shang Songhao.Simulation-optimization method for crop irrigation scheduling with limited water supplies[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,2005,45(9):1179-1183.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[21]王仰仁.冬小麦田间水分转化及水分生产函数研究[D].北京:清华大学,1996.Wang Yangren.Study of the Transformation of Water in the Field and Water Production Function for Winter Wheat[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,1996.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[22]尚松浩.水资源系统分析方法及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[23]Chakraborty D,Nagarajan S,Aggarwal P,et al.Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status,and the growth and yield of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)in a semi-arid environment[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(12):1323-1334.
[24]Yaghi T,Arslan A,Naoum F.Cucumber(Cucumis sativus,L.)water use efficiency(WUE)under plastic mulch and drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,128:149-157.
[25]Xie Z K,Wang Y J,Li F M.Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75(1):71-83.
[26]侯慧芝,吕军峰,郭天文,等.旱地全膜覆土穴播对春小麦耗水、产量和土壤水分平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(22):4392-4404.Hou Huizhi,LüJunfeng,Guo Tianwen,et al.Effects of whole field soil-plastic mulching on spring wheat water consumption,yield,and soil water balance in semiarid region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(22):4392-4404.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[27]张强,王文玉,阳伏林,等.典型半干旱区干旱胁迫作用对春小麦蒸散及其作物系数的影响特征[J].科学通报,2015,60(15):1384-1394.Zhang Qiang,Wang Wenyu,Yang Fulin,et al.The influence of drought stress on spring wheat evapotranspiration and crop coefficients in semi-arid areas[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2015,60(15):1384-1394.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[28]杜延军,李自珍,李凤民.半干旱黄土高原地区地膜覆盖和底墒对春小麦生长及产量的影响[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(3):404-411.Du Yanjun,Li Zizhen,Li Fengmin.Effects of plastic film mulch and pre-sowing soil water on growth and yield of spring wheat in semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(3):404-411.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[29]Li S X,Wang Z H,Li S Q,et al.Effect of plastic sheet mulch, wheat straw mulch,and maize growth on water loss by evaporation in dryland areas of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,116(2):39-49.
[30]李世清,李东方,李凤民,等.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(5):21-29.Li Shiqing,Li Dongfang,Li Fengmin,et al.Soil ecological effects of plastic film mulching in semiarid agro-ecological system[J].Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry:Natural Science Edition,2003,31(5):21-29.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[31]Amayreh J,Al-Abed N.Developing crop coefficients for field-grown tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)under drip irrigation with black plastic mulch[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,73(3):247-254.
[32]王俊,李凤民,宋秋华,等.地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(2):205-210.Wang Jun,Li Fengmin,Song Qiuhua,et al.Effects of plastic film mulching on soil temperature and moisture and on yield formation of spring wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):205-210.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[2]Singh A.Irrigation planning and management through optimization modeling[J].Water Resources Management,2014,28(1):1-14.
[3]Cooper P J M,Gregory P J,Keatinge J D H,et al.Effects of fertilizer,variety and location on barley production under rainfed conditions in Northern Syria 2.Soil water dynamics and crop water use[J].Field Crops Research,1987,16(1):67-84.
[4]Yunusa I A M,Belford R K,Tennant D,et al.Row spacing fails to modify soil evaporation and grain yield in spring wheat in a dry Mediterranean environment[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1993,44(4):661-676.
[5]Li F M,Guo A H,Hong W.Effects of clear plastic film mulch on yield of spring wheat[J].Field Crops Research,1999,63(1):79-86.
[6]马忠明.穴播地膜小麦有限灌溉的产量效应及其影响机制[J].干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1):67-71.Ma Zhongming.The yield effects and its influencing mechanism for bunch planting wheat covered with plastic film under limited irrigation[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,1999,17(1):67-71.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[7]Li S,Kang S,Li F,et al.Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of spring maize with plastic mulch using eddy covariance in northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(11):1214-1222.
[8]Shrestha N K,Shukla S.Basal crop coefficients for vine and erect crops with plastic mulch in a sub-tropical region[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,143:29-37.
[9]Shuttleworth W J,Wallace J S.Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1985,111(469):839-855.
[10]Norman J M,Kustas W P,Humes K S.Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,77(3):263-293.
[11]Guan H,Wilson J L.A hybrid dual-source model for potential evaporation and transpiration partitioning[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,377(3/4):405-416.
[12]杨雨亭,尚松浩.双源蒸散发模型估算潜在蒸散发量的对比[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(24):85-91.Yang Yuting,Shang Songhao.Comparison of dual-source evapotranspiration models in estimating potential evaporation and transpiration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(24):85-91.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[13]Allen R G.Using the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method over an irrigated region as part of an evapotranspiration intercomparison study[J].Journal of Hydrology,2000,229(1/2):27-41.
[14]Allen R G,Smith M,Wright J L,et al.FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method for estimating evaporation from soil and application extensions[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,2005,131(1):2-13.
[15]Jiang X L,Kang S Z,Li F S.Evapotranspiration partitioning and variation of sap flow in female and male parents of maize for hybrid seed production in arid region[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,176:132-141.
[16]Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop EvapotranspirationGuidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[M].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1998.
[17]康绍忠,刘晓明,熊运章.土壤-植物-大气连续体水分传输理论及应用[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1994.
[18]赵丽雯,吉喜斌.基于FAO-56双作物系数法估算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发研究:以西北干旱区黑河流域中游绿洲农田为例[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(19):4016-4026.Zhao Liwen,Ji Xibin.Quantification of transpiration and evaporation over agricultural field using the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach:A case study of the maize field in an oasis in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin in northwest China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(19):4016-4026.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[19]王会肖,刘昌明.农田蒸散、土壤蒸发与水分有效利用[J].地理学报,1997,52(5):447-454.Wang Huixiao,Liu Changming.Evapotranspiration,soil evaporation and water efficient use[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1997,52(5):447-454.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[20]尚松浩.作物非充分灌溉制度的模拟—优化方法[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2005,45(9):1179-1183.Shang Songhao.Simulation-optimization method for crop irrigation scheduling with limited water supplies[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,2005,45(9):1179-1183.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[21]王仰仁.冬小麦田间水分转化及水分生产函数研究[D].北京:清华大学,1996.Wang Yangren.Study of the Transformation of Water in the Field and Water Production Function for Winter Wheat[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,1996.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[22]尚松浩.水资源系统分析方法及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006.
[23]Chakraborty D,Nagarajan S,Aggarwal P,et al.Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status,and the growth and yield of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)in a semi-arid environment[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(12):1323-1334.
[24]Yaghi T,Arslan A,Naoum F.Cucumber(Cucumis sativus,L.)water use efficiency(WUE)under plastic mulch and drip irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,128:149-157.
[25]Xie Z K,Wang Y J,Li F M.Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75(1):71-83.
[26]侯慧芝,吕军峰,郭天文,等.旱地全膜覆土穴播对春小麦耗水、产量和土壤水分平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(22):4392-4404.Hou Huizhi,LüJunfeng,Guo Tianwen,et al.Effects of whole field soil-plastic mulching on spring wheat water consumption,yield,and soil water balance in semiarid region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(22):4392-4404.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[27]张强,王文玉,阳伏林,等.典型半干旱区干旱胁迫作用对春小麦蒸散及其作物系数的影响特征[J].科学通报,2015,60(15):1384-1394.Zhang Qiang,Wang Wenyu,Yang Fulin,et al.The influence of drought stress on spring wheat evapotranspiration and crop coefficients in semi-arid areas[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2015,60(15):1384-1394.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[28]杜延军,李自珍,李凤民.半干旱黄土高原地区地膜覆盖和底墒对春小麦生长及产量的影响[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(3):404-411.Du Yanjun,Li Zizhen,Li Fengmin.Effects of plastic film mulch and pre-sowing soil water on growth and yield of spring wheat in semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,2004,24(3):404-411.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[29]Li S X,Wang Z H,Li S Q,et al.Effect of plastic sheet mulch, wheat straw mulch,and maize growth on water loss by evaporation in dryland areas of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,116(2):39-49.
[30]李世清,李东方,李凤民,等.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2003,31(5):21-29.Li Shiqing,Li Dongfang,Li Fengmin,et al.Soil ecological effects of plastic film mulching in semiarid agro-ecological system[J].Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry:Natural Science Edition,2003,31(5):21-29.(in Chinese with English Abstract)
[31]Amayreh J,Al-Abed N.Developing crop coefficients for field-grown tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)under drip irrigation with black plastic mulch[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,73(3):247-254.
[32]王俊,李凤民,宋秋华,等.地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(2):205-210.Wang Jun,Li Fengmin,Song Qiuhua,et al.Effects of plastic film mulching on soil temperature and moisture and on yield formation of spring wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):205-210.(in Chinese with English Abstract)