扬州市PM_(2.5)中重金属来源及潜在健康风险评估
|
摘要
本研究利用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)-健康风险评价模型(HMHR)探究了扬州市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中重金属污染来源及不同污染源对重金属潜在健康风险值的贡献.结果表明,各重金属全年浓度均值为Pb(64. 4 ng·m~(-3))> Cr(25. 24ng·m~(-3))> As(6. 36 ng·m~(-3))> Ni(5. 36 ng·m~(-3))> Cd(3. 34 ng·m~(-3))> Co(1. 21 ng·m~(-3));各污染源对PM_(2.5)贡献分别为二次源(37. 7%)>燃煤源(19. 4%)>扬尘(17. 5%)>机动车(16. 9%)>建筑尘(5. 2%)>工业源(3. 4%). As主要源于燃煤、机动车和扬尘; Co主要源于工业源;燃煤源对Pb的浓度贡献较高;工业源对Ni、Cd含量的贡献最高.不同污染源的健康风险依次为扬尘源、燃煤源、机动车、工业源、建筑尘.扬尘源和燃煤源的潜在健康风险较其他污染源为高,与其源谱中重金属元素占比较大且对PM_(2.5)贡献浓度较高有关.
Recently,a new method combining positive matrix factorization( PMF) and heavy metal health risk( HMHR) assessment was proposed to apportion sources of heavy metals in ambient particulate matter and the associated heavy metal cancer health risk( HMCR),which has been applied to data collected in Yangzhou,China. The annual average concentrations of six measured heavy metals were Pb( 64. 4 ng·m~(-3)),followed by Cr( 25. 24 ng·m~(-3)),As( 6. 36 ng·m~(-3)),Ni( 5. 36 ng·m~(-3)),Cd( 3. 34 ng·m~(-3)),and Co( 1. 21 ng·m~(-3)). The results showed that the major sources of PM_(2.5) were secondary sources( 37. 7%),followed by coal combustion( 19. 4%),resuspended dust( 17. 5%),vehicle emissions( 16. 9%),construction dust( 5. 2%),and industrial emissions( 3. 4%). As was primarily emitted from coal combustion,vehicle emissions,and resuspended dust. Co originated from industry emissions. Pb was mainly emitted from coal combustion. Ni and Cd were from industrial emissions. The major sources that contributed to HMCR were resuspended dust,coal combustion,vehicle emissions,industry emissions,and construction dust. The high contributions of resuspended dust and coal to HMCR were likely due to the high heavy metals concentrations in coal and the resuspended dust profile as well as high emissions of these sources.
Recently,a new method combining positive matrix factorization( PMF) and heavy metal health risk( HMHR) assessment was proposed to apportion sources of heavy metals in ambient particulate matter and the associated heavy metal cancer health risk( HMCR),which has been applied to data collected in Yangzhou,China. The annual average concentrations of six measured heavy metals were Pb( 64. 4 ng·m~(-3)),followed by Cr( 25. 24 ng·m~(-3)),As( 6. 36 ng·m~(-3)),Ni( 5. 36 ng·m~(-3)),Cd( 3. 34 ng·m~(-3)),and Co( 1. 21 ng·m~(-3)). The results showed that the major sources of PM_(2.5) were secondary sources( 37. 7%),followed by coal combustion( 19. 4%),resuspended dust( 17. 5%),vehicle emissions( 16. 9%),construction dust( 5. 2%),and industrial emissions( 3. 4%). As was primarily emitted from coal combustion,vehicle emissions,and resuspended dust. Co originated from industry emissions. Pb was mainly emitted from coal combustion. Ni and Cd were from industrial emissions. The major sources that contributed to HMCR were resuspended dust,coal combustion,vehicle emissions,industry emissions,and construction dust. The high contributions of resuspended dust and coal to HMCR were likely due to the high heavy metals concentrations in coal and the resuspended dust profile as well as high emissions of these sources.
引文
[1] Srensen M,Daneshvar B,Hansen M,et al. Personal PM2. 5exposure and markers of oxidative stress in blood[J].Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003, 111(2):161-166.
[2]张莹,王式功,贾旭伟,等.气温与PM2. 5协同作用对疾病急诊就诊人数的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(8):3175-3182.Zhang Y,Wang S G,Jia X W,et al. Synergetic effect of mean temperature and PM2. 5on emergency room visits for different diseases[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(8):3175-3182.
[3]吴兑,刘啟汉,梁延刚,等.粤港细粒子(PM2. 5)污染导致能见度下降与灰霾天气形成的研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(11):2660-2669.Wu D,Liu Q H,Liang Y G,et al. Hazy weather formation and visibility deterioration resulted from fine particulate(PM2. 5)pollutions in Guangdong and Hong Kong[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(11):2660-2669.
[4] Abrahams P W. Soils:their implications to human health[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,291(1-3):1-32.
[5]杨孝智,陈扬,徐殿斗,等.北京地铁站灰尘中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6):944-950.Yang X Z,Chen Y,Xu D D,et al. Characteristics of heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment in subway dust in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(6):944-950.
[6]唐荣莉,马克明,张育新,等.北京城市道路灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(8):2006-2015.Tang R L,Ma K M,Zhang Y X,et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals of street dust in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(8):2006-2015.
[7] Thomas L D K,Hodgson S,Nieuwenhuijsen M,et al. Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2009,117(2):181-184.
[8]胡子梅,王军,陶征楷,等.上海市PM2. 5重金属污染水平与健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(12):3399-3406.Hu Z M,Wang J,Tao Z K,et al. Pollution level and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2. 5, Shanghai[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(12):3399-3406.
[9]秦鑫,张泽锋,李艳伟,等.南京北郊重金属气溶胶粒子来源分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4467-4474.Qin X,Zhang Z F,Li Y W,et al. Sources analysis of heavy metal aerosol particles in north suburb of Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4467-4474.
[10] Li H M,Wang J H,Wang Q G,et al. Chemical fractionation of arsenic and heavy metals in fine particle matter and its implications for risk assessment:A case study in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,103:339-346.
[11] Peng X,Shi G L,Liu G R,et al. Source apportionment and heavy metal health risk(HMHR)quantification from sources in a southern city in China, using an ME2-HMHR model[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,221:335-342.
[12] Paatero P, Tapper U. Positive matrix factorization:a nonnegative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values[J]. Environmetrics,1994,5(2):111-126.
[13] Amato F,Hopke P K. Source apportionment of the ambient PM2. 5across St. Louis using constrained positive matrix factorization[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:329-337.
[14] Amato F,Pandolfi M,Escrig A,et al. Quantifying road dust resuspension in urban environment by multilinear engine:a comparison with PMF2[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(17):2770-2780.
[15] USEPA. Soil screening guidance:technical background document[M]. Washington,DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency,1996.
[16]李法云,胡成,张营,等.沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的环境影响与健康风险评价[J].气象与环境学报,2010,26(6):59-64.Li F Y,Hu C,Zhang Y,et al. Environmental impact and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust in Shenyang,Liaoning province[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2010,26(6):59-64.
[17] Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E. Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola:a tropical urban environment[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(25):4501-4512.
[18]张晓雨.中国中东部地区典型城市大气细颗粒物中化学组成特征及来源解析研究[D].南京:南京大学,2017.
[19]王念飞.苏州市PM2. 5浓度及其化学组分的时空分布特征[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.
[20]徐玢花.上海PM2. 5中水溶性有机氮的浓度特征和来源解析[D].上海:上海大学,2015.
[21]陈文聪.杭州地区大气颗粒物污染特征与来源解析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2018.
[22] Seinfeld J H,Pandis S N. Atmospheric chemistry and physics:from air pollution to climate change[M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1998.
[23] Wang J, Hu Z M, Chen Y Y, et al. Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2. 5 in different functional areas of Shanghai,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:221-229.
[24] Zhang J,Hua P,Krebs P. Influences of land use and antecedent dry-weather period on pollution level and ecological risk of heavy metals in road-deposited sediment[J]. Environmental Pollution,2007,228:158-168.
[25] Khorshid M S H,Thiele-Bruhn S. Contamination status and assessment of urban and non-urban soils in the region of Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Iraq[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:1171.
[26]杨丽萍,陈发虎.兰州市大气降尘污染物来源研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):499-502.Yang L P,Chen F H. Study on the source apportionment of atmospheric dust pollutants in Lanzhou[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2002,22(4):499-502.
[27] Nguyen Q T,Skov H,Srensen L L,et al. Source apportionment of particles at station nord,north east Greenland during 2008-2010 using COPREM and PMF analysis[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(1):35-49.
[28] Hu X,Zhang Y,Ding Z H,et al. Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals(Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Mn)in TSP and PM2. 5in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,57:146-152.
[29]王苏蓉,喻义勇,王勤耕,等.基于PMF模式的南京市大气细颗粒物源解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3535-3542.Wang S R,Yu Y Y,Wang Q G,et al. Source apportionment of PM2. 5in Nanjing by PMF[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(12):3535-3542.
[30] De La Campa A M S,De La Rosa J D,Sánchez-Rodas D,et al.Arsenic speciation study of PM2. 5in an urban area near a copper smelter[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(26):6487-6495.
[31] Wang S L,Mulligan C N. Occurrence of arsenic contamination in Canada:sources,behavior and distribution[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,366(2-3):701-721.
[32] Hedberg E,Gidhagen L,Johansson C. Source contributions to PM10 and arsenic concentrations in Central Chile using positive matrix factorization[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(3):549-561.
[33]周雪明,郑乃嘉,李英红,等. 2011~2012北京大气PM2. 5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4054-4060.Zhou X M,Zheng N J,Li Y H,et al. Chemical characteristicsand sources of heavy metals in fine particles in Beijing in 2011-2012[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4054-4060.
[34]王伟,孔少飞,刘海彪,等.南京市春节前后大气PM2. 5中重金属来源及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2186-2195.Wang W, Kong S F, Liu H B, et al. Sources and riskassessment of heavy metals in PM2. 5around 2014 Spring Festival in Nanjing[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2186-2195.
[35] Bressi M,Sciare J,Ghersi V,et al. Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris(France)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,14(16):8813-8839.
[2]张莹,王式功,贾旭伟,等.气温与PM2. 5协同作用对疾病急诊就诊人数的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(8):3175-3182.Zhang Y,Wang S G,Jia X W,et al. Synergetic effect of mean temperature and PM2. 5on emergency room visits for different diseases[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(8):3175-3182.
[3]吴兑,刘啟汉,梁延刚,等.粤港细粒子(PM2. 5)污染导致能见度下降与灰霾天气形成的研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(11):2660-2669.Wu D,Liu Q H,Liang Y G,et al. Hazy weather formation and visibility deterioration resulted from fine particulate(PM2. 5)pollutions in Guangdong and Hong Kong[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(11):2660-2669.
[4] Abrahams P W. Soils:their implications to human health[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,291(1-3):1-32.
[5]杨孝智,陈扬,徐殿斗,等.北京地铁站灰尘中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6):944-950.Yang X Z,Chen Y,Xu D D,et al. Characteristics of heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment in subway dust in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(6):944-950.
[6]唐荣莉,马克明,张育新,等.北京城市道路灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(8):2006-2015.Tang R L,Ma K M,Zhang Y X,et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals of street dust in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(8):2006-2015.
[7] Thomas L D K,Hodgson S,Nieuwenhuijsen M,et al. Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2009,117(2):181-184.
[8]胡子梅,王军,陶征楷,等.上海市PM2. 5重金属污染水平与健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(12):3399-3406.Hu Z M,Wang J,Tao Z K,et al. Pollution level and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2. 5, Shanghai[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(12):3399-3406.
[9]秦鑫,张泽锋,李艳伟,等.南京北郊重金属气溶胶粒子来源分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4467-4474.Qin X,Zhang Z F,Li Y W,et al. Sources analysis of heavy metal aerosol particles in north suburb of Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4467-4474.
[10] Li H M,Wang J H,Wang Q G,et al. Chemical fractionation of arsenic and heavy metals in fine particle matter and its implications for risk assessment:A case study in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,103:339-346.
[11] Peng X,Shi G L,Liu G R,et al. Source apportionment and heavy metal health risk(HMHR)quantification from sources in a southern city in China, using an ME2-HMHR model[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,221:335-342.
[12] Paatero P, Tapper U. Positive matrix factorization:a nonnegative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values[J]. Environmetrics,1994,5(2):111-126.
[13] Amato F,Hopke P K. Source apportionment of the ambient PM2. 5across St. Louis using constrained positive matrix factorization[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,46:329-337.
[14] Amato F,Pandolfi M,Escrig A,et al. Quantifying road dust resuspension in urban environment by multilinear engine:a comparison with PMF2[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(17):2770-2780.
[15] USEPA. Soil screening guidance:technical background document[M]. Washington,DC:United States Environmental Protection Agency,1996.
[16]李法云,胡成,张营,等.沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的环境影响与健康风险评价[J].气象与环境学报,2010,26(6):59-64.Li F Y,Hu C,Zhang Y,et al. Environmental impact and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust in Shenyang,Liaoning province[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2010,26(6):59-64.
[17] Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E. Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola:a tropical urban environment[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(25):4501-4512.
[18]张晓雨.中国中东部地区典型城市大气细颗粒物中化学组成特征及来源解析研究[D].南京:南京大学,2017.
[19]王念飞.苏州市PM2. 5浓度及其化学组分的时空分布特征[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.
[20]徐玢花.上海PM2. 5中水溶性有机氮的浓度特征和来源解析[D].上海:上海大学,2015.
[21]陈文聪.杭州地区大气颗粒物污染特征与来源解析[D].杭州:浙江大学,2018.
[22] Seinfeld J H,Pandis S N. Atmospheric chemistry and physics:from air pollution to climate change[M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1998.
[23] Wang J, Hu Z M, Chen Y Y, et al. Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2. 5 in different functional areas of Shanghai,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:221-229.
[24] Zhang J,Hua P,Krebs P. Influences of land use and antecedent dry-weather period on pollution level and ecological risk of heavy metals in road-deposited sediment[J]. Environmental Pollution,2007,228:158-168.
[25] Khorshid M S H,Thiele-Bruhn S. Contamination status and assessment of urban and non-urban soils in the region of Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Iraq[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:1171.
[26]杨丽萍,陈发虎.兰州市大气降尘污染物来源研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):499-502.Yang L P,Chen F H. Study on the source apportionment of atmospheric dust pollutants in Lanzhou[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2002,22(4):499-502.
[27] Nguyen Q T,Skov H,Srensen L L,et al. Source apportionment of particles at station nord,north east Greenland during 2008-2010 using COPREM and PMF analysis[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(1):35-49.
[28] Hu X,Zhang Y,Ding Z H,et al. Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals(Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Mn)in TSP and PM2. 5in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,57:146-152.
[29]王苏蓉,喻义勇,王勤耕,等.基于PMF模式的南京市大气细颗粒物源解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3535-3542.Wang S R,Yu Y Y,Wang Q G,et al. Source apportionment of PM2. 5in Nanjing by PMF[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(12):3535-3542.
[30] De La Campa A M S,De La Rosa J D,Sánchez-Rodas D,et al.Arsenic speciation study of PM2. 5in an urban area near a copper smelter[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(26):6487-6495.
[31] Wang S L,Mulligan C N. Occurrence of arsenic contamination in Canada:sources,behavior and distribution[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,366(2-3):701-721.
[32] Hedberg E,Gidhagen L,Johansson C. Source contributions to PM10 and arsenic concentrations in Central Chile using positive matrix factorization[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(3):549-561.
[33]周雪明,郑乃嘉,李英红,等. 2011~2012北京大气PM2. 5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4054-4060.Zhou X M,Zheng N J,Li Y H,et al. Chemical characteristicsand sources of heavy metals in fine particles in Beijing in 2011-2012[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4054-4060.
[34]王伟,孔少飞,刘海彪,等.南京市春节前后大气PM2. 5中重金属来源及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):2186-2195.Wang W, Kong S F, Liu H B, et al. Sources and riskassessment of heavy metals in PM2. 5around 2014 Spring Festival in Nanjing[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):2186-2195.
[35] Bressi M,Sciare J,Ghersi V,et al. Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris(France)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,14(16):8813-8839.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |