黄石市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子浓度特征及来源分析
|
摘要
为研究黄石市大气PM_(2. 5)中水溶性离子组成、质量浓度变化特征及来源,于2012年3月—2013年2月在湖北省黄石市利用MiniVol颗粒物采样器采集PM_(2. 5)样品,用离子色谱分析了9种水溶性离子(NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、F~-)的质量浓度,并采用PMF(正定矩阵因子分析法)模型讨论了不同离子的来源.结果表明:观测期间黄石市大气PM_(2. 5)中ρ(总水溶性离子)的年均值为(61. 5±26. 8)μg/m~3,占ρ(PM_(2. 5))的63. 9%,各离子质量浓度的高低顺序依次为ρ(SO_4~(2-))>ρ(NO_3~-)>ρ(NH_4~+)>ρ(Na~+)>ρ(Cl~-)>ρ(Ca~(2+))>ρ(K~+)>ρ(F~-)>ρ(Mg~(2+)).二次无机离子SNA(为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+的统称)是水溶性离子的主要成分,占全部所测水溶性离子的74. 4%.ρ(NO_3~-)ρ(SO_4~(2-))范围为0. 12～1. 29,平均值为0. 53±0. 30,说明全年观测点附近主要以固定源污染为主. 4个季节的SOR(硫氧化率)和NOR(氮氧化率)均大于0. 10,说明黄石市PM_(2. 5)中的SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-主要是经二次转化形成的.阴、阳离子相关性研究发现,4个季节阴、阳离子总体相关性(R~2为0. 98)较好,并且全年PM_(2. 5)组分偏酸性.通过PMF模型源解析发现,黄石市大气PM_(2. 5)中水溶性离子主要来源于燃烧源、二次转化源和土壤矿物扬尘源.研究显示,黄石市大气PM_(2. 5)中主要水溶性离子成分是SNA,燃烧、二次转化和土壤矿物扬尘是其主要来源.
To investigate the composition,chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions,PM_(2. 5) samples were collected with a MiniVol portable air sampler from March 2012 to February 2013 in Huangshi City,Hubei Province. Nine water-soluble inorganic ions (NH_4~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Na~+,K~+,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)and F~-) were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC),and the possible sources of these species were determined with the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method. The average mass concentrations of total water-soluble ions were (61. 5±26. 8) μg/m~3,accounting for 63. 9% of the PM_(2. 5) mass. The concentrations of these species were in the order of ρ (SO_4~(2-)) >ρ (NO_3~-) >ρ (NH_4~+) >ρ (Na~+) >ρ (Cl~-) >ρ (Ca~(2+)) >ρ (K~+) >ρ (F~-) >ρ (Mg~(2+)). The water-soluble ions were mainly composed of secondary ions (NH_4~+,NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)),accounting for 74. 4% of total water-soluble ions. The ratio of ρ (NO_3~-) toρ (SO_4~(2-)) was in the range of 0. 12-1. 29,with a mean value of 0. 53±0. 30,indicating that anthropogenic stationary sources had more contributions to the atmospheric pollution in Huangshi City. The sulfur oxidation rate (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) were greater than 0. 10 in the four seasons,suggesting that sulfate and nitrate in PM_(2. 5) were formed mainly through secondary transformation.The overall correlation between cations and anions in spring,summer,autumn and winter were strong (R~2= 0. 98),and the annual PM_(2. 5) components were partial acidic. PMF analysis indicated that the major sources of PM_(2. 5) were combustion,secondary transformation and soilmineral dust. In conclusion,results showed that SNA were the main water-soluble ions in PM_(2. 5) in Huangshi City,and combustion,secondary transformation and soilmineral dust were the main sources.
To investigate the composition,chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions,PM_(2. 5) samples were collected with a MiniVol portable air sampler from March 2012 to February 2013 in Huangshi City,Hubei Province. Nine water-soluble inorganic ions (NH_4~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Na~+,K~+,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)and F~-) were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC),and the possible sources of these species were determined with the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method. The average mass concentrations of total water-soluble ions were (61. 5±26. 8) μg/m~3,accounting for 63. 9% of the PM_(2. 5) mass. The concentrations of these species were in the order of ρ (SO_4~(2-)) >ρ (NO_3~-) >ρ (NH_4~+) >ρ (Na~+) >ρ (Cl~-) >ρ (Ca~(2+)) >ρ (K~+) >ρ (F~-) >ρ (Mg~(2+)). The water-soluble ions were mainly composed of secondary ions (NH_4~+,NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)),accounting for 74. 4% of total water-soluble ions. The ratio of ρ (NO_3~-) toρ (SO_4~(2-)) was in the range of 0. 12-1. 29,with a mean value of 0. 53±0. 30,indicating that anthropogenic stationary sources had more contributions to the atmospheric pollution in Huangshi City. The sulfur oxidation rate (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) were greater than 0. 10 in the four seasons,suggesting that sulfate and nitrate in PM_(2. 5) were formed mainly through secondary transformation.The overall correlation between cations and anions in spring,summer,autumn and winter were strong (R~2= 0. 98),and the annual PM_(2. 5) components were partial acidic. PMF analysis indicated that the major sources of PM_(2. 5) were combustion,secondary transformation and soilmineral dust. In conclusion,results showed that SNA were the main water-soluble ions in PM_(2. 5) in Huangshi City,and combustion,secondary transformation and soilmineral dust were the main sources.
引文
[1]DAVIDSON C I,PHALEN R F,SOLOMON P A.Airborne particulate matter and human health:a review[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2005,39(8):737-749.
[2]POPE C A,BURNETT R T,THUN M J,et al.Lung cancer,cardiopulmonary mortality,and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution[J].JAMA,2002,287(9):1132-1141.
[3]CAO Junji,WANG Qiyuan,CHOW J C,et al.Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:559-566.
[4]SINGH A,DEY S.Influence of aerosol composition on visibility in megacity Delhi[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,62:367-373.
[5]RAMANATHAN V,CARMICHAEL G.Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(4):221-227.
[6]BOOTH B B B,DUNSTONE N J,HALLORAN P R,et al.Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability[J].Nature,2012,484(7393):228-232.
[7]CALVO A I,ALVES C,CASTRO A,et al.Research on aerosol sources and chemical compositions:past,current and emerging issues[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,120121(1):1-28.
[8]HU Guoyuan,ZHANG Yangmei,SUN Junying,et al.Variability,formation and acidity of water-soluble ions in PM2.5in Beijing based on the semi-continuous observations[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,145146:1-11.
[9]JUNG J,LEE H,KIM Y J,et al.Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(11):3231-3244.
[10]KHAN M F,SHIRASUNA Y,HIRANO K,et al.Characterization of PM2.5,PM2.5-10and PM>10in ambient air,Yokohama,Japan[J].Atmospheric Research,2010,96(1):159-172.
[11]YIN Liqian,NIU Zhenchuan,CHEN Xiaoqiu,et al.Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5and PM2.5-10in the coastal urban agglomeration along the western Taiwan Strait Region,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(7):5141-5156.
[12]SHEN Zhenxing,CAO Junji,ARIMOTO R,et al.Ionic composition of TSP and PM2.5during dust storms and air pollution episodes at Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(18):2911-2918.
[13]张敬巧,王淑兰,罗达通,等.聊城市冬季PM2.5及水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(10):1712-1718.ZHANG Jingqiao,WANG Shulan,LUO Datong,et al.Characterization and source analysis of PM2.5and water-soluble ions during winter in Liaocheng City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(10):1712-1718.
[14]WANG Ying,ZHUANG Guoshun,TANG Aohan,et al.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(21):3771-3784.
[15]ZHAO Pusheng,DONG Fan,HE Di,et al.Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2.5in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(9):4631-4644.
[16]MENG Chenchen,WANG Litao,ZHANG Fenfen,et al.Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5in Handan City,Hebei Province,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,171:133-146.
[17]刀谞,朱红霞,谭莉,等.2014年APEC期间北京及周边重点城市PM2.5中水溶性离子变化特征[J].环境化学,2015,34(8):1389-1395.TAO Xu,ZHU Hongxia,TAN Li,et al.Variations of PM2.5and its water soluble ions in Beijing and surrounding cities during the APEC in 2014[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(8):1389-1395.
[18]PATHAK R K,YAO Xiaohong,LAU A K H,et al.Acidity and concentrations of ionic species of PM2.5in Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(8):1113-1124.
[19]陶俊,张仁健,董林,等.夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1417-1424.TAO Jun,ZHANG Renjian,DONG Lin,et al.Characteration of water-soluble inogenic ions in PM2.5and PM1.0in summer in Guangzhou[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(7):1417-1424.
[20]周瑶瑶,马嫣,郑军,等.南京北郊冬季霾天PM2.5水溶性离子的污染特征与消光作用研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1926-1934.ZHOU Yaoyao,MA Yan,ZHENG Jun,et al.Pollution characteristics and light extinction effects of water-soluble ions in PM2.5during winter hazy days at north suburban Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):1926-1934.
[21]王念飞,陈阳,郝庆菊,等.苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4482-4489.WANG Nianfei,CHEN Yang,HAO Qingju,et al.Seasonal variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4482-4489.
[22]吴丹,蔺少龙,杨焕强,等.杭州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及其消光贡献[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2656-2666.WU Dan,LIN Shaolong,YANG Huanqiang,et al.Pollution characteristics and light extinction contribution of water-soluble ions of PM2.5in Hangzhou[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2656-2666.
[23]MING Lili,JIN Ling,LI Jun,et al.PM2.5in the Yangtze River Delta,China:chemical compositions,seasonal variations,and regional pollution events[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,223:200-212.
[24]TAO Jun,ZHANG Leiming,ENGLING G,et al.Chemical composition of PM2.5in an urban environment in Chengdu,China:importance of springtime dust storms and biomass burning[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,122:270-283.
[25]李友平,周洪,张智胜,等.成都市城区PM2.5中二次水溶性无机离子污染特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4439-4445.LI Youping,ZHOU Hong,ZHANG Zhisheng,et al.Pollution characteristics of secondary water-soluble inorganic ions of PM2.5in urban Chengdu,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4439-4445.
[26]ZHANG Ting,CAO Junji,TIE Xuexi,et al.Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an,China:seasonal variations and sources[J].Atmospheric Research,2011,102(1):110-119.
[27]杨素霞,曹军骥,沈振兴,等.西安冬、夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征[J].环境化学,2012,31(8):1179-1188.YANG Suxia,CAO Junji,SHEN Zhenxing,et al.Variations of watersoluble ions in PM2.5at Xi'an between summer and winter[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(8):1179-1188.
[28]韩月梅,沈振兴,曹军骥,等.西安市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征[J].环境化学,2009,28(2):261-266.HAN Yuemei,SHEN Zhenxing,CAO Junji,et al.Seasonal variations of water-soluble inorganic ions in atmospheric particles over Xi'an[J].Environmental Chemistry,2009,28(2):261-266.
[29]张婷,曹军骥,刘随心.宝鸡市PM2.5中水溶性离子组分污染特征及来源分析[J].地球环境学报,2017,8(1):46-54.ZHANG Ting,CAO Junji,LIU Suixin.Pollution characteristics and sources of water-soluble ions in PM2.5in Baoji[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2017,8(1):46-54.
[30]ZHANG Fan,WANG Zuwu,CHENG Hairong,et al.Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM2.5in Wuhan,Central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,518519:97-105.
[31]XIONG Ying,ZHOU Jiabin,SCHAUER J J,et al.Seasonal and spatial differences in source contributions to PM2.5in Wuhan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,577:155-165.
[32]郁佳,胡世祥,黄振,等.武汉市春季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子特征[J].中国环境监测,2017,33(5):35-41.YU Jia,HU Shixiang,HUANG Zhen,et al.Characteristic analysis of water-soluble ions in atmospheric fine particles in spring Wuhan[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2017,33(5):35-41.
[33]邱婷,周家斌,肖经汗,等.武汉市秋、冬季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(4):17-20.QIU Ting,ZHOU Jiabin,XIAO Jinghan,et al.Characteristics and sources apportionment of water-soluble ions in PM2.5in autumn and winter of Wuhan[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2015,37(4):17-20.
[34]环境保护部.HJ 799-2016环境空气颗粒物中水溶性阴离子(F-、Cl-、Br-、NO2-、NO3-、PO43-、SO32-、SO42-)的测定离子色谱法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[35]环境保护部.HJ 800-2016环境空气颗粒物中水溶性阳离子(Li+、Na+、NH4+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+)的测定离子色谱法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[36]PAATERO P,TAPPER U.Analysis of different modes of factor analysis as least squares fit problem[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,1993,18(2):183-194
[37]POLISSAR A V,HOPKE P K,PAATERO P,et al.The aerosol at Barrow,Alaska:long-term trends and source locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:2441-2458.
[38]HENRY R C,LEWIS C W,HOPKE P K,et al.Review of receptormodel fundamentals[J].Atmospheric Environment,1984,18(8):1507-1515.
[39]李英红,谭吉华,饶志国,等.兰州市大气细颗粒物中水溶性离子的污染特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(9):1799-1807.LI Yinghong,TAN Jihua,RAO Zhiguo,et al.Pollution characteristics of water soluble ions in atmospheric fine particles in Lanzhou[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(9):1799-1807.
[40]DENG Xueliang,SHI Chun'e,WU Biwen,et al.Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,42:32-40.
[41]LIU Hongxia,ZHENG Jingru,QU Chengkai,et al.Characteristics and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10in a typical mining city,Central China[J].Atmosphere,2017.doi:10.3390atmos8040074.
[42]ARIMOTO R,DUCE R A,SAVOIE D L,et al.Relationships among aerosol constituents from Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-West A[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1996,101(S1):2011-2023.
[43]ZHANG Xiaoye,CAO Junji.Characterization of atmospheric aerosol over Xi'an in the south margin of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(26):4189-4199.
[44]YANG Fumo,TAN Jihua,ZHAO Qingquan,et al.Characteristics of PM2.5speciation in representative megacities and across China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(11):5207-5219.
[45]HE Qiusheng,YAN Yulong,GUO Lili,et al.Characterization and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ionic species in PM2.5in Taiyuan City,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2017,184:48-55.
[46]胡月琪,马召辉,冯亚君,等.北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中水溶性离子排放特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1966-1974.HU Yueqi,MA Zhaohui,FENG Yajun,et al.Emission characteristics of water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):1966-1974.
[2]POPE C A,BURNETT R T,THUN M J,et al.Lung cancer,cardiopulmonary mortality,and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution[J].JAMA,2002,287(9):1132-1141.
[3]CAO Junji,WANG Qiyuan,CHOW J C,et al.Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:559-566.
[4]SINGH A,DEY S.Influence of aerosol composition on visibility in megacity Delhi[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,62:367-373.
[5]RAMANATHAN V,CARMICHAEL G.Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(4):221-227.
[6]BOOTH B B B,DUNSTONE N J,HALLORAN P R,et al.Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability[J].Nature,2012,484(7393):228-232.
[7]CALVO A I,ALVES C,CASTRO A,et al.Research on aerosol sources and chemical compositions:past,current and emerging issues[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,120121(1):1-28.
[8]HU Guoyuan,ZHANG Yangmei,SUN Junying,et al.Variability,formation and acidity of water-soluble ions in PM2.5in Beijing based on the semi-continuous observations[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,145146:1-11.
[9]JUNG J,LEE H,KIM Y J,et al.Aerosol chemistry and the effect of aerosol water content on visibility impairment and radiative forcing in Guangzhou during the 2006 Pearl River Delta campaign[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(11):3231-3244.
[10]KHAN M F,SHIRASUNA Y,HIRANO K,et al.Characterization of PM2.5,PM2.5-10and PM>10in ambient air,Yokohama,Japan[J].Atmospheric Research,2010,96(1):159-172.
[11]YIN Liqian,NIU Zhenchuan,CHEN Xiaoqiu,et al.Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5and PM2.5-10in the coastal urban agglomeration along the western Taiwan Strait Region,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(7):5141-5156.
[12]SHEN Zhenxing,CAO Junji,ARIMOTO R,et al.Ionic composition of TSP and PM2.5during dust storms and air pollution episodes at Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(18):2911-2918.
[13]张敬巧,王淑兰,罗达通,等.聊城市冬季PM2.5及水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(10):1712-1718.ZHANG Jingqiao,WANG Shulan,LUO Datong,et al.Characterization and source analysis of PM2.5and water-soluble ions during winter in Liaocheng City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(10):1712-1718.
[14]WANG Ying,ZHUANG Guoshun,TANG Aohan,et al.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(21):3771-3784.
[15]ZHAO Pusheng,DONG Fan,HE Di,et al.Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2.5in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(9):4631-4644.
[16]MENG Chenchen,WANG Litao,ZHANG Fenfen,et al.Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5in Handan City,Hebei Province,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,171:133-146.
[17]刀谞,朱红霞,谭莉,等.2014年APEC期间北京及周边重点城市PM2.5中水溶性离子变化特征[J].环境化学,2015,34(8):1389-1395.TAO Xu,ZHU Hongxia,TAN Li,et al.Variations of PM2.5and its water soluble ions in Beijing and surrounding cities during the APEC in 2014[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(8):1389-1395.
[18]PATHAK R K,YAO Xiaohong,LAU A K H,et al.Acidity and concentrations of ionic species of PM2.5in Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(8):1113-1124.
[19]陶俊,张仁健,董林,等.夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1417-1424.TAO Jun,ZHANG Renjian,DONG Lin,et al.Characteration of water-soluble inogenic ions in PM2.5and PM1.0in summer in Guangzhou[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(7):1417-1424.
[20]周瑶瑶,马嫣,郑军,等.南京北郊冬季霾天PM2.5水溶性离子的污染特征与消光作用研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1926-1934.ZHOU Yaoyao,MA Yan,ZHENG Jun,et al.Pollution characteristics and light extinction effects of water-soluble ions in PM2.5during winter hazy days at north suburban Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):1926-1934.
[21]王念飞,陈阳,郝庆菊,等.苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4482-4489.WANG Nianfei,CHEN Yang,HAO Qingju,et al.Seasonal variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4482-4489.
[22]吴丹,蔺少龙,杨焕强,等.杭州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及其消光贡献[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2656-2666.WU Dan,LIN Shaolong,YANG Huanqiang,et al.Pollution characteristics and light extinction contribution of water-soluble ions of PM2.5in Hangzhou[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2656-2666.
[23]MING Lili,JIN Ling,LI Jun,et al.PM2.5in the Yangtze River Delta,China:chemical compositions,seasonal variations,and regional pollution events[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,223:200-212.
[24]TAO Jun,ZHANG Leiming,ENGLING G,et al.Chemical composition of PM2.5in an urban environment in Chengdu,China:importance of springtime dust storms and biomass burning[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,122:270-283.
[25]李友平,周洪,张智胜,等.成都市城区PM2.5中二次水溶性无机离子污染特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4439-4445.LI Youping,ZHOU Hong,ZHANG Zhisheng,et al.Pollution characteristics of secondary water-soluble inorganic ions of PM2.5in urban Chengdu,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4439-4445.
[26]ZHANG Ting,CAO Junji,TIE Xuexi,et al.Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in Xi'an,China:seasonal variations and sources[J].Atmospheric Research,2011,102(1):110-119.
[27]杨素霞,曹军骥,沈振兴,等.西安冬、夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征[J].环境化学,2012,31(8):1179-1188.YANG Suxia,CAO Junji,SHEN Zhenxing,et al.Variations of watersoluble ions in PM2.5at Xi'an between summer and winter[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(8):1179-1188.
[28]韩月梅,沈振兴,曹军骥,等.西安市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征[J].环境化学,2009,28(2):261-266.HAN Yuemei,SHEN Zhenxing,CAO Junji,et al.Seasonal variations of water-soluble inorganic ions in atmospheric particles over Xi'an[J].Environmental Chemistry,2009,28(2):261-266.
[29]张婷,曹军骥,刘随心.宝鸡市PM2.5中水溶性离子组分污染特征及来源分析[J].地球环境学报,2017,8(1):46-54.ZHANG Ting,CAO Junji,LIU Suixin.Pollution characteristics and sources of water-soluble ions in PM2.5in Baoji[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2017,8(1):46-54.
[30]ZHANG Fan,WANG Zuwu,CHENG Hairong,et al.Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM2.5in Wuhan,Central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,518519:97-105.
[31]XIONG Ying,ZHOU Jiabin,SCHAUER J J,et al.Seasonal and spatial differences in source contributions to PM2.5in Wuhan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,577:155-165.
[32]郁佳,胡世祥,黄振,等.武汉市春季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子特征[J].中国环境监测,2017,33(5):35-41.YU Jia,HU Shixiang,HUANG Zhen,et al.Characteristic analysis of water-soluble ions in atmospheric fine particles in spring Wuhan[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2017,33(5):35-41.
[33]邱婷,周家斌,肖经汗,等.武汉市秋、冬季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源分析[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(4):17-20.QIU Ting,ZHOU Jiabin,XIAO Jinghan,et al.Characteristics and sources apportionment of water-soluble ions in PM2.5in autumn and winter of Wuhan[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2015,37(4):17-20.
[34]环境保护部.HJ 799-2016环境空气颗粒物中水溶性阴离子(F-、Cl-、Br-、NO2-、NO3-、PO43-、SO32-、SO42-)的测定离子色谱法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[35]环境保护部.HJ 800-2016环境空气颗粒物中水溶性阳离子(Li+、Na+、NH4+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+)的测定离子色谱法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[36]PAATERO P,TAPPER U.Analysis of different modes of factor analysis as least squares fit problem[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,1993,18(2):183-194
[37]POLISSAR A V,HOPKE P K,PAATERO P,et al.The aerosol at Barrow,Alaska:long-term trends and source locations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33:2441-2458.
[38]HENRY R C,LEWIS C W,HOPKE P K,et al.Review of receptormodel fundamentals[J].Atmospheric Environment,1984,18(8):1507-1515.
[39]李英红,谭吉华,饶志国,等.兰州市大气细颗粒物中水溶性离子的污染特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(9):1799-1807.LI Yinghong,TAN Jihua,RAO Zhiguo,et al.Pollution characteristics of water soluble ions in atmospheric fine particles in Lanzhou[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(9):1799-1807.
[40]DENG Xueliang,SHI Chun'e,WU Biwen,et al.Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,42:32-40.
[41]LIU Hongxia,ZHENG Jingru,QU Chengkai,et al.Characteristics and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10in a typical mining city,Central China[J].Atmosphere,2017.doi:10.3390atmos8040074.
[42]ARIMOTO R,DUCE R A,SAVOIE D L,et al.Relationships among aerosol constituents from Asia and the North Pacific during PEM-West A[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1996,101(S1):2011-2023.
[43]ZHANG Xiaoye,CAO Junji.Characterization of atmospheric aerosol over Xi'an in the south margin of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(26):4189-4199.
[44]YANG Fumo,TAN Jihua,ZHAO Qingquan,et al.Characteristics of PM2.5speciation in representative megacities and across China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(11):5207-5219.
[45]HE Qiusheng,YAN Yulong,GUO Lili,et al.Characterization and source analysis of water-soluble inorganic ionic species in PM2.5in Taiyuan City,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2017,184:48-55.
[46]胡月琪,马召辉,冯亚君,等.北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中水溶性离子排放特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1966-1974.HU Yueqi,MA Zhaohui,FENG Yajun,et al.Emission characteristics of water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):1966-1974.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |