刘公岛海洋牧场底层海水溶解氧浓度的变化特征
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摘要
由于缺乏长期观测资料,前人对山东半岛邻近海域海水溶解氧的时间变化和空间分布特征的研究较少。本文基于威海刘公岛海洋牧场于2016年7月20日至2017年3月14日期间,利用生态环境实时在线观测系统获得的底层海水的温度、盐度、水深、溶解氧数据,分析了该牧场海水溶解氧浓度的时间变化特征及其影响因素,并探讨了低氧灾害发生的可能性。结果表明在观测期间,该牧场海水溶解氧浓度以季节变化为主,冬季最大、夏季最小,其中2月份平均值最高,约为10.86mg/L,8月份平均值最低,约为5.91mg/L。同时海水溶解氧浓度也存在显著的小时变化和日变化,且变化幅度于8月份最大、3月份最小。影响海水溶解氧浓度变化的主要因素是海水温度,溶解氧浓度随着温度的季节性变化而变化。夏季,水体分层会使溶解氧浓度发生大幅度的降低,大风过程对于溶解氧浓度也有一定的影响,通过打破夏季的季节性温跃层使水体发生垂向混合从而为海底提供氧气,但大风过程之后的几天会出现溶解氧浓度降低的现象。本次研究发现刘公岛海洋牧场在观测期间不存在低氧现象。
Due to lace of long-term observation data,there are few studies on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater near Shandong peninsula.Based on observations of the temperature,salinity,depth,and dissolved oxygen of the bottom water obtained by a real-time online observation system deployed in Liugong Island Marin Pasture from July 20,2016 to March 14,2017,we investigated the temporal variations of the dissolved oxygen concentration(O2) and contributions from water temperature,salinity,water depth and wind speed.The possibility of the occurrence of hypoxia is also discussed.The results show that during the observation period,the O2 is dominated by its seasonal variation,being largest in winter and lowest in summer.For monthly averaged value,the O2 is lowest in August,being 5.91 mg/L,while highest in February,being 10.83 mg/L.At the same time,the O2 also shows significant diurnal and hourly variabilities,largest in August and lowest in March.The main factors affecting the O2 variations are the seawater temperature,,and the O2 mainly varies with the seasonal variation of the ocean temperature.In summer,the vertical ocean stratification makes the O2 decrease greatly,and the sea surface wind effects the variations of O2,the strong vertical mixing induced by strong sea surface winds could weaken or even break the seasonal thermocline in summer to provide oxygen for the bottom water but there will be a decrease of O2 for several days after the strong wind.The current study indicates that there is no hypoxia in Liugong Island Marine Pasture during the observation period.
Due to lace of long-term observation data,there are few studies on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater near Shandong peninsula.Based on observations of the temperature,salinity,depth,and dissolved oxygen of the bottom water obtained by a real-time online observation system deployed in Liugong Island Marin Pasture from July 20,2016 to March 14,2017,we investigated the temporal variations of the dissolved oxygen concentration(O2) and contributions from water temperature,salinity,water depth and wind speed.The possibility of the occurrence of hypoxia is also discussed.The results show that during the observation period,the O2 is dominated by its seasonal variation,being largest in winter and lowest in summer.For monthly averaged value,the O2 is lowest in August,being 5.91 mg/L,while highest in February,being 10.83 mg/L.At the same time,the O2 also shows significant diurnal and hourly variabilities,largest in August and lowest in March.The main factors affecting the O2 variations are the seawater temperature,,and the O2 mainly varies with the seasonal variation of the ocean temperature.In summer,the vertical ocean stratification makes the O2 decrease greatly,and the sea surface wind effects the variations of O2,the strong vertical mixing induced by strong sea surface winds could weaken or even break the seasonal thermocline in summer to provide oxygen for the bottom water but there will be a decrease of O2 for several days after the strong wind.The current study indicates that there is no hypoxia in Liugong Island Marine Pasture during the observation period.
引文
石强,2016.黄海溶解氧含量场季节循环时空模态与机制.应用海洋学学报,35(1):1-14
冉祥滨,臧家业,韦钦胜等,2012.乳山湾邻近海域低氧现象及成因浅析.海洋科学进展,30(3):347-356
朱卓毅,张经,吴莹等,2013.长江口外颗粒有机碳及光合色素在不同溶氧水平下早期降解速率研究.海洋与湖沼,44(1):1-8
刘春利,葛长字,张玉娟等,2017.黄海表层溶解氧时空分布特征.海洋环境科学,36(2):255-260
江涛,徐勇,刘传霞等,2016.渤海中部海域低氧区的发生记录.渔业科学进展,37(4):1-6
辛明,马德毅,王保栋等,2013.黄海溶解氧的平面分布特征及其季节变化.中国海洋大学学报,43(7):56-60
宋国栋,石晓勇,祝陈坚,2007.春季黄海溶解氧的平面分布特征及主要影响因素初探.海洋环境科学,26(6):534-536
张莹莹,张经,吴莹等,2007.长江口溶解氧的分布特征及影响因素研究.环境科学,28(8):1649-1654
陈国光,翟方国,李培良等,2016.黄海海浪季节变化的数值模拟研究.海洋科学,40(11):155-168
孟鑫,王冬,李培良等,2017.海洋牧场溶解氧生态模型初探.海洋技术学报,36(5):120-126
孟春霞,邓春梅,姚鹏等,2005.小清河口及邻近海域的溶解氧.海洋环境科学,24(3):25-28
顾孝连,徐兆礼,2009.河口及近岸海域低氧环境对水生动物的影响.海洋渔业,31(4):426-437
顾宏堪,1980.黄海溶解氧垂直分布的最大值.海洋学报(中文版),2(2):70-80
孙湘平,2006.中国近海区域海洋.海洋出版社
Boyer T,Conkright M E,Levitus S,1999.Seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen,percent oxygen saturation,and apparent oxygen utilization in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,46(9):1593-1613
D'Avanzo C,Kremer J N,1994.Diel oxygen dynamics and anoxic events in an eutrophic estuary of Waquoit Bay,Massachusetts.Estuaries,17(1):131-139
Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J et al,2011.The ERA-Interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,137(656):553-597
Diaz R J,2001.Overview of hypoxia around the world.Journal of Environmental Quality,30(2):275-281
Doney S C,Ruckelshaus M,Duffy J E et al,2012.Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems.Annual Review of Marine Science,4:11-37
Garcia H E,Gordon L I,1992.Oxygen solubility in seawater:Better fitting equations.Limnology and Oceanography,37(6):1307-1312
Koko S,Irvine K,Jindal R et al,2017.Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved oxygen in Cha-Am municipality wastewater treatment ponds using GIS kriging interpolation.Journal of Water Management Modeling,25:C427,doi:10.14796/JWMM.C427
Li G,Liu J X,Diao Z H et al,2018.Subsurface low dissolved oxygen occurred at fresh-and saline-water intersection of the Pearl River estuary during the summer period.Marine Pollution Bulletin,126:585-591,doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.061
MacCready P,Banas N S,Hickey B M et al,2009.A model study of tide-and wind-induced mixing in the Columbia River Estuary and plume.Continental Shelf Research,29(1):278-291
Nezlin N P,Kamer K,Hyde J et al,2009.Dissolved oxygen dynamics in a eutrophic estuary,Upper Newport Bay,California.Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science,82(1):139-151
Ni X B,Huang D J,Zeng D Y et al,2016.The impact of wind mixing on the variation of bottom dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang Estuary during summer.Journal of Marine Systems,154:122-130
Pihl L,Baden S P,Diaz R J,1991.Effects of periodic hypoxia on distribution of demersal fish and crustaceans.Marine Biology,108(3):349-360
Shimps E L,Rice J A,Osborne J A,2005.Hypoxia tolerance in two juvenile estuary-dependent fishes.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,325(2):146-162
Wang B,2009.Hydromorphological mechanisms leading to hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary.Marine Environmental Research,67(1):53-58
Wannamaker C M,Rice J A,2000.Effects of hypoxia on movements and behavior of selected estuarine organisms from the southeastern United States.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,249(2):145-163
Wei H,He Y C,Li Q J et al,2007.Summer hypoxia adjacent to the Changjiang Estuary.Journal of Marine Systems,67(3-4):292-303
Weiss R F,1970.The solubility of nitrogen,oxygen and argon in water and seawater.Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts,17(4):721-735
Xuan J L,Huang D J,Zhou F et al,2012.The role of wind on the detachment of low salinity water in the Changjiang estuary in summer.Journal of Geophysical Research,117(C10):C10004,doi:10.1029/2012JC008121
Yin K D,Lin Z F,Ke Z Y,2004.Temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent coastal waters.Continental Shelf Research,24(16):1935-1948
Zhang H,Li S Y,2010.Effects of physical and biochemical processes on the dissolved oxygen budget for the Pearl River Estuary during summer.Journal of Marine Systems,79(1-2):65-88
Zhang J,Gilbert D,Gooday A J et al,2010.Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas:synthesis and future development.Biogeosciences,7(5):1443-1467
Zhu J R,Zhu Z Y,Lin J et al,2016.Distribution of hypoxia and pycnocline off the Changjiang Estuary,China.Journal of Marine Systems,154:28-40
冉祥滨,臧家业,韦钦胜等,2012.乳山湾邻近海域低氧现象及成因浅析.海洋科学进展,30(3):347-356
朱卓毅,张经,吴莹等,2013.长江口外颗粒有机碳及光合色素在不同溶氧水平下早期降解速率研究.海洋与湖沼,44(1):1-8
刘春利,葛长字,张玉娟等,2017.黄海表层溶解氧时空分布特征.海洋环境科学,36(2):255-260
江涛,徐勇,刘传霞等,2016.渤海中部海域低氧区的发生记录.渔业科学进展,37(4):1-6
辛明,马德毅,王保栋等,2013.黄海溶解氧的平面分布特征及其季节变化.中国海洋大学学报,43(7):56-60
宋国栋,石晓勇,祝陈坚,2007.春季黄海溶解氧的平面分布特征及主要影响因素初探.海洋环境科学,26(6):534-536
张莹莹,张经,吴莹等,2007.长江口溶解氧的分布特征及影响因素研究.环境科学,28(8):1649-1654
陈国光,翟方国,李培良等,2016.黄海海浪季节变化的数值模拟研究.海洋科学,40(11):155-168
孟鑫,王冬,李培良等,2017.海洋牧场溶解氧生态模型初探.海洋技术学报,36(5):120-126
孟春霞,邓春梅,姚鹏等,2005.小清河口及邻近海域的溶解氧.海洋环境科学,24(3):25-28
顾孝连,徐兆礼,2009.河口及近岸海域低氧环境对水生动物的影响.海洋渔业,31(4):426-437
顾宏堪,1980.黄海溶解氧垂直分布的最大值.海洋学报(中文版),2(2):70-80
孙湘平,2006.中国近海区域海洋.海洋出版社
Boyer T,Conkright M E,Levitus S,1999.Seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen,percent oxygen saturation,and apparent oxygen utilization in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,46(9):1593-1613
D'Avanzo C,Kremer J N,1994.Diel oxygen dynamics and anoxic events in an eutrophic estuary of Waquoit Bay,Massachusetts.Estuaries,17(1):131-139
Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J et al,2011.The ERA-Interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,137(656):553-597
Diaz R J,2001.Overview of hypoxia around the world.Journal of Environmental Quality,30(2):275-281
Doney S C,Ruckelshaus M,Duffy J E et al,2012.Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems.Annual Review of Marine Science,4:11-37
Garcia H E,Gordon L I,1992.Oxygen solubility in seawater:Better fitting equations.Limnology and Oceanography,37(6):1307-1312
Koko S,Irvine K,Jindal R et al,2017.Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved oxygen in Cha-Am municipality wastewater treatment ponds using GIS kriging interpolation.Journal of Water Management Modeling,25:C427,doi:10.14796/JWMM.C427
Li G,Liu J X,Diao Z H et al,2018.Subsurface low dissolved oxygen occurred at fresh-and saline-water intersection of the Pearl River estuary during the summer period.Marine Pollution Bulletin,126:585-591,doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.061
MacCready P,Banas N S,Hickey B M et al,2009.A model study of tide-and wind-induced mixing in the Columbia River Estuary and plume.Continental Shelf Research,29(1):278-291
Nezlin N P,Kamer K,Hyde J et al,2009.Dissolved oxygen dynamics in a eutrophic estuary,Upper Newport Bay,California.Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science,82(1):139-151
Ni X B,Huang D J,Zeng D Y et al,2016.The impact of wind mixing on the variation of bottom dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang Estuary during summer.Journal of Marine Systems,154:122-130
Pihl L,Baden S P,Diaz R J,1991.Effects of periodic hypoxia on distribution of demersal fish and crustaceans.Marine Biology,108(3):349-360
Shimps E L,Rice J A,Osborne J A,2005.Hypoxia tolerance in two juvenile estuary-dependent fishes.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,325(2):146-162
Wang B,2009.Hydromorphological mechanisms leading to hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary.Marine Environmental Research,67(1):53-58
Wannamaker C M,Rice J A,2000.Effects of hypoxia on movements and behavior of selected estuarine organisms from the southeastern United States.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,249(2):145-163
Wei H,He Y C,Li Q J et al,2007.Summer hypoxia adjacent to the Changjiang Estuary.Journal of Marine Systems,67(3-4):292-303
Weiss R F,1970.The solubility of nitrogen,oxygen and argon in water and seawater.Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts,17(4):721-735
Xuan J L,Huang D J,Zhou F et al,2012.The role of wind on the detachment of low salinity water in the Changjiang estuary in summer.Journal of Geophysical Research,117(C10):C10004,doi:10.1029/2012JC008121
Yin K D,Lin Z F,Ke Z Y,2004.Temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent coastal waters.Continental Shelf Research,24(16):1935-1948
Zhang H,Li S Y,2010.Effects of physical and biochemical processes on the dissolved oxygen budget for the Pearl River Estuary during summer.Journal of Marine Systems,79(1-2):65-88
Zhang J,Gilbert D,Gooday A J et al,2010.Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas:synthesis and future development.Biogeosciences,7(5):1443-1467
Zhu J R,Zhu Z Y,Lin J et al,2016.Distribution of hypoxia and pycnocline off the Changjiang Estuary,China.Journal of Marine Systems,154:28-40