江西省中华秋沙鸭越冬种群现状调查
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摘要
于2015年12月19～20日和2016年12月10～25日,在江西省鄱阳湖、赣江、饶河、抚河、信江、修河水系流域范围,进行了两年越冬中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)种群专项调查。研究结果发现,江西省中华秋沙鸭越冬种群数量波动较大,2015年12月19～20日记录了90只中华秋沙鸭,2016年12月10～25日记录了178只中华秋沙鸭;记录的中华秋沙鸭集群类型包括混合群、雄性群、雌性群、雄性孤鸭和雌性孤鸭,其中,混合群是中华秋沙鸭主要的集群方式;2～8只群的数量占总群数的57.50%,表明中华秋沙鸭主要是以小群生活。中华秋沙鸭越冬个体在分布上表现出一定的年际变化,分布区较以前有所扩大,在以往未发现有中华秋沙鸭的赣江水系,在两次调查中都有记录,且数量可观。采沙、捕鱼、养鸭、修建道路等人类活动仍是导致中华秋沙鸭越冬生境质量下降的主要原因。为了更好地保护中华秋沙鸭越冬种群和栖息地环境,亟待开展五河水系生态环境保护,尤其是减少人类活动对河流生境的污染,降低人类活动干扰程度,建立保护小区,加强保护宣传。
Mergus squamatus is an endemic species restricted to Asia, which has been listed in the first category of national key protected wildlife species in China and regarded as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) since 2002. This species has been found to winter in the wetlands of Jiangxi province. The river system of Poyang Lake provided important wintering habitats for this species, and a stable wintering population of Mergus squamatus was found in Jiangxi province. In recent years, the hydrology regimes of Poyang Lake drainage have been drastically modified by human activities. In this study, the population size, distribution, dispersal, and wintering behavior of Mergus squamatus were analyzed to understand the variation of the wintering population of Mergus squamatus in Poyang Lake drainage. The study area covered Poyang Lake and 5 major tributary rivers across Jiangxi province. The results showed that the population size of Mergus squamatus drastically changed. Mergus squamatus population in Jiangxi experienced a significant fluctuation in both 2015 and 2016. Compared to 255 individuals in 2009, there were only 90 and 178 individuals found in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Mergus squamatus usually winters in flocks, including mixed-and same-sex groups as well as solitary individual. A total of 268 individuals of Mergus squamatus belonging to 40 groups were observed in 2015 and 2016.Among these 40 groups, mixed sex group were most frequently encountered. Thirty-three mixed sex group comprising 235 individuals accounted for 82.5% of the total number of Mergus squamatus. The frequencies of group types were statistically highly significant. The largest group observed had 36 individuals and the smallest one contained only 1 individual. Two solitary/individual groups of Mergus squamatus comprised 5%of the total population. Seven groups with 2 individuals, 6 of which being male-female pairs, comprised17.5% of the total population. Twenty three groups with 3-8 individuals accounted for 57.50%. Eight groups with more than 9 individuals accounted for 20.0%. Groups with 3-8 individuals were the most common,indicating that Mergus squamatus preferred to select small size group. As for the wintering behaviors, the time spent on different types of behaviors were as follows: swimming(24.29%), foraging(20.00%), resting state(20.00%), flying(15.71%), washing feather(11.43%) and playing(8.57%). Stable populations were also found in some reaches including Xiushui, Liaohe, Yihuang, Yiyang, and Anlehe. It is noteworthy that the distribution of wintering Mergus squamatus has been expanding since 2009. In 2009, wintering Mergus squamatus was not found in Ganjiang River; however, it was recorded there in 2015 and 2016. The number decrease of Mergus squamatus in Jiangxi province was possibly due to the ecological deterioration and the intensification of human activities in the river systems involved. Sand extraction, illegal fishing, duck rearing,and construction of roads were major factors threatening the Mergus squamatus population in Jiangxi province. Of these factors, sand extraction was the most serious habitat interference in the study area, with frequency accounted for 46.45% of the total human disturbance, followed by fishing, whose frequency accounting for 33.55%. In order to protect the population and habitat of Mergus squamatus population, it is necessary to build small protected plots in major wintering grounds. In addition, suggestions such conservation strategies should be carried out to strength river management, to constrain sand extraction, to prohibit illegal fishing, and to control water pollution.
Mergus squamatus is an endemic species restricted to Asia, which has been listed in the first category of national key protected wildlife species in China and regarded as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) since 2002. This species has been found to winter in the wetlands of Jiangxi province. The river system of Poyang Lake provided important wintering habitats for this species, and a stable wintering population of Mergus squamatus was found in Jiangxi province. In recent years, the hydrology regimes of Poyang Lake drainage have been drastically modified by human activities. In this study, the population size, distribution, dispersal, and wintering behavior of Mergus squamatus were analyzed to understand the variation of the wintering population of Mergus squamatus in Poyang Lake drainage. The study area covered Poyang Lake and 5 major tributary rivers across Jiangxi province. The results showed that the population size of Mergus squamatus drastically changed. Mergus squamatus population in Jiangxi experienced a significant fluctuation in both 2015 and 2016. Compared to 255 individuals in 2009, there were only 90 and 178 individuals found in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Mergus squamatus usually winters in flocks, including mixed-and same-sex groups as well as solitary individual. A total of 268 individuals of Mergus squamatus belonging to 40 groups were observed in 2015 and 2016.Among these 40 groups, mixed sex group were most frequently encountered. Thirty-three mixed sex group comprising 235 individuals accounted for 82.5% of the total number of Mergus squamatus. The frequencies of group types were statistically highly significant. The largest group observed had 36 individuals and the smallest one contained only 1 individual. Two solitary/individual groups of Mergus squamatus comprised 5%of the total population. Seven groups with 2 individuals, 6 of which being male-female pairs, comprised17.5% of the total population. Twenty three groups with 3-8 individuals accounted for 57.50%. Eight groups with more than 9 individuals accounted for 20.0%. Groups with 3-8 individuals were the most common,indicating that Mergus squamatus preferred to select small size group. As for the wintering behaviors, the time spent on different types of behaviors were as follows: swimming(24.29%), foraging(20.00%), resting state(20.00%), flying(15.71%), washing feather(11.43%) and playing(8.57%). Stable populations were also found in some reaches including Xiushui, Liaohe, Yihuang, Yiyang, and Anlehe. It is noteworthy that the distribution of wintering Mergus squamatus has been expanding since 2009. In 2009, wintering Mergus squamatus was not found in Ganjiang River; however, it was recorded there in 2015 and 2016. The number decrease of Mergus squamatus in Jiangxi province was possibly due to the ecological deterioration and the intensification of human activities in the river systems involved. Sand extraction, illegal fishing, duck rearing,and construction of roads were major factors threatening the Mergus squamatus population in Jiangxi province. Of these factors, sand extraction was the most serious habitat interference in the study area, with frequency accounted for 46.45% of the total human disturbance, followed by fishing, whose frequency accounting for 33.55%. In order to protect the population and habitat of Mergus squamatus population, it is necessary to build small protected plots in major wintering grounds. In addition, suggestions such conservation strategies should be carried out to strength river management, to constrain sand extraction, to prohibit illegal fishing, and to control water pollution.
引文
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[9]曾宾宾,邵明勤,赖宏清,等.性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响[J].生态学报,2013,3333(12):3712-3721.
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[12]邵明勤,曾宾宾,尚小龙,等.江西鄱阳湖流域中华秋沙鸭越冬期间的集群特征[J].生态学报,2012,3232(10):3170-3176.
[13]易国栋,杨志杰,刘宇,等.中华秋沙鸭越冬行为时间分配及日活动节律[J].生态学报,2010,3030(8):2228-2234.
[14]植飞,张虹旋,罗志平,等.湖北清江冬季中华秋沙鸭初步调查[J].武汉轻工大学学报,2017,3636(1):57-60.
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[17]章志琴,夏瑾华,王艾平,等.江西省境内中华秋沙鸭越冬生境选择[J].中国农学通报,2012,2828(35):29-32.
[2]邵明勤,戴年华,郭英荣,等.中华秋沙鸭冬季生态习性的初步观察[J].四川动物,2010,2929(1):102-104.
[3]汪志如,单继红,李言阔,等.江西省中华秋沙鸭越冬种群现状调查与胁迫因素分析[J].四川动物,2010,2929(4):597-600.
[4]刘宇,杨志杰,左斌,等.中华秋沙鸭(Mergussquamatus)在江西省的越冬分布及种群数量调查[J].东北师大学报:自然科学版,2008,4040(1):111-115.
[5]邵明勤,陈斌.中华秋沙鸭越冬期昼间行为能量支出及其变化[J].湿地科学,2017,1515(4):483-488.
[6]林清贤,陈小麟,方文珍.江西靖安发现中华秋沙鸭和海南鳽[J].动物学杂志,2008,4343(2):13-13.
[7]何芬奇,林剑声,杨斌,等.中华秋沙鸭在中国的近期越冬分布与数量[J].动物学杂志,2006,4141(5):52-56.
[8]Shao Mingqin,Zeng Binbin,Tim H,et al.Winter ecology and conservation threats of scaly-sided Merganser Mergus squamatus in Poyang Lake watershed,China[J].Pakistan Journal of Zoology,2012,4444(2):503-510.
[9]曾宾宾,邵明勤,赖宏清,等.性别和温度对中华秋沙鸭越冬行为的影响[J].生态学报,2013,3333(12):3712-3721.
[10]中国鸟类学会水鸟组.中国水鸟研究[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1994.
[11]李言阔,孙志勇,宋玉赞,等.江西宜黄、武宁发现中华秋沙鸭越冬群体[J].动物学杂志,2009,4444(6):53.
[12]邵明勤,曾宾宾,尚小龙,等.江西鄱阳湖流域中华秋沙鸭越冬期间的集群特征[J].生态学报,2012,3232(10):3170-3176.
[13]易国栋,杨志杰,刘宇,等.中华秋沙鸭越冬行为时间分配及日活动节律[J].生态学报,2010,3030(8):2228-2234.
[14]植飞,张虹旋,罗志平,等.湖北清江冬季中华秋沙鸭初步调查[J].武汉轻工大学学报,2017,3636(1):57-60.
[15]彭晓.汨罗兰家洞水库首现中华秋沙鸭[J].林业与生态,2017,(3):47-47.
[16]袁继林.黔东南州发现国家特一级重点保护鸟类、国际濒危动物--中华秋沙鸭[J].贵州林业科技,2017,4545(1):61-64.
[17]章志琴,夏瑾华,王艾平,等.江西省境内中华秋沙鸭越冬生境选择[J].中国农学通报,2012,2828(35):29-32.
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