半干旱黄土区坡面尺度柠条生长状况及影响要素分析
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摘要
以半干旱黄土丘陵区典型小流域坡面大规模人工种植柠条林为例,基于坡面不同部位柠条生长状况和生境条件调查,定量分析了地形变化、土壤水分及灌木密度对柠条生长的直接、间接影响及其贡献率。结果表明:(1)东坡大株柠条生长明显好于南坡,下坡位柠条生长状况略好于中上坡位,其他各坡位之间柠条生长状况差异较小;(2)大株柠条生长与浅层土壤水分有正相关关系,而与灌木密度和深层土壤水分则呈负相关关系;大株柠条灌木高度、灌木纵截面积和冠幅体积对浅层土壤水分的响应敏感,冠幅长度对坡向和坡位的响应较为敏感,冠幅宽度对灌木密度的响应较为敏感;(3)地形和土壤水分变化解释了59.9%的大株柠条生长变异,其中坡向、坡位和浅层土壤水分是影响大株柠条生长的主导环境因子,它们分别解释了21.1%、16.0%和13.1%的柠条生长变化。研究认为半干旱黄土区人工植被恢复既要重视空间布局,也要在后期实施必要的管理措施以维持人工林地的稳定性。
Topography and soil moisture are the key factors affecting the spatial growth patterns of artificial Caragana korshinskii shrubs in the semi-arid loess region. However,the recognition of the growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs affected by topographic variation,soil moisture content,and shrub density is limited on the hillslope scale. In this study,we selected a typical artificial C. korshinskii shrub on the hillslope as a research model,and the data on its growth status and habitat conditions under different(east-and south-facing) slope positions were collected. Furthermore, the relationships between the growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs and the shrub density,topographic variation,and soil moisture content were quantitatively analyzed using the Pearson correlation,path analysis,and RDA. The following results were obtained in this study.(1) The growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs on the east-facing slope was significantly better than that of the shrubs on the south-facing slope. Furthermore,the growth status of the C. korshinskii shrubs on the lower slope position was slightly better than that of the shrubs on the upper or middle slope positions,and no significant difference was observed between the other slope positions.(2) Shallow soil moisture content had a direct,positive effect on the growthstatus of C. korshinskii,and the shrub density and deep soil moisture content had a negative relationship with the growth status of C. korshinskii. For the large C. korshinskii shrubs,the height,crown diameter multiplied by the height,and canopy volume showed sensitive responses to the shallow soil moisture content. The results also demonstrated that the crown length responded with more sensitivity to the slope aspect and slope position than the other factors did,and the crown width showed a sensitive response to shrub density.(3) The topographical features(slope aspect,position,and gradient) and soil moisture content(shallow and deep soil moisture contents) determined the growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs and explained the 59.9% variation in the growth changes. Furthermore,the variation of the growth changes in the slope aspect,slope position,and shallow soil moisture content were 21. 1%,16. 0%,and 13. 1%,respectively. Therefore,humanintroduced vegetation restoration of the semi-arid loess regions should consider the spatial pattern of vegetation based on soil water conditions of the hillslope scale,and the scientific management of the middle and later periods of revegetation is also necessary to sustain the C. korshinskii shrub in the semi-arid loess region.
Topography and soil moisture are the key factors affecting the spatial growth patterns of artificial Caragana korshinskii shrubs in the semi-arid loess region. However,the recognition of the growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs affected by topographic variation,soil moisture content,and shrub density is limited on the hillslope scale. In this study,we selected a typical artificial C. korshinskii shrub on the hillslope as a research model,and the data on its growth status and habitat conditions under different(east-and south-facing) slope positions were collected. Furthermore, the relationships between the growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs and the shrub density,topographic variation,and soil moisture content were quantitatively analyzed using the Pearson correlation,path analysis,and RDA. The following results were obtained in this study.(1) The growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs on the east-facing slope was significantly better than that of the shrubs on the south-facing slope. Furthermore,the growth status of the C. korshinskii shrubs on the lower slope position was slightly better than that of the shrubs on the upper or middle slope positions,and no significant difference was observed between the other slope positions.(2) Shallow soil moisture content had a direct,positive effect on the growthstatus of C. korshinskii,and the shrub density and deep soil moisture content had a negative relationship with the growth status of C. korshinskii. For the large C. korshinskii shrubs,the height,crown diameter multiplied by the height,and canopy volume showed sensitive responses to the shallow soil moisture content. The results also demonstrated that the crown length responded with more sensitivity to the slope aspect and slope position than the other factors did,and the crown width showed a sensitive response to shrub density.(3) The topographical features(slope aspect,position,and gradient) and soil moisture content(shallow and deep soil moisture contents) determined the growth status of C. korshinskii shrubs and explained the 59.9% variation in the growth changes. Furthermore,the variation of the growth changes in the slope aspect,slope position,and shallow soil moisture content were 21. 1%,16. 0%,and 13. 1%,respectively. Therefore,humanintroduced vegetation restoration of the semi-arid loess regions should consider the spatial pattern of vegetation based on soil water conditions of the hillslope scale,and the scientific management of the middle and later periods of revegetation is also necessary to sustain the C. korshinskii shrub in the semi-arid loess region.
引文
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[27]郭忠升.半干旱区柠条林利用土壤水分深度和耗水量.水土保持通报,2009,29(5):69-72.
[28]Yang L,Wei W,Chen L D,Chen W L,Wang J L.Response of temporal variation of soil moisture to vegetation restoration in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China.Catena,2014,115(1):123-133.
[29]孟庆华,傅伯杰.景观格局与土壤养分流动.水土保持学报,2000,14(3):116-121.
[30]卫伟,余韵,贾福岩,杨磊,陈利顶.微地形改造的生态环境效应研究进展.生态学报,2013,33(20):6462-6469.
[31]李毅,邵明安.雨强对黄土坡面土壤水分入渗及再分布的影响.应用生态学报,2006,17(12):2271-2276.
[32]于洋,卫伟,陈利顶,冯天骄,杨磊,张涵丹.黄土丘陵区坡面整地和植被耦合下的土壤水分特征.生态学报,2016,36(11):3441-3449.
[33]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶,于洋,杨磊,张涵丹.陇中黄土区坡面整地和植被类型对土壤化学性状的影响.生态学报,2016,36(11):3216-3225.
[34]赵艳云,程积民,王延平,万惠娥,胡相明.半干旱区环境因子对柠条灌木林结构的影响.水土保持通报,2005,25(3):10-14.
[35]程杰,王吉斌,程积民,罗宗宽.黄土高原柠条锦鸡儿灌木林生长的时空变异特征.林业科学,2013,49(1):14-20.
[36]张文文,郭忠升,宁婷,白冬妹.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林密度对土壤水分和柠条生长的影响.生态学报,2015,35(3):725-732.
[37]赵龙,郭忠升,郭满才,袁志发,王振凤.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林生长过程研究.水土保持通报,2012,32(6):192-195.
[38]Meerveld H J T V,Mc Donnell J J.On the interrelations between topography,soil depth,soil moisture,transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale.Advances in Water Resources,2006,29(2):293-310.
[39]莫保儒,王子婷,蔡国军,杨磊,党宏忠,王多锋,薛睿.半干旱黄土区成熟柠条林地剖面土壤水分环境及影响因子研究.干旱区地理,2014,37(6):1207-1215.
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[43]周萍,刘国彬,侯喜禄.黄土丘陵区侵蚀环境不同坡面及坡位土壤理化特征研究.水土保持学报,2008,22(1):7-12.
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[2]杨荣金,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明.黄土丘陵沟壑区生态环境建设中的水问题——以延河流域为例.环境科学,2004,25(2):37-42.
[3]山仑,徐炳成.黄土高原半干旱地区建设稳定人工草地的探讨.草业学报,2009,18(2):1-2.
[4]王晗生.黄土高原植被恢复策略回顾.中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):42-45.
[5]张金屯.黄土高原植被恢复与建设的理论和技术问题.水土保持学报,2004,18(5):120-124.
[6]张文辉,刘国彬.黄土高原植被恢复与建设策略.中国水土保持,2009,2009(1):24-27.
[7]程积民,杜峰,万惠娥.黄土高原半干旱区集流灌草立体配置与水分调控.草地学报,2000,8(3):210-219.
[8]程积民,万惠娥,杜锋.黄土高原半干旱区退化灌草植被的恢复与重建.林业科学,2001,37(4):50-57.
[9]郭忠升,邵明安.半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力.生态学报,2003,23(8):1640-1647.
[10]郭忠升.黄土高原半干旱区水土保持植被恢复限度——以人工柠条林为例.中国水土保持科学,2009,7(4):49-54.
[11]佘冬立,邵明安,薛亚锋,俞双恩.坡面土地利用格局变化的水土保持效应.农业工程学报,2011,27(4):22-27.
[12]李萍,朱清科,刘中奇,赵荟,邝高明,王晶.半干旱黄土区地上生物量对立地因子的响应.中国水土保持科学,2012,10(2):50-54.
[13]程积民,万惠娥.中国黄土高原植被建设与水土保持.北京:中国林业出版社,2002:140-300.
[14]王晶,朱清科,秦伟,张宏芝,云雷,谢静,邝高明.陕北黄土区封禁流域坡面微地形植被特征分异.应用生态学报,2012,23(3):694-700.
[15]杨士梭,温仲明,苗连朋,戚德辉,花东文.黄土丘陵区植物功能性状对微地形变化的响应.应用生态学报,2014,25(12):3413-3419.
[16]胡婵娟,刘国华,陈利顶,吴雅琼.黄土丘陵区坡面尺度上不同植被格局下植物群落和土壤性质研究.干旱区地理,2012,35(5):787-794.
[17]胡相明,程积民,万惠娥,赵艳云.黄土丘陵区地形、土壤水分与草地的景观格局.生态学报,2006,26(10):3276-3285.
[18]程积民,万惠娥,王静,雍绍萍.半干旱区柠条生长与土壤水分消耗过程研究.林业科学,2005,41(2):37-41.
[19]Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Zhang Y.Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2009,19(6):707-718.
[20]Wang Y Q,Shao M A,Shao H B.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China.Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(1):9-17.
[21]李刚,赵祥,张宾宾,刘碧荣,董宽虎,朱慧森.不同株高的柠条生物量分配格局及其估测模型构建.草地学报,2014,22(4):769-775.
[22]李钢铁,秦富仓,贾守义,董锦兰,吉日格勒,王满贵.旱生灌木生物量预测模型的研究.内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版),1998,20(2):25-31.
[23]Ferreira J N,Bustamante M,Garcia-Montiel D C,Caylor K K,Davidson E A.Spatial variation in vegetation structure coupled to plant available water determined by two-dimensional soil resistivity profiling in a Brazilian savanna.Oecologia,2007,153(2):417-430.
[24]Clarke K R,Warwick R M.Change in Marine Communities:An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation.2nd ed.Plymouth:Plymouth Marine Laboratory,2001:2-15.
[25]Smilauer P,Leps J.Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO 5.2nd ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003:193-193.
[26]保长虎,张文辉,何景峰.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区30年柠条人工种群动态研究.西北植物学报,2010,30(8):1681-1688.
[27]郭忠升.半干旱区柠条林利用土壤水分深度和耗水量.水土保持通报,2009,29(5):69-72.
[28]Yang L,Wei W,Chen L D,Chen W L,Wang J L.Response of temporal variation of soil moisture to vegetation restoration in semi-arid Loess Plateau,China.Catena,2014,115(1):123-133.
[29]孟庆华,傅伯杰.景观格局与土壤养分流动.水土保持学报,2000,14(3):116-121.
[30]卫伟,余韵,贾福岩,杨磊,陈利顶.微地形改造的生态环境效应研究进展.生态学报,2013,33(20):6462-6469.
[31]李毅,邵明安.雨强对黄土坡面土壤水分入渗及再分布的影响.应用生态学报,2006,17(12):2271-2276.
[32]于洋,卫伟,陈利顶,冯天骄,杨磊,张涵丹.黄土丘陵区坡面整地和植被耦合下的土壤水分特征.生态学报,2016,36(11):3441-3449.
[33]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶,于洋,杨磊,张涵丹.陇中黄土区坡面整地和植被类型对土壤化学性状的影响.生态学报,2016,36(11):3216-3225.
[34]赵艳云,程积民,王延平,万惠娥,胡相明.半干旱区环境因子对柠条灌木林结构的影响.水土保持通报,2005,25(3):10-14.
[35]程杰,王吉斌,程积民,罗宗宽.黄土高原柠条锦鸡儿灌木林生长的时空变异特征.林业科学,2013,49(1):14-20.
[36]张文文,郭忠升,宁婷,白冬妹.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林密度对土壤水分和柠条生长的影响.生态学报,2015,35(3):725-732.
[37]赵龙,郭忠升,郭满才,袁志发,王振凤.黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林生长过程研究.水土保持通报,2012,32(6):192-195.
[38]Meerveld H J T V,Mc Donnell J J.On the interrelations between topography,soil depth,soil moisture,transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale.Advances in Water Resources,2006,29(2):293-310.
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