论海洋秩序演变视角下的南海海洋治理
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摘要
全球海洋治理的理论与实践是海洋秩序从权力竞争的无序状态发展为以规则和机制为中心阶段后的产物。与此同时,作为海洋秩序的重要内容,海洋治理体系的架构也反映了秩序的权力与规则的安排结构。当前,国际和南海地区海洋秩序深度调整,海洋治理也随之进入新的发展阶段。中国与东盟国家应抓住当前南海海洋秩序调整的机遇,通过完善规则与规范、建立区域海洋治理合作机制网络,建立起基于规则的南海海洋治理体系。在这一过程中,中国应与东盟国家一道牢牢抓住主导权,并扮演与自身国力和地区影响力相匹配的角色。
The theories and practices of global ocean governance are the product of the ocean order which evolves from disordered power competition to the one that is centered on rules and mechanisms. In addition,as an important part of the ocean order,the framework of the ocean governance system also reflects the structure of powers and rules. The ocean order in the world as well as in the South China Sea is currently being reshaped,and ocean governance has accordingly entered into a new phase. Improving relevant rules and regulations,China and the ASEAN states should seize the opportunity of the current ocean order evolution in the South China Sea,so as to establish a regional network of ocean governance cooperation mechanism and a rule-based governance system in the South China Sea. In this process,China and the ASEAN states should make continued and greater efforts to maintain the initiative and play the roles that match with their national strength and regional influence.
The theories and practices of global ocean governance are the product of the ocean order which evolves from disordered power competition to the one that is centered on rules and mechanisms. In addition,as an important part of the ocean order,the framework of the ocean governance system also reflects the structure of powers and rules. The ocean order in the world as well as in the South China Sea is currently being reshaped,and ocean governance has accordingly entered into a new phase. Improving relevant rules and regulations,China and the ASEAN states should seize the opportunity of the current ocean order evolution in the South China Sea,so as to establish a regional network of ocean governance cooperation mechanism and a rule-based governance system in the South China Sea. In this process,China and the ASEAN states should make continued and greater efforts to maintain the initiative and play the roles that match with their national strength and regional influence.
引文
(1)Stephen D.Krasner,“Structural Causes and Regime Consequences:Regimes as Intervening Variables”,International Organization,Vol.36,No.2,1982,p.185.
(2)关于全球海洋治理的概念,目前学术界尚无定论,但对于参与全球海洋治理的主题、具体涉及领域、主要采取方式等存有一定的共识。本文试图从全球治理概念加以延伸,来界定此一概念。全球治理是指:面对跨国全球性问题,国家通过一系列机制、政策、规范、程序和倡议来加以应对,以确保稳定和可预测性。参见:United Nations,Global Governance and Global Rules for Development in the Post-2015 Era,Jun.2014,p.3.
(1)United Nations,Global Governance and Global Rules for Development in the Post-2015 Era,Jun.2014,p.5.Adriana ErthalA bdenur,“China and the BRICS Development Bank:Legitimacy and Multilateralism in South-South Cooperation”,IDS Bulletin,Vol.45,No.4,2014,pp.85-101;Stewart M.Patrick and Farah Faisal Thaler,“China,the United States,and Global Governance:Shifting Foundations of World Order”,Council on Foreign Relations Workshop in Beijing,China,Mar.15-17,2010.
(2)United Nations,Global Governance and Global Rules for Development in the Post-2015 Era,Jun.2014,pp.5-12.
(3)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,pp.169-196.
(4)Hedley Bull,The Anarchical Society:A Study of Order in World Politics,Columbia University Press,1977,p.11.
(5)Henry Kissinger.World order,Penguin Books,2015,p.9;[美]约瑟夫·奈著,马娟娟译:《软实力》,中信出版社,2013年版,第15-20页。
(1)可参考:Alfred Thayer Mahan,The Influence of Sea Power upon History,1660-1783,Read Books Ltd.,2013;[英]保罗·肯尼迪著,沈志雄译:《英国海上主导权的兴衰:1890-1990年的美国海军》,上海人民出版社,2014年版;[美]乔治·贝尔著,吴征宇译:《美国海权百年》,上海人民出版社,2014年版。
(2)W.E.巴特勒:“格劳秀斯与海洋法”,载[英]赫德利·布尔、贝内迪克特·金斯伯里、亚当·罗伯茨主编,石斌译:《格劳秀斯与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2014年版,第176-178页。
(3)吴少杰、董大亮:“1945年美国《杜鲁门公告》探析”,《太平洋学报》,2015年09期。
(4)[英]杰弗里·蒂尔著,师小芹译:《21世纪海权指南(第二版)》,上海人民出版社,2013年版,第392-394页。
(5)Henry Kissinger,World order,Penguin Books,2015,p.9.
(1)[英]戴维·赫尔德、安东尼-麦克格鲁编,曹荣湘、龙虎等译:《治理全球化:权力、权威与全球治理》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,导言第13页。
(2)[美]保罗·肯尼迪著,陈景彪等译:《大国的兴衰》,国际文化出版公司,2006年版,第433页。
(3)Henry Kissinger,World Order,Penguin Books,2015,p.2.
(4)同(1)。
(5)M.Scott Solomon,“Power and the Politics of Global Governance”,International Studies Review,Vol.8,No.2,2006,pp.327-328.
(1)参见1982年《联合国海洋法公约》序言。
(1)ASEAN,ARF Statement on Cooperation Against Piracy and Other Threats to Security,ASEAN Website,Jun.17,2003,http://asean.org/arf-statement-on-cooperation-against-piracy-and-otherthreats-to-security/。
(2)Shafiah F.Muhiba,t“AMF and EAMF:An Uncertain Future?”RSIS Commentary,No.111,2017,https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/CO17111.pdf.
(3)有关北冰洋、地中海、黑海等地区的海洋治理,可参见:陈菲:“欧盟海洋安全治理论析”,《欧洲研究》,2016年第4期,第79-99页。
(4)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,pp.276-279.
(5)U.Rashid Sumaila William W.L.Cheung,“Boom and Bust:the Future of Fish in the South China Sea”,Nov.5,2015,University of British Columbia,http://www.oceanrecov.org/news/oceanrecovery-alliance-news/boom-or-bust-the-future-of-fish-in-thesouth-china-sea.html.
(1)Amitav Acharya,“The Myth of ASEAN Centrality?”Contemporary Southeast Asia:A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs,Vol.39,No.2,2017,pp.273-274.
(2)Shaun Narine,“ASEAN and the ARF:The Limits of the‘ASEAN Way’”,Asian Survey,Vol.37,No.10,1997,pp.962-963;Carolin Liss,Oceans of Crime:Maritime Piracy and Transnational Security in Southeast Asia and Bangladesh,Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,Dec.2013;Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,p.276.
(3)ReC AAP Information Sharing Center,Annual Report for2017,http://www.recaap.org.
(4)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,p.182.
(1)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,p.182.
(2)“2017年越南海洋岛屿周:‘绿色海洋经济’管理与发展”,人民报网,2017年6月15日,http://cn.nhandan.com.vn/economic/item/5183101-2017年越南海洋岛屿周:“绿色海洋经济”管理与发展.html。
(3)卢伙胜:“南海渔业资源开发现状及深海新发现”,中国水产学会渔业资源与环境分会主编:《中国水产学会渔业资源与环境分会2013年学术交流会会议论文(摘要)集》,2013年,第1页。
(1)“The 19th China-ASEAN Summit Issues Joint Statement on the Application of the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea in the South China Sea”,Sept.7,2016,http://asean.org/joint-statementon-the-application-of-the-code-for-unplanned-encounters-at-seain-the-south-china-sea/.
(1)国家发展改革委、外交部、商务部:《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》,2015年3月。
(2)“Singapore Can Play Key Role in China-led Belt and Road Initiative:Chan Chun Sing”,The Strait Times,Jan.24,2018;“Vietnam Highly Values China's‘One Belt,One Road’Initiative”,Public Security,Sep.13,2017;“Malaysia Says it Stands to Reap Benefits from Belt and Road Initiative”,China Daily,Oct.27,2017;“China's Belt and Road Plan to Benefit PH,ASEAN”,The Manila Times,Nov.21,2017.
(3)美国著名地缘政治学家尼古拉斯·斯皮克曼(Nicholas John Spykman)将包括南海在内的隔离亚洲和大洋洲的中间海称为“亚洲地中海”。参见:[美]尼古拉斯·斯皮克曼著,俞海杰译:《和平地理学》,上海人民出版社,2016年版。
(2)关于全球海洋治理的概念,目前学术界尚无定论,但对于参与全球海洋治理的主题、具体涉及领域、主要采取方式等存有一定的共识。本文试图从全球治理概念加以延伸,来界定此一概念。全球治理是指:面对跨国全球性问题,国家通过一系列机制、政策、规范、程序和倡议来加以应对,以确保稳定和可预测性。参见:United Nations,Global Governance and Global Rules for Development in the Post-2015 Era,Jun.2014,p.3.
(1)United Nations,Global Governance and Global Rules for Development in the Post-2015 Era,Jun.2014,p.5.Adriana ErthalA bdenur,“China and the BRICS Development Bank:Legitimacy and Multilateralism in South-South Cooperation”,IDS Bulletin,Vol.45,No.4,2014,pp.85-101;Stewart M.Patrick and Farah Faisal Thaler,“China,the United States,and Global Governance:Shifting Foundations of World Order”,Council on Foreign Relations Workshop in Beijing,China,Mar.15-17,2010.
(2)United Nations,Global Governance and Global Rules for Development in the Post-2015 Era,Jun.2014,pp.5-12.
(3)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,pp.169-196.
(4)Hedley Bull,The Anarchical Society:A Study of Order in World Politics,Columbia University Press,1977,p.11.
(5)Henry Kissinger.World order,Penguin Books,2015,p.9;[美]约瑟夫·奈著,马娟娟译:《软实力》,中信出版社,2013年版,第15-20页。
(1)可参考:Alfred Thayer Mahan,The Influence of Sea Power upon History,1660-1783,Read Books Ltd.,2013;[英]保罗·肯尼迪著,沈志雄译:《英国海上主导权的兴衰:1890-1990年的美国海军》,上海人民出版社,2014年版;[美]乔治·贝尔著,吴征宇译:《美国海权百年》,上海人民出版社,2014年版。
(2)W.E.巴特勒:“格劳秀斯与海洋法”,载[英]赫德利·布尔、贝内迪克特·金斯伯里、亚当·罗伯茨主编,石斌译:《格劳秀斯与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2014年版,第176-178页。
(3)吴少杰、董大亮:“1945年美国《杜鲁门公告》探析”,《太平洋学报》,2015年09期。
(4)[英]杰弗里·蒂尔著,师小芹译:《21世纪海权指南(第二版)》,上海人民出版社,2013年版,第392-394页。
(5)Henry Kissinger,World order,Penguin Books,2015,p.9.
(1)[英]戴维·赫尔德、安东尼-麦克格鲁编,曹荣湘、龙虎等译:《治理全球化:权力、权威与全球治理》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年版,导言第13页。
(2)[美]保罗·肯尼迪著,陈景彪等译:《大国的兴衰》,国际文化出版公司,2006年版,第433页。
(3)Henry Kissinger,World Order,Penguin Books,2015,p.2.
(4)同(1)。
(5)M.Scott Solomon,“Power and the Politics of Global Governance”,International Studies Review,Vol.8,No.2,2006,pp.327-328.
(1)参见1982年《联合国海洋法公约》序言。
(1)ASEAN,ARF Statement on Cooperation Against Piracy and Other Threats to Security,ASEAN Website,Jun.17,2003,http://asean.org/arf-statement-on-cooperation-against-piracy-and-otherthreats-to-security/。
(2)Shafiah F.Muhiba,t“AMF and EAMF:An Uncertain Future?”RSIS Commentary,No.111,2017,https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/CO17111.pdf.
(3)有关北冰洋、地中海、黑海等地区的海洋治理,可参见:陈菲:“欧盟海洋安全治理论析”,《欧洲研究》,2016年第4期,第79-99页。
(4)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,pp.276-279.
(5)U.Rashid Sumaila William W.L.Cheung,“Boom and Bust:the Future of Fish in the South China Sea”,Nov.5,2015,University of British Columbia,http://www.oceanrecov.org/news/oceanrecovery-alliance-news/boom-or-bust-the-future-of-fish-in-thesouth-china-sea.html.
(1)Amitav Acharya,“The Myth of ASEAN Centrality?”Contemporary Southeast Asia:A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs,Vol.39,No.2,2017,pp.273-274.
(2)Shaun Narine,“ASEAN and the ARF:The Limits of the‘ASEAN Way’”,Asian Survey,Vol.37,No.10,1997,pp.962-963;Carolin Liss,Oceans of Crime:Maritime Piracy and Transnational Security in Southeast Asia and Bangladesh,Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,Dec.2013;Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,p.276.
(3)ReC AAP Information Sharing Center,Annual Report for2017,http://www.recaap.org.
(4)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,p.182.
(1)Donald E.Weatherbee,International Relations in Southeast Asia:The Struggle for Autonomy(Second Edition),Rowman&Littlefield Publishers Inc.,2010,p.182.
(2)“2017年越南海洋岛屿周:‘绿色海洋经济’管理与发展”,人民报网,2017年6月15日,http://cn.nhandan.com.vn/economic/item/5183101-2017年越南海洋岛屿周:“绿色海洋经济”管理与发展.html。
(3)卢伙胜:“南海渔业资源开发现状及深海新发现”,中国水产学会渔业资源与环境分会主编:《中国水产学会渔业资源与环境分会2013年学术交流会会议论文(摘要)集》,2013年,第1页。
(1)“The 19th China-ASEAN Summit Issues Joint Statement on the Application of the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea in the South China Sea”,Sept.7,2016,http://asean.org/joint-statementon-the-application-of-the-code-for-unplanned-encounters-at-seain-the-south-china-sea/.
(1)国家发展改革委、外交部、商务部:《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》,2015年3月。
(2)“Singapore Can Play Key Role in China-led Belt and Road Initiative:Chan Chun Sing”,The Strait Times,Jan.24,2018;“Vietnam Highly Values China's‘One Belt,One Road’Initiative”,Public Security,Sep.13,2017;“Malaysia Says it Stands to Reap Benefits from Belt and Road Initiative”,China Daily,Oct.27,2017;“China's Belt and Road Plan to Benefit PH,ASEAN”,The Manila Times,Nov.21,2017.
(3)美国著名地缘政治学家尼古拉斯·斯皮克曼(Nicholas John Spykman)将包括南海在内的隔离亚洲和大洋洲的中间海称为“亚洲地中海”。参见:[美]尼古拉斯·斯皮克曼著,俞海杰译:《和平地理学》,上海人民出版社,2016年版。