施氮对沙质草地生态系统碳交换特征的影响
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摘要
生态系统碳交换是陆地生态系统碳循环的关键环节,氮沉降是草地生态系统常见扰动因素之一。本研究应用静态箱法对科尔沁沙质草地碳交换通量进行测定,探讨施氮对生态系统碳交换特征及其与温度、水分响应关系的影响。结果表明:施氮对不同生长时期净生态系统交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(ER)和总生态系统生产力(GEP)日动态的影响表现出一致的趋势,但其影响幅度存在差异,仅在植被生长最旺盛时期的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05); NEE与日照时长、温度无显著相关关系(P>0.05),而与生物量和水分存在显著线性正相关关系(P<0.05),施氮提高了NEE对土壤含水量变化响应敏感度,由0.18增至0.37; ER和GEP与日照时长、温度间存在极显著指数相关关系(P <0.01),施氮提高了ER和GEP对日照时长、温度变化的响应敏感度;生长季初期ER和GEP与生物量间呈较好的线性相关关系,施氮导致生物量变化可能是施氮对草地生态系统碳交换特征产生影响的重要因素。
Ecosystem carbon exchange is a key component of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle.Nitrogen( N) deposition is one of the most common disturbances in grassland ecosystems. In this study,we assessed the effects of N addition on ecosystem carbon exchange and its responses to the variations of temperature and moisture. Results showed that the daily variations of NEE,ER and GEP under N addition showed the same trend,but different magnitudes of variation during different growing periods with a significant level at vegetation vigorous period( P < 0.05). NEE had no significant correlation with sunshine duration and temperature( P>0.05),but was positively correlated with biomass and soil moisture( P<0.05). N addition enhanced the sensitivity of NEE to soil moisture,from 0.18 to 0.37. Both ER and GEP showed a significant exponential relationship with sunshine duration and temperature( P<0.01). N addition increased the sensitivity of ER and GEP to sunshine duration and temperature. Aboveground biomass had a good correlation with ER and GEP at the beginning of the growing season. Changes of biomass following N addition may play an important role in mediating the effects of N addition on grassland ecosystem carbon exchange.
Ecosystem carbon exchange is a key component of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle.Nitrogen( N) deposition is one of the most common disturbances in grassland ecosystems. In this study,we assessed the effects of N addition on ecosystem carbon exchange and its responses to the variations of temperature and moisture. Results showed that the daily variations of NEE,ER and GEP under N addition showed the same trend,but different magnitudes of variation during different growing periods with a significant level at vegetation vigorous period( P < 0.05). NEE had no significant correlation with sunshine duration and temperature( P>0.05),but was positively correlated with biomass and soil moisture( P<0.05). N addition enhanced the sensitivity of NEE to soil moisture,from 0.18 to 0.37. Both ER and GEP showed a significant exponential relationship with sunshine duration and temperature( P<0.01). N addition increased the sensitivity of ER and GEP to sunshine duration and temperature. Aboveground biomass had a good correlation with ER and GEP at the beginning of the growing season. Changes of biomass following N addition may play an important role in mediating the effects of N addition on grassland ecosystem carbon exchange.
引文
韩春雪,刘廷玺,段利民,等.2017.科尔沁沙地两种植被类型土壤呼吸动态变化及其影响因子.生态学报,37(6):1994-2004.
李东,罗旭鹏,曹广民,等.2015.高寒灌丛退化演替过程对生态系统呼吸温度敏感性的影响.环境科学,36(3):1075-1083.
李红琴,李英年,张法伟,等.2014.基于静态箱式法和生物量评估海北金露梅灌丛草甸碳收支.生态学报,34(4):925-932.
李禄军,曾德慧,于占源,等.2009.施氮对科尔沁沙质草地物种多样性和生产力的影响.应用生态学报,20(8):1838-1844.
李玉强,赵哈林,赵学勇,等.2006.不同强度放牧后自然恢复的沙质草地土壤呼吸、碳平衡与碳储量.草业学报,15(5):25-31.
林力涛,孙学凯,胡亚林,等.2015.氮添加对沙质草地土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响.生态学杂志,34(6):1614-1621.
林力涛,孙学凯,于占源,等.2016.氮添加对沙质草地微生物呼吸与根系呼吸的影响.应用生态学报,27(7):2189-2196.
吕超群,田汉勤,黄耀,等.2007.陆地生态系统氮沉降增加的生态效应.植物生态学报,31(2):205-218.
马俐,周志强,王正文.2016.刈割和氮添加对松嫩平原羊草草原碳固持的影响.生态学杂志,35(1):87-94.
牛亚毅,李玉强,龚相文,等.2017.沙质草地生长季生态系统碳净交换量特征及土壤呼吸贡献率.生态学杂志,36(9):2423-2430.
潘根兴,李恋卿,郑聚锋,等.2008.土壤碳循环研究及中国稻田土壤固碳研究的进展与问题.土壤学报,45(5):901-914.
齐玉春,彭琴,董云社,等.2015.不同退化程度羊草草原碳收支对模拟氮沉降变化的响应.环境科学,36(2):625-635.
孙殿超,李玉霖,赵学勇,等.2015.围封和放牧对沙质草地碳水通量的影响.植物生态学报,39(6):565-576.
武倩,韩国栋,王忠武,等.2016.模拟增温和氮素添加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响.生态学杂志,35(6):1427-1434.
于强,傅抱璞,姚克敏.1996.包容生态因子的广义Logistic模型.生态学报,16(3):289-294.
于贵瑞,李海涛,王绍强,等.2003.全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环和碳蓄积.北京:气象出版社.
于占源,曾德慧,姜凤岐,等.2006.半干旱区沙质草地生态系统碳循环关键过程对水肥添加的响应.北京林业大学学报,28(4):45-50.
张法伟,李英年,曹广民,等.2012.青海湖北岸高寒草甸草原生态系统CO2通量特征及其驱动因子.植物生态学报,36(3):187-198.
宗宁,石培礼,蔣婧,等.2013.短期氮素添加和模拟放牧对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响.生态学报,33(19):6191-6201.
Conant RT,Paustian K,Elliott ET.2001.Grassland management and conversion into grassland:Effects on soil carbon.Ecological Applications,11:343-355.
De Graaff MA,Van Groenigen KJ,Six J,et al.2006.Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,12:2077-2091.
Elser JJ,Bracken MES,Cleland EE,et al.2007.Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems.Ecology Letters,10:1135-1142.
Fornara DA,Tilman D.2012.Soil carbon sequestration in prairie grasslands increased by chronic nitrogen addition.Ecology,93:2030-2036.
Galloway JN,Cowling EB.2002.Reactive nitrogen and the world:200 years of change.Ambio,31:64-71.
Gill RA.2014.The influence of 3-years of warming and N-deposition on ecosystem dynamics is small compared to past land use in subalpine meadows.Plant and Soil,374:197-210.
Gruber N,Galloway JN.2008.An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle.Nature,451:293-298.
Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.2016.Exogenous N addition enhances the responses of gross primary productivity to individual precipitation events in a temperate grassland.Scientific Reports,6:26901.
IPCC.2013.Climate Change 2013:Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles,the physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge,United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
Janssens IA,Freibauer A,Schlamadinger B,et al.2005.The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems at country scale,an European case study.Biogeosciences,2:15-26.
Jones MB,Donnelly A.2004.Carbon sequestration in temperate grassland ecosystems and the influence of management,climate and elevated CO2.New Phytologist,164:423-439.
Kim MK,Henry HAL.2013.Net ecosystem CO2exchange and plant biomass responses to warming and N addition in a grass-dominated system during two years of net CO2efflux.Plant and Soil,371:409-421.
Le Bauer DS,Treseder KK.2008.Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed.Ecology,89:371-379.
Li HC,Hu YL,Mao R,et al.2015.Effects of nitrogen addition on litter decomposition and CO2release:Considering changes in litter quantity.PLo S One,10:e0144665.
Magnani F,Mencuccini M,Borghetti M,et al.2007.The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests.Nature,447:848-850.
Mao B,Mao R,Hu YL,et al.2016.Litter decomposition of Mongolian pine in the presence of understory species in semi-arid Northeast China.Journal of Forestry Research,27:329-337.
Mao B,Yu ZY,Zeng DH.2015.Non-additive effects of species mixing on litter mass loss and chemical properties in a Mongolian pine plantation of Northeast China.Plant and Soil,396:339-351.
Maurer S,Egli P,Spinnler D,et al.1999.Carbon and water fluxes in beech-spruce model ecosystems in response to long-term exposure to atmospheric CO2enrichment and increased nitrogen deposition.Functional Ecology,13:748-755.
Nadelhoffer KJ,Emmett BA,Gundersen P,et al.1999.Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests.Nature,398:145-148.
Neff JC,Townsend AR,Gleixner G,et al.2002.Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of organic carbon.Nature,419:915-917.
Reay DS,Dentener F,Smith P,et al.2008.Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks.Nature Geoscience,1:430-437.
Schuur EAG,McGuire AD,Schadel C,et al.2015.Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback.Nature,520:171-179.
Sharkhuu A,Plante AF,Enkhmandal O,et al.2016.Soil and ecosystem respiration responses to grazing,watering and experimental warming chamber treatments across topographical gradients in northern Mongolia.Geoderma,269:91-98.
Skinner RH.2008.High biomass removal limits carbon sequestration potential of mature temperate pastures.Journal of Environmental Quality,37:1319-1326.
UNFCCC,Fact Sheet.2008.The need for mitigation.http://unfccc.int/press/items/2794.php.
Wang XY,Zhao XY,Li YL,et al.2013.Responses of soil respiration to simulated precipitation and nitrogen,phosphorus additions in Horqin Sandy Land of Northeastern China.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,22:1463-1471.
Xu S,Liu LL,Sayer EJ.2013.Variability of above-ground litter inputs alters soil physicochemical and biological processes:A meta-analysis of litterfall-manipulation experiments.Biogeosciences,10:7423-7433.
Xu WH,Wan SQ.2008.Water-and plant-mediated responses of soil respiration to topography,fire,and nitrogen fertilization in a semiarid grassland in northern China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40:679-687.
Zhou XH,Zhou LY,Nie YY,et al.2016.Similar responses of soil carbon storage to drought and irrigation in terrestrial ecosystems but with contrasting mechanisms:A metaanalysis.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,228:70-81.
李东,罗旭鹏,曹广民,等.2015.高寒灌丛退化演替过程对生态系统呼吸温度敏感性的影响.环境科学,36(3):1075-1083.
李红琴,李英年,张法伟,等.2014.基于静态箱式法和生物量评估海北金露梅灌丛草甸碳收支.生态学报,34(4):925-932.
李禄军,曾德慧,于占源,等.2009.施氮对科尔沁沙质草地物种多样性和生产力的影响.应用生态学报,20(8):1838-1844.
李玉强,赵哈林,赵学勇,等.2006.不同强度放牧后自然恢复的沙质草地土壤呼吸、碳平衡与碳储量.草业学报,15(5):25-31.
林力涛,孙学凯,胡亚林,等.2015.氮添加对沙质草地土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响.生态学杂志,34(6):1614-1621.
林力涛,孙学凯,于占源,等.2016.氮添加对沙质草地微生物呼吸与根系呼吸的影响.应用生态学报,27(7):2189-2196.
吕超群,田汉勤,黄耀,等.2007.陆地生态系统氮沉降增加的生态效应.植物生态学报,31(2):205-218.
马俐,周志强,王正文.2016.刈割和氮添加对松嫩平原羊草草原碳固持的影响.生态学杂志,35(1):87-94.
牛亚毅,李玉强,龚相文,等.2017.沙质草地生长季生态系统碳净交换量特征及土壤呼吸贡献率.生态学杂志,36(9):2423-2430.
潘根兴,李恋卿,郑聚锋,等.2008.土壤碳循环研究及中国稻田土壤固碳研究的进展与问题.土壤学报,45(5):901-914.
齐玉春,彭琴,董云社,等.2015.不同退化程度羊草草原碳收支对模拟氮沉降变化的响应.环境科学,36(2):625-635.
孙殿超,李玉霖,赵学勇,等.2015.围封和放牧对沙质草地碳水通量的影响.植物生态学报,39(6):565-576.
武倩,韩国栋,王忠武,等.2016.模拟增温和氮素添加对荒漠草原生态系统碳交换的影响.生态学杂志,35(6):1427-1434.
于强,傅抱璞,姚克敏.1996.包容生态因子的广义Logistic模型.生态学报,16(3):289-294.
于贵瑞,李海涛,王绍强,等.2003.全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环和碳蓄积.北京:气象出版社.
于占源,曾德慧,姜凤岐,等.2006.半干旱区沙质草地生态系统碳循环关键过程对水肥添加的响应.北京林业大学学报,28(4):45-50.
张法伟,李英年,曹广民,等.2012.青海湖北岸高寒草甸草原生态系统CO2通量特征及其驱动因子.植物生态学报,36(3):187-198.
宗宁,石培礼,蔣婧,等.2013.短期氮素添加和模拟放牧对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响.生态学报,33(19):6191-6201.
Conant RT,Paustian K,Elliott ET.2001.Grassland management and conversion into grassland:Effects on soil carbon.Ecological Applications,11:343-355.
De Graaff MA,Van Groenigen KJ,Six J,et al.2006.Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,12:2077-2091.
Elser JJ,Bracken MES,Cleland EE,et al.2007.Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems.Ecology Letters,10:1135-1142.
Fornara DA,Tilman D.2012.Soil carbon sequestration in prairie grasslands increased by chronic nitrogen addition.Ecology,93:2030-2036.
Galloway JN,Cowling EB.2002.Reactive nitrogen and the world:200 years of change.Ambio,31:64-71.
Gill RA.2014.The influence of 3-years of warming and N-deposition on ecosystem dynamics is small compared to past land use in subalpine meadows.Plant and Soil,374:197-210.
Gruber N,Galloway JN.2008.An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle.Nature,451:293-298.
Guo Q,Hu ZM,Li SG,et al.2016.Exogenous N addition enhances the responses of gross primary productivity to individual precipitation events in a temperate grassland.Scientific Reports,6:26901.
IPCC.2013.Climate Change 2013:Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles,the physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.Cambridge,United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
Janssens IA,Freibauer A,Schlamadinger B,et al.2005.The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems at country scale,an European case study.Biogeosciences,2:15-26.
Jones MB,Donnelly A.2004.Carbon sequestration in temperate grassland ecosystems and the influence of management,climate and elevated CO2.New Phytologist,164:423-439.
Kim MK,Henry HAL.2013.Net ecosystem CO2exchange and plant biomass responses to warming and N addition in a grass-dominated system during two years of net CO2efflux.Plant and Soil,371:409-421.
Le Bauer DS,Treseder KK.2008.Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed.Ecology,89:371-379.
Li HC,Hu YL,Mao R,et al.2015.Effects of nitrogen addition on litter decomposition and CO2release:Considering changes in litter quantity.PLo S One,10:e0144665.
Magnani F,Mencuccini M,Borghetti M,et al.2007.The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests.Nature,447:848-850.
Mao B,Mao R,Hu YL,et al.2016.Litter decomposition of Mongolian pine in the presence of understory species in semi-arid Northeast China.Journal of Forestry Research,27:329-337.
Mao B,Yu ZY,Zeng DH.2015.Non-additive effects of species mixing on litter mass loss and chemical properties in a Mongolian pine plantation of Northeast China.Plant and Soil,396:339-351.
Maurer S,Egli P,Spinnler D,et al.1999.Carbon and water fluxes in beech-spruce model ecosystems in response to long-term exposure to atmospheric CO2enrichment and increased nitrogen deposition.Functional Ecology,13:748-755.
Nadelhoffer KJ,Emmett BA,Gundersen P,et al.1999.Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests.Nature,398:145-148.
Neff JC,Townsend AR,Gleixner G,et al.2002.Variable effects of nitrogen additions on the stability and turnover of organic carbon.Nature,419:915-917.
Reay DS,Dentener F,Smith P,et al.2008.Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks.Nature Geoscience,1:430-437.
Schuur EAG,McGuire AD,Schadel C,et al.2015.Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback.Nature,520:171-179.
Sharkhuu A,Plante AF,Enkhmandal O,et al.2016.Soil and ecosystem respiration responses to grazing,watering and experimental warming chamber treatments across topographical gradients in northern Mongolia.Geoderma,269:91-98.
Skinner RH.2008.High biomass removal limits carbon sequestration potential of mature temperate pastures.Journal of Environmental Quality,37:1319-1326.
UNFCCC,Fact Sheet.2008.The need for mitigation.http://unfccc.int/press/items/2794.php.
Wang XY,Zhao XY,Li YL,et al.2013.Responses of soil respiration to simulated precipitation and nitrogen,phosphorus additions in Horqin Sandy Land of Northeastern China.Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,22:1463-1471.
Xu S,Liu LL,Sayer EJ.2013.Variability of above-ground litter inputs alters soil physicochemical and biological processes:A meta-analysis of litterfall-manipulation experiments.Biogeosciences,10:7423-7433.
Xu WH,Wan SQ.2008.Water-and plant-mediated responses of soil respiration to topography,fire,and nitrogen fertilization in a semiarid grassland in northern China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40:679-687.
Zhou XH,Zhou LY,Nie YY,et al.2016.Similar responses of soil carbon storage to drought and irrigation in terrestrial ecosystems but with contrasting mechanisms:A metaanalysis.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,228:70-81.