基于美国药典委EMA数据库的全球经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的分析
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摘要
目的分析全球范围内经济利益驱动型掺假(economically motivated adulteration, EMA)和食品欺诈信息,为建立符合我国国情的EMA数据库提供借鉴。方法搜集美国药典委(theUnitedStatesPharmacopeia,USP)食品欺诈数据库的EMA信息,对1980～2018年在全球范围发生的4102条食品掺假事件作归类和统计分析。结果掺假分为替代或稀释、人工增强、非法添加物、标签作假和产地作假等6个类型; EMA信息来源主要为学术文献(59.5%)、媒体报道(31.0%)和监管抽查(5.7%);欺诈事件发生率地区排名前三位为印度、中国大陆、美国;按我国食品分类标准28类分析,食用油脂、乳制品、肉制品、酒类、调味品、饮料和蜂产品等7类产品占所有掺假食品类别的90%以上;牛奶、橄榄油和蜂蜜高居掺假食品产品前三,分别占13.1%、7.8%和6.9%;水产品、果品和蔬菜以及制品、饮料作物产品高居掺假农产品产品前四,分别占54.6%、11.0%、8.0%和7.6%;稀释或替代是最主要的掺假方式;目前最常用的掺假检测方法为高效液相色谱法和质谱法。结论EMA是全球性的严重食品安全问题, EMA数据库是预防控制食品安全风险的重要技术支撑。
Objective To analyze the information of global economically motivated adulteration(EMA) and food fraud and provide reference for the establishment of EMA database with China's national conditions. Methods EMA information from the United States Pharmacopeia(USP) food fraud database was collected, and 4102 food adulteration incidents occurring worldwide from 1980 to 2018 were classified and statistical analyzed. Results Fraud types were characterized and divided into substitution or dilution, artificial enhancement, illegal additives, mistlabeling and origin mask, respectively. The resources of EMA information were mainly from s cholarly(59.5%), media reports(31.0%) and inspection(5.7%), respectively. India, China Mainland and America ranked top three in regional distribution of EMA incidents. According to the analysis of 28 categories of food classification standards in China, 7 kinds of products such as edible oils, dairy products, meat products, alcohol, condiments, beverages and bee products accounted for more than 90% of all adulterated food categories. Milk, olive oil and honey accounting for 13.1%, 7.8% and 6.9%, respectively, ranked top three. Aquatic products, fruits, vegetables and derived products, and beverage crops, accounting for 54.6%, 11.0%, 8.0% and 7.6%, respectively, ranked the top four farm foods. Dilution or substitution was the most important method of adulteration. The most commonly used detection methods of adulteration were high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Conclusion EMA is a serious global food safety issue and the EMA database is an important technical support for preventing and controlling food safety risks.
Objective To analyze the information of global economically motivated adulteration(EMA) and food fraud and provide reference for the establishment of EMA database with China's national conditions. Methods EMA information from the United States Pharmacopeia(USP) food fraud database was collected, and 4102 food adulteration incidents occurring worldwide from 1980 to 2018 were classified and statistical analyzed. Results Fraud types were characterized and divided into substitution or dilution, artificial enhancement, illegal additives, mistlabeling and origin mask, respectively. The resources of EMA information were mainly from s cholarly(59.5%), media reports(31.0%) and inspection(5.7%), respectively. India, China Mainland and America ranked top three in regional distribution of EMA incidents. According to the analysis of 28 categories of food classification standards in China, 7 kinds of products such as edible oils, dairy products, meat products, alcohol, condiments, beverages and bee products accounted for more than 90% of all adulterated food categories. Milk, olive oil and honey accounting for 13.1%, 7.8% and 6.9%, respectively, ranked top three. Aquatic products, fruits, vegetables and derived products, and beverage crops, accounting for 54.6%, 11.0%, 8.0% and 7.6%, respectively, ranked the top four farm foods. Dilution or substitution was the most important method of adulteration. The most commonly used detection methods of adulteration were high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Conclusion EMA is a serious global food safety issue and the EMA database is an important technical support for preventing and controlling food safety risks.
引文
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[8]Johnson R.Food fraud and“economically motivated adulteration”of food and food ingredients[EB/OL].[2014-1-10].http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43358.pdf.
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[10]Moore JC,Spink J,Lipp M.Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980to 2010[J].J Food Sci,2012,77(4):118-126.
[11]Zhang WJ,Xue JH.Economically motivated food fraud and adulteration in China:An analysis based on 1553 media reports[J].Food Control,2016,(67):192-198.
[12]Tibola CS,da Silva SA,Dossa AA,et al.Economically motivated food fraud and adulteration in Brazil:Incidents and alternatives to minimize occurrence[J].J Food Sci,2018,(1):12024.
[13]李丹,王守伟,臧明伍,等.美国应对经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的经验及对我国的启示[J].食品科学,2016,37(7):259-263.Li D,Wang SW,Zang MW,et al.The United States’experience in dealing with economically motivated adulteration and food fraud and its enlightenments to China[J].Food Sci,2016,37(7):259-263.
[14]国家食品药品监督管理总局.国家食品药品监督管理总局关于公布食品生产许可目录的公告[EB/OL].[2016-1-22].http://law.foodmate.net/hmobile/index.php?itemid=188226&moduleid=23.China Food and Drug Administration.Announcement on food production permit published by China Food and Drug Administration[EB/OL].[2016-01-22].http://law.foodmate.net/mobile/index.php?ite-mid=188226&moduleid=23.
[15]林芳栋,蒋珍菊,曹蕊.牛奶掺假掺杂现状及检测方法的研究进展[J].西华大学学报(自然科学版),2011,30(3):93-96.Lin FD,Jiang ZJ,Cao R.Research progress of methods for detecting aduterant in milk[J].J Xihua Univ(Nat Sci Ed),2011,30(3):93-96.
[16]赵瑾,邹涛,陈宇迪,等.DSC方法在特级初榨橄榄油掺假鉴别中的应用[J].分析测试学报,2017,36(5):655-659.Zhao J,Zou T,Chen YD,et al.Application of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)in identification of the adulterated extra virgin olive oils[J].J Anal Test,2017,36(5):655-659.
[17]海青.碳化钙催熟杧果影响印度杧果贸易[J].中国果业信息,2008,(7):51.Hai Q.Mangos ripened by calcium carbide are affecting Indian mango trade[J].Inform China Fruit Ind,2008,(7):51.
[2]Everstine K,Kircher A,Cunningham E.The implications of food fraud[EB/OL].[2013-6-10].http://www.foodqualityandsafety.com/article/the-implications-of-food-fraud/.
[3]Food and Drug Administration.Federal register[EB/OL].[2009-4-6].http://www.gpo.gov/fds-ys/pkg/FR-2009-04-06/pdf/E9-7843.pdf.
[4]李丹,王守伟,臧明伍,等.国内外经济利益驱动型食品掺假防控体系研究进展[J].食品科学,2018,39(1):320-325.Li D,Wang SW,Zang MW,et al.Progress in prevention and control systems against economically motivated food adulteration prevention and control system of food in China and abroad[J].Food Sci,2018,39(1):320-325.
[5]杨杰,高洁,苗虹.论食品欺诈和食品掺假[J].食品与发酵工业,2015,41(12):235-240.Yang J,Gao J,Miao H.Discussion of food fraud and food adulteration[J].Food Ferm Ind,2015,41(12):235-240.
[6]The Grocery Manufacturers Association.Consumer product fraud,deterrence and detection.[EB/OL].[2010-1-1].http://www.gmaonline.org/downloads/research and reports/consumer pro-duct fraud.pdf.
[7]Everstine K,Spink J,Kennedy S.Economically Motivated Adulteration(EMA)of Food:Common characteristics of EMA Incidents[J].J Food Prot,2013,76(4):723-735.
[8]Johnson R.Food fraud and“economically motivated adulteration”of food and food ingredients[EB/OL].[2014-1-10].http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43358.pdf.
[9]Gossner C,J?rgen S,Embarek PB,et al.The melamine incident:implications for international food and feed safety[J].Environ Health Perspect,2009,117(12):1803-1808.
[10]Moore JC,Spink J,Lipp M.Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980to 2010[J].J Food Sci,2012,77(4):118-126.
[11]Zhang WJ,Xue JH.Economically motivated food fraud and adulteration in China:An analysis based on 1553 media reports[J].Food Control,2016,(67):192-198.
[12]Tibola CS,da Silva SA,Dossa AA,et al.Economically motivated food fraud and adulteration in Brazil:Incidents and alternatives to minimize occurrence[J].J Food Sci,2018,(1):12024.
[13]李丹,王守伟,臧明伍,等.美国应对经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈的经验及对我国的启示[J].食品科学,2016,37(7):259-263.Li D,Wang SW,Zang MW,et al.The United States’experience in dealing with economically motivated adulteration and food fraud and its enlightenments to China[J].Food Sci,2016,37(7):259-263.
[14]国家食品药品监督管理总局.国家食品药品监督管理总局关于公布食品生产许可目录的公告[EB/OL].[2016-1-22].http://law.foodmate.net/hmobile/index.php?itemid=188226&moduleid=23.China Food and Drug Administration.Announcement on food production permit published by China Food and Drug Administration[EB/OL].[2016-01-22].http://law.foodmate.net/mobile/index.php?ite-mid=188226&moduleid=23.
[15]林芳栋,蒋珍菊,曹蕊.牛奶掺假掺杂现状及检测方法的研究进展[J].西华大学学报(自然科学版),2011,30(3):93-96.Lin FD,Jiang ZJ,Cao R.Research progress of methods for detecting aduterant in milk[J].J Xihua Univ(Nat Sci Ed),2011,30(3):93-96.
[16]赵瑾,邹涛,陈宇迪,等.DSC方法在特级初榨橄榄油掺假鉴别中的应用[J].分析测试学报,2017,36(5):655-659.Zhao J,Zou T,Chen YD,et al.Application of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)in identification of the adulterated extra virgin olive oils[J].J Anal Test,2017,36(5):655-659.
[17]海青.碳化钙催熟杧果影响印度杧果贸易[J].中国果业信息,2008,(7):51.Hai Q.Mangos ripened by calcium carbide are affecting Indian mango trade[J].Inform China Fruit Ind,2008,(7):51.
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