濮城油田注水驱油引起的地震活动特征分析
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摘要
利用孔隙压力扩散机制,分析了濮城油田注水引起的地震活动特征,获得了油田开发期不同时段的流体孔隙压力扩散特征,并分析了注水压力、注水量与诱发地震的频度、震级之间的相关性特征.研究结果表明:濮城油田与注水有关的地震活动表现出明显的分期特征,基于孔隙压力扩散过程触发机理,计算出孔隙压扩散系数在初期注水量增加时段(1980—1994年)约为0.1 m~2/s,在注水量保持稳定时段(1994—2006年)在0.12~0.16 m~2/s之间,在实施层间精细注采措施后(2007年后)约为0.05 m~2/s;濮城油田注水诱发地震的地震频度、最大震级和注水压力、累积失水量之间存在一定的相关性,其地震年频度和注水压力、累积失水量之间呈现指数相关特征,其最大震级和注水压力、累积失水量之间呈现线性相关特征.本项研究对分析解释注水诱发地震机理、定量评价注水诱发地震的危险性具有一定的参考价值.
Using the mechanism of pore pressure diffusion,we analyzed the characteristics of seismic activity associated with fluid injection and the fluid pore pressure diffusion at different times during the development period of Pucheng oilfield. We also analyzed the relationships between the water injection pressure,injection water volume and the frequency,magnitude of induced earthquakes. The results shows as following: the seismic activity associated water injection in Pucheng oilfield showed significant stage characteristics, we calculated the pore pressure diffusion coefficient based on the trigger mechanism of pore pressure diffusion process,and the results shows that the pore pressure diffusion coefficient increased in the initial injection period( 1980—1994)and is about 0. 1 m~2/s,between 0. 12 to 0. 16 m~2/s in the period( 1994—2006) while injection volume unaltered,and is about 0. 05 m~2/s after using the interlayer fine injection-production measures;Seismic frequency, maximum magnitude of those earthquakes induced water injection related to the injection pressure and accumulated water loss. There is an exponential relationship between the earthquake frequency and the water injection pressure,accumulated water loss, and linear correlation between the maximum magnitude and the water injection pressure,accumulated water loss. This research may be helpful to the study of the mechanism of earthquake induced water injection, and to quantitatively assess the risk of water injection.
Using the mechanism of pore pressure diffusion,we analyzed the characteristics of seismic activity associated with fluid injection and the fluid pore pressure diffusion at different times during the development period of Pucheng oilfield. We also analyzed the relationships between the water injection pressure,injection water volume and the frequency,magnitude of induced earthquakes. The results shows as following: the seismic activity associated water injection in Pucheng oilfield showed significant stage characteristics, we calculated the pore pressure diffusion coefficient based on the trigger mechanism of pore pressure diffusion process,and the results shows that the pore pressure diffusion coefficient increased in the initial injection period( 1980—1994)and is about 0. 1 m~2/s,between 0. 12 to 0. 16 m~2/s in the period( 1994—2006) while injection volume unaltered,and is about 0. 05 m~2/s after using the interlayer fine injection-production measures;Seismic frequency, maximum magnitude of those earthquakes induced water injection related to the injection pressure and accumulated water loss. There is an exponential relationship between the earthquake frequency and the water injection pressure,accumulated water loss, and linear correlation between the maximum magnitude and the water injection pressure,accumulated water loss. This research may be helpful to the study of the mechanism of earthquake induced water injection, and to quantitatively assess the risk of water injection.
引文
Bachmann C E,Wiemer S,Goertz-Allmann B P,et al.2012.Influence of pore-pressure on the event-size distribution of induced earthquakes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,39(9):L09302,doi:10.1029/2012GL051480.
Brudy M,Zoback M D,Fuchs K,et al.1997.Estimation of the complete stress tensor to 8 km depth in the KTB scientific drill holes:Implications for crustal strength[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B8):18453-18475.
Ellsworth W L.2013.Injection-induced earthquakes[J].Science,341(6142):1225942.
Evans K F,Zappone A,Kraft T,et al.2012.A survey of the induced seismic responses to fluid injection in geothermal and CO2reservoirs in Europe[J].Geothermics,41:30-54.
Faulkner D R,Jackson C A L,Lunn R J,et al.2010.A review of recent developments concerning the structure,mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones[J].Journal of Structural Geology,32(11):1557-1575.
Guglielmi Y,Cappa F,Avouac J P,et al.2015.Seismicity triggered by fluid injection-induced aseismic slip[J].Science,348(6240):1224-1226.
Holland A A.2013.Earthquakes triggered by hydraulic fracturing in south-central Oklahoma[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,103(3):1784-1792.
Keranen K M,Savage H M,Abers G A,et al.2013.Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma,USA:Links between wastewater injection and the 2011 MW5.7 earthquake sequence[J].Geology,41(6):699-702.
Liang J.2010.Discussion on potential prediction method for comprehensive adjustment of water injection well in extreme high water-cut stage[J].Oil-Gasfield Surface Engineering(in Chinese),29(7):19-20.
Liu Y W,Xu L Q,Yang D X.2011.Pore pressure diffusion characteristics of Longtan reservoir-induced-earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(4):1028-1037,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.017.
Liu Y Z.2015.Study of reservoir induced seismicity and hydraulic diffusivity-a case study of Zipingpu Reservoir[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),(8):46-47.
Liu Y Z,Ma J,Jiang T,et al.2010.Analysis of effect of reservoir water seepage and loading on the occurrence of earthquakes[J].Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),32(4):570-585.
Liu Y Z,Ma J,Ma W T.2014.The role of the Zipingpu reservoir in the generation of the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),21(1):150-160.
McG arr A.1976.Seismic moments and volume changes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,81:1487-1494.
McG arr A.2014.Maximum magnitude earthquakes induced by fluid injection[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,119(2):1008-1019.
Parotidis M,Rothert E,Shapiro S A.2003.Pore‐pressure diffusion:A possible triggering mechanism for the earthquake swarms 2000 in Vogtland/NW-Bohemia,central Europe[J].Geophysical Research Letters,30(20):2075.
Parotidis M,Shapiro S A,Rothert E.2004.Back front of seismicity induced after termination of borehole fluid injection[J].Geophysical Research Letters,31(2):L02612.
Pio Lucente F,De Gori P,Margheriti L,et al.2010.Temporal variation of seismic velocity and anisotropy before the 2009 MW6.3 L’Aquila earthquake,Italy[J].Geology,38(11):1015-1018.
Raleigh C B,Healy J H,Bredehoeft J D.1972.Faulting and crustal stress at Rangely,Colorado[A].//Heard H C,Borg I Y,Carter N L,et al.eds.Flow and Fracture of Rocks[M].Washington,DC:American Geophysical Union,275-284.
Saar M O,Manga M.2003.Seismicity induced by seasonal groundwater recharge at Mt.Hood,Oregon[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,214(3-4):605-618.
Shapiro S A,Audigane P,Royer J J.1999.Large-scale in situ permeability tensor of rocks from induced microseismicity[J].Geophysical Journal International,137(1):207-213.
Shapiro S A,Audigane P,Royer J J.2000.Reply to comment by F.H.Cornet on‘Large-scale in situ permeability tensor of rocks from induced microseismicity’[J].Geophysical Journal International,140(2):470-473.
Shapiro S A,Huenges E,Borm G.1997.Estimating the crust permeability from fluid-injection-induced seismic emission at the KTB site[J].Geophysical Journal International,131(2):F15-F18.
Shapiro S A,Kummerow J,Dinske C,et al.2006.Fluid induced seismicity guided by a continental fault:Injection experiment of2004/2005 at the German Deep Drilling Site(KTB)[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33(1):L01309.
Shapiro S A,Rothert E,Rath V,et al.2002.Characterization of fluid transport properties of reservoirs using induced microseismicity[J].Geophysics,67(1):212-220.
Shen M Y,Tan H F.2013.On water-flooded layer saturation calculating parameter in Pucheng oilfield[J].Well Logging Technology(in Chinese),37(1):67-70.
Simpson D W.1986.Triggered earthquakes[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,14:21-42,doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.000321.
Sumy D F,Cochran E S,Keranen K M,et al.2014.Observations of static Coulomb stress triggering of the November 2011 M5.7Oklahoma earthquake sequence[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,119(3):1904-1923.
Talwani P,Acree S.1984.Pore pressure diffusion and the mechanism of reservoir-induced seismicity[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,122(6):947-965.
Townend J,Zoback M D.2000.How faulting keeps the crust strong[J].Geology,28(5):399-402.
Xu S Q,Qin J Z,Li Z,et al.2012.Preliminary study on relationship between gravitational field change caused by oilfield water flooding and seismicity in Puyang area[J].North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),30(2):23-27.
Zhang Z W,Cheng W Z,Liang M J,et al.2012.Study on earthquakes induced by water injection in Zigong-Longchang area,Sichuan[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(5):1635-1645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.021.
Zhu H,He C.2014.Focal mechanism changing character of earthquake sequence induced by water injection:A case study of Changning sequence,Sichuan Province[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),39(12):1776-1782.
Zhu L X,Huang S Y,Wei H M.2007.On fluid-injection induced earthquake in Rongchang area[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),27(6):86-90.
Zoback M D,Harjes H P.1997.Injection-induced earthquakes and crustal stress at 9 km depth at the KTB deep drilling site,Germany[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B8)18477-18491.
梁晶.2010.特高含水期注水井综合调整潜力预测方法探讨[J].油气田地面工程,29(7):19-20.
刘耀炜,许丽卿,杨多兴.2011.龙滩水库诱发地震的孔隙压力扩散特征[J].地球物理学报,54(4):1028-1037,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.017.
刘远征.2015.水库诱发地震与孔隙压力扩散系数研究——以紫坪铺水库为例[J].国际地震动态,(8):46-47.
刘远征,马瑾,姜彤,等.2010.库水渗流与荷载对水库地震形成的影响分析[J].地震地质,32(4):570-585.
刘远征,马瑾,马文涛.2014.探讨紫坪铺水库在汶川地震发生中的作用[J].地学前缘,21(1):150-160.
申梅英,谭海芳.2013.濮城油田水淹层饱和度计算参数研究[J].测井技术,37(1):67-70.
徐顺强,秦建增,李真,等.2012.濮阳地区油田注水引起的重力场变化与地震活动性的关系[J].华北地震科学,30(2):23-27.
张致伟,程万正,梁明剑,等.2012.四川自贡一隆昌地区注水诱发地震研究[J].地球物理学报,55(5):1635-1645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.021.
朱航,何畅.2014.注水诱发地震序列的震源机制变化特征:以四川长宁序列为例[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,39(12):1776-1782.
朱丽霞,黄世源,魏红梅.2007.荣昌地区注水地震研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,27(6):86-90.
Brudy M,Zoback M D,Fuchs K,et al.1997.Estimation of the complete stress tensor to 8 km depth in the KTB scientific drill holes:Implications for crustal strength[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B8):18453-18475.
Ellsworth W L.2013.Injection-induced earthquakes[J].Science,341(6142):1225942.
Evans K F,Zappone A,Kraft T,et al.2012.A survey of the induced seismic responses to fluid injection in geothermal and CO2reservoirs in Europe[J].Geothermics,41:30-54.
Faulkner D R,Jackson C A L,Lunn R J,et al.2010.A review of recent developments concerning the structure,mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones[J].Journal of Structural Geology,32(11):1557-1575.
Guglielmi Y,Cappa F,Avouac J P,et al.2015.Seismicity triggered by fluid injection-induced aseismic slip[J].Science,348(6240):1224-1226.
Holland A A.2013.Earthquakes triggered by hydraulic fracturing in south-central Oklahoma[J].Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,103(3):1784-1792.
Keranen K M,Savage H M,Abers G A,et al.2013.Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma,USA:Links between wastewater injection and the 2011 MW5.7 earthquake sequence[J].Geology,41(6):699-702.
Liang J.2010.Discussion on potential prediction method for comprehensive adjustment of water injection well in extreme high water-cut stage[J].Oil-Gasfield Surface Engineering(in Chinese),29(7):19-20.
Liu Y W,Xu L Q,Yang D X.2011.Pore pressure diffusion characteristics of Longtan reservoir-induced-earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(4):1028-1037,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.017.
Liu Y Z.2015.Study of reservoir induced seismicity and hydraulic diffusivity-a case study of Zipingpu Reservoir[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),(8):46-47.
Liu Y Z,Ma J,Jiang T,et al.2010.Analysis of effect of reservoir water seepage and loading on the occurrence of earthquakes[J].Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),32(4):570-585.
Liu Y Z,Ma J,Ma W T.2014.The role of the Zipingpu reservoir in the generation of the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),21(1):150-160.
McG arr A.1976.Seismic moments and volume changes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,81:1487-1494.
McG arr A.2014.Maximum magnitude earthquakes induced by fluid injection[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,119(2):1008-1019.
Parotidis M,Rothert E,Shapiro S A.2003.Pore‐pressure diffusion:A possible triggering mechanism for the earthquake swarms 2000 in Vogtland/NW-Bohemia,central Europe[J].Geophysical Research Letters,30(20):2075.
Parotidis M,Shapiro S A,Rothert E.2004.Back front of seismicity induced after termination of borehole fluid injection[J].Geophysical Research Letters,31(2):L02612.
Pio Lucente F,De Gori P,Margheriti L,et al.2010.Temporal variation of seismic velocity and anisotropy before the 2009 MW6.3 L’Aquila earthquake,Italy[J].Geology,38(11):1015-1018.
Raleigh C B,Healy J H,Bredehoeft J D.1972.Faulting and crustal stress at Rangely,Colorado[A].//Heard H C,Borg I Y,Carter N L,et al.eds.Flow and Fracture of Rocks[M].Washington,DC:American Geophysical Union,275-284.
Saar M O,Manga M.2003.Seismicity induced by seasonal groundwater recharge at Mt.Hood,Oregon[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,214(3-4):605-618.
Shapiro S A,Audigane P,Royer J J.1999.Large-scale in situ permeability tensor of rocks from induced microseismicity[J].Geophysical Journal International,137(1):207-213.
Shapiro S A,Audigane P,Royer J J.2000.Reply to comment by F.H.Cornet on‘Large-scale in situ permeability tensor of rocks from induced microseismicity’[J].Geophysical Journal International,140(2):470-473.
Shapiro S A,Huenges E,Borm G.1997.Estimating the crust permeability from fluid-injection-induced seismic emission at the KTB site[J].Geophysical Journal International,131(2):F15-F18.
Shapiro S A,Kummerow J,Dinske C,et al.2006.Fluid induced seismicity guided by a continental fault:Injection experiment of2004/2005 at the German Deep Drilling Site(KTB)[J].Geophysical Research Letters,33(1):L01309.
Shapiro S A,Rothert E,Rath V,et al.2002.Characterization of fluid transport properties of reservoirs using induced microseismicity[J].Geophysics,67(1):212-220.
Shen M Y,Tan H F.2013.On water-flooded layer saturation calculating parameter in Pucheng oilfield[J].Well Logging Technology(in Chinese),37(1):67-70.
Simpson D W.1986.Triggered earthquakes[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,14:21-42,doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.14.050186.000321.
Sumy D F,Cochran E S,Keranen K M,et al.2014.Observations of static Coulomb stress triggering of the November 2011 M5.7Oklahoma earthquake sequence[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,119(3):1904-1923.
Talwani P,Acree S.1984.Pore pressure diffusion and the mechanism of reservoir-induced seismicity[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,122(6):947-965.
Townend J,Zoback M D.2000.How faulting keeps the crust strong[J].Geology,28(5):399-402.
Xu S Q,Qin J Z,Li Z,et al.2012.Preliminary study on relationship between gravitational field change caused by oilfield water flooding and seismicity in Puyang area[J].North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),30(2):23-27.
Zhang Z W,Cheng W Z,Liang M J,et al.2012.Study on earthquakes induced by water injection in Zigong-Longchang area,Sichuan[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),55(5):1635-1645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.021.
Zhu H,He C.2014.Focal mechanism changing character of earthquake sequence induced by water injection:A case study of Changning sequence,Sichuan Province[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),39(12):1776-1782.
Zhu L X,Huang S Y,Wei H M.2007.On fluid-injection induced earthquake in Rongchang area[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),27(6):86-90.
Zoback M D,Harjes H P.1997.Injection-induced earthquakes and crustal stress at 9 km depth at the KTB deep drilling site,Germany[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B8)18477-18491.
梁晶.2010.特高含水期注水井综合调整潜力预测方法探讨[J].油气田地面工程,29(7):19-20.
刘耀炜,许丽卿,杨多兴.2011.龙滩水库诱发地震的孔隙压力扩散特征[J].地球物理学报,54(4):1028-1037,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.017.
刘远征.2015.水库诱发地震与孔隙压力扩散系数研究——以紫坪铺水库为例[J].国际地震动态,(8):46-47.
刘远征,马瑾,姜彤,等.2010.库水渗流与荷载对水库地震形成的影响分析[J].地震地质,32(4):570-585.
刘远征,马瑾,马文涛.2014.探讨紫坪铺水库在汶川地震发生中的作用[J].地学前缘,21(1):150-160.
申梅英,谭海芳.2013.濮城油田水淹层饱和度计算参数研究[J].测井技术,37(1):67-70.
徐顺强,秦建增,李真,等.2012.濮阳地区油田注水引起的重力场变化与地震活动性的关系[J].华北地震科学,30(2):23-27.
张致伟,程万正,梁明剑,等.2012.四川自贡一隆昌地区注水诱发地震研究[J].地球物理学报,55(5):1635-1645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.05.021.
朱航,何畅.2014.注水诱发地震序列的震源机制变化特征:以四川长宁序列为例[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,39(12):1776-1782.
朱丽霞,黄世源,魏红梅.2007.荣昌地区注水地震研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,27(6):86-90.
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