洞穴环境因子对动物群落结构的影响——以贵州松桃神女洞为例
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摘要
神女洞是位于贵州松桃县的一个典型喀斯特洞穴,由于洞口已有一部分被旅游开发,为了能较详细地记录该洞穴的动物资源状况,了解洞穴环境条件与洞内动物群落结构之间的关系,及部分环境因子对洞穴动物空间分布的影响,2016年7月,在贵州松桃神女洞进行了较为深入的调查,共采获动物标本645号,土壤样本9份(250 g/份),并对空气温湿度及CO、CO2、O2、H2S 4种气体的含量进行现场测定。动物标本经鉴定,隶属3门8纲13目24科37种。斑灶马(Diestrammena marmorata)为优势种,占整个类群的67.60%。用原子吸收法测定了洞穴土壤中重金属Pb、Cd的含量,原子荧光法测定Hg、As的含量,并对这4种重金属进行污染评估,结果显示,Hg污染严重,含量超出中国土壤背景值,综合污染指数远远超过重度污染等级线。结合多样性指数运用相关性分析方法分析该洞穴动物群落的结构特征,结果表明,该洞穴动物群落的均匀度指数J'和优势度指数C与空气中H2S含量呈现显著相关关系;最大多样性H'max与温度呈极显著负相关。用典型相关分析方法分析洞穴动物的空间分布状况与环境因子相关性。唇足纲(Chilopoda)、两栖纲(Amphibia)和哺乳纲(Mammalia)的动物在空间分布上差异较小,且与空气中CO2和土壤中铅的含量成正相关;蛛形纲(Arachnoidea)的分布与O2含量呈正相关;倍足纲(Diplopoda)喜生活在较潮湿的地方;腹足纲(Gastropoda)的分布与空气中H2S的量正相关。
Shennv Cave is a typical Karst cave and located in Songtao County in Guizhou Province. A part of it has been developed by the tourism. In order to record the animal resources in detail, we investigated on the animal community structure in the cave and took measurement on some environment factors in the mean time in July 2016. A total of 645 animal specimens and 9 soil samples(250 g/bag) were collected. The content of air temperature, humidity and content of gases CO, CO2, O2 and H2 S were measured in the field. We identified the species and found out all the animal species belonging to 3 phyla, 8 classes, 13 orders, 24 families and 37 groups. Of them Diestrammena marmorata was the dominant species, and it is accounted for the entire group of 67.60%. We used the atomic absorption spectrometry to analyze content of heavy metals Pb and Cd, used and atomic fluorescence spectrometry method to determined the contents of Hg for the soil samples. The results showed that the pollution of Hg was more serious compared with the soil background value in China, and the comprehensive heavy metal pollution index was far more than the heavy pollution grade line. We analyzed the structure characteristics of the cave animal community by the method of correlation analysis with the diversity index. The homogeneity index J' and the dominance index C of the cave animal community had a significant correlation with the content of H2 S in the air. The maximum diversity was significantly negatively correlated with the temperature. The correlation between the spatial distribution of the cave animals and the environmental factors was analyzed by canonical correlation analysis. The spatial distribution of Chilopoda, Amphibia, Mammalia had a little difference, and all were positively related to the content of CO2 in the air and the content of lead in the soil. The distribution of Arachnoidea was positively correlated with the content of O2. The distribution of Diplopoda was positively correlated with humidity, and the distribution of Gastropoda was positively related to the amount of H2 S in the air.
Shennv Cave is a typical Karst cave and located in Songtao County in Guizhou Province. A part of it has been developed by the tourism. In order to record the animal resources in detail, we investigated on the animal community structure in the cave and took measurement on some environment factors in the mean time in July 2016. A total of 645 animal specimens and 9 soil samples(250 g/bag) were collected. The content of air temperature, humidity and content of gases CO, CO2, O2 and H2 S were measured in the field. We identified the species and found out all the animal species belonging to 3 phyla, 8 classes, 13 orders, 24 families and 37 groups. Of them Diestrammena marmorata was the dominant species, and it is accounted for the entire group of 67.60%. We used the atomic absorption spectrometry to analyze content of heavy metals Pb and Cd, used and atomic fluorescence spectrometry method to determined the contents of Hg for the soil samples. The results showed that the pollution of Hg was more serious compared with the soil background value in China, and the comprehensive heavy metal pollution index was far more than the heavy pollution grade line. We analyzed the structure characteristics of the cave animal community by the method of correlation analysis with the diversity index. The homogeneity index J' and the dominance index C of the cave animal community had a significant correlation with the content of H2 S in the air. The maximum diversity was significantly negatively correlated with the temperature. The correlation between the spatial distribution of the cave animals and the environmental factors was analyzed by canonical correlation analysis. The spatial distribution of Chilopoda, Amphibia, Mammalia had a little difference, and all were positively related to the content of CO2 in the air and the content of lead in the soil. The distribution of Arachnoidea was positively correlated with the content of O2. The distribution of Diplopoda was positively correlated with humidity, and the distribution of Gastropoda was positively related to the amount of H2 S in the air.
引文
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Ricardo P D R,Glauco M H,Peter W.2002.Two new species of Charinus Simon,1892 from Brazil with biological notes(Arachnida;Amblypygi;Charinidae).Annals&Magazine of Natural History,36(1):107-118.
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陈建秀,张崇洲.1990.贵州洞穴倍足类:雕背马陆一新种.动物分类学报,15(4):406-409.
黎道洪.2006.贵州董背洞和水江洞内动物群落结构与部分环境因子的相关性.动物学研究,27(5):482-488.
黎道洪.2007.贵州波多洞和甲良洞内部分环境因子与动物群落结构的相关性研究.生态学报,27(6):2167-2176.
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王兴富,顾秉谦.2016.贵州地区下寒武统黑色岩系区“多元素”富集矿层分析及土壤重金属污染研究进展.贵州科学,34(5):63-68.
王振中,胡觉莲,张友梅,等.1994.湖南省清水塘工业区重金属污染对土壤动物群落生态影响的研究.地理科学,14(1):64-72.
肖智.2011.海南岛砖红壤中Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni含量、分布及污染评价研究.海口:海南师范大学硕士学位论文,10-11.
徐承香,黎道洪,李子忠.2012.贵州仙人洞土壤和水体中重金属含量及裸灶螽对重金属的富集.贵州农业科学,40(9):101-105.
徐承香,李子忠,黎道洪.2013.贵州织金洞洞穴动物群落多样性与光照强度及土壤重金属含量的关系.生物多样性,21(1):62-70.
徐新阳,于庆波,孙丽娜,等.2004.环境评价教程.北京:化学工业出版社,94-96.
杨卫诚,黎道洪,杨慧.2013.贵州倒马坎洞洞穴动物对土壤及水体重金属的富集.贵州农业科学,41(10):200-202.
叶子郯,黎道洪.2011.贵州屯上洞内动物群落结构与部分环境因子的相关性研究.贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,29(3):3-8.
张广,杨卫诚,梁云,等.2015.贵州白云岩喀斯特洞穴动物群落结构及其与环境因子关系研究.四川动物,34(3):375-382.
周解.1985.广西岩溶洞穴鱼类.中国岩溶,(4):377-385.
Cope E D.1991.On the Wyandotte Cave and its fauna.American Naturalist,6(7):406-422.
Peck S B.2011.A summary of diversity and distribution of the obligate cave-inhabiting faunas of the United States and Canada.Journal of Cave&Karst Studies,60(1):18-26.
Ricardo P D R,Glauco M H,Peter W.2002.Two new species of Charinus Simon,1892 from Brazil with biological notes(Arachnida;Amblypygi;Charinidae).Annals&Magazine of Natural History,36(1):107-118.
Sket B.1996.The ecology of anchihaline caves.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,11(5):221-225.
Tercafs R,Brouwir C.2011.Population size of Pyrenean troglobiont coleopters(Speonomus species)in a cave in Belgium.International Journal of Speleology,20(1/4):23-35.
陈建秀,张崇洲.1990.贵州洞穴倍足类:雕背马陆一新种.动物分类学报,15(4):406-409.
黎道洪.2006.贵州董背洞和水江洞内动物群落结构与部分环境因子的相关性.动物学研究,27(5):482-488.
黎道洪.2007.贵州波多洞和甲良洞内部分环境因子与动物群落结构的相关性研究.生态学报,27(6):2167-2176.
黎道洪,罗蓉.1999.贵州和尚洞不同光带内软体动物、节肢动物和脊索动物的多样性及分布研究.中国岩溶,18(2):143-149.
王兴富,顾秉谦.2016.贵州地区下寒武统黑色岩系区“多元素”富集矿层分析及土壤重金属污染研究进展.贵州科学,34(5):63-68.
王振中,胡觉莲,张友梅,等.1994.湖南省清水塘工业区重金属污染对土壤动物群落生态影响的研究.地理科学,14(1):64-72.
肖智.2011.海南岛砖红壤中Mn、Zn、Cu、Ni含量、分布及污染评价研究.海口:海南师范大学硕士学位论文,10-11.
徐承香,黎道洪,李子忠.2012.贵州仙人洞土壤和水体中重金属含量及裸灶螽对重金属的富集.贵州农业科学,40(9):101-105.
徐承香,李子忠,黎道洪.2013.贵州织金洞洞穴动物群落多样性与光照强度及土壤重金属含量的关系.生物多样性,21(1):62-70.
徐新阳,于庆波,孙丽娜,等.2004.环境评价教程.北京:化学工业出版社,94-96.
杨卫诚,黎道洪,杨慧.2013.贵州倒马坎洞洞穴动物对土壤及水体重金属的富集.贵州农业科学,41(10):200-202.
叶子郯,黎道洪.2011.贵州屯上洞内动物群落结构与部分环境因子的相关性研究.贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,29(3):3-8.
张广,杨卫诚,梁云,等.2015.贵州白云岩喀斯特洞穴动物群落结构及其与环境因子关系研究.四川动物,34(3):375-382.
周解.1985.广西岩溶洞穴鱼类.中国岩溶,(4):377-385.
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