高分辨率遥感技术在活动断层研究中的应用
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摘要
高分辨率遥感技术为活动断层大比例尺调查提供了高效的技术方法,它可以对活动断层及其控制的构造微地貌进行全面深入的定量研究,分析断层几何形态、结构特征与构造变形,进而明确断层运动学特征及力学机制。然而,遥感技术应用于活动断层与传统遥感地质调查工作区别很大,前者需要建立不同类型的活动断层遥感解译标志,目前该方面仍然缺乏系统性的总结与指导,错误不当的解译标志容易造成对活动断层理解的偏差。为此,系统地分析了高分辨率遥感在活动断层调查应用中的技术现状,特别是与传统遥感地质调查之间的区别与联系。在断层形成力学机制分析的基础上,总结不同断层模式形成的复杂多样的构造微地貌模型及其表现形式,通过对一些活动断裂带上典型地貌特征遥感影像的分析,给出了不同活动断层及相关微地貌的高分辨率遥感识别标志及分析方法。通过大量典型的高分辨率遥感影像特征,建立遥感解译标志、构造微地貌与活动断层之间的关系模型,并强调利用遥感资料分析活动断层时,需考虑不同类型断层形成构造地貌的相似性与叠加性,应根据遥感解译标志对构造地貌模型及其形成的断层力学环境进行综合判定。本文的相关研究可以为中国大陆活动构造探察中遥感技术的应用提供很好的参考。
Seismic hazard is closely related to Holocene active tectonics. A quantitative study of parameters, such as seismic slips, slip rate,and recurrence intervals of the active fault, is significant for scientific earthquake research. High-resolution Remote Sensing(RS) is effective for a large-scale quantitative study of active tectonics. However, many differences exist between active tectonics study and traditional geologic study with the use of RS. We should first establish a series of geomorphic markers to interpret many different active tectonics,which still lack effective guidance and a systematic conclusion.To direct the effective application of RS in quantitative research of active faults, we conducted several investigations based on RS images. First, the differences and correlations between active tectonic survey and traditional geologic survey, which mostly relies on the interpretation of macrogeomorphology or linear structural features, are discussed based on research developments through high-resolution RS.Second, the mechanisms of different fault models, including strike-slip, normal, and thrust faults, are introduced according to their stressstrain relations among maximum principal stress(Δσxx), intermediate principal stress(Δσyy), and minimum principal stress(Δσzz). The different relationships among the three vectors generate different structural environments and mechanical behavior. Three tectonic geomorphologic models are illustrated and delineated in the paper according to dynamic mechanics with field phenomena. A series of micro-tectonic geomorphogical features is generated by the three fault models. A series of interpretive markers of different tectonic geomorphologic indices related to the active tectonics is presented based on RS images. We divide the interpretive markers into three groups, namely, geomorphologic markers directly offset by a fault, tectonic geomorphologic markers derived from a fault, and indirect interpretive markers from an image. The first group can be identified directly from offset evidence conserved on the earth surface; it can also be used to determine the fault type and evaluate the offset amount of the fault. The second group can be used to determine the geometrical and kinetic features of the active fault, such as the pressure ridge, seismic bumps,pull-apart basin, and Redel ruptures. The third group is an indirect interpretive marker for the active fault. However, not all phenomena similar to the third group are related to the active fault. Image features of a non-active fault that may be related to human activity, natural erosion, or previous geological evolution are also analyzed in this study. These features may lead to the misinterpretation of active tectonics.Numerous examples of different markers, which are interpreted from important active faults of China, are presented in this study to guide the investigation of active faults. Different correlations among active faults, tectonic micro-geomorphology, interpretive markers, and image features are analyzed according to different cases. Each of the three fault models can generate many different interpretive markers. However, the three-fault model could also generate similar interpretive markers. In practice, no fault with one pure fault model exists in the field, and the fault usually behaves in superimposed mechanical mechanisms. In addition, the fault may also behave in different fault models in different segments along the fault zone. Therefore, studying an active fault by using interpretive markers is complicated. Field identification of active faults by verifying interpretive markers is necessary to supplement the evidence. The interpretive markers of different active faults are summarized by high-resolution RS images in this paper. The relational schemas supplied among different active faults, tectonic micro-geomorphology, interpretive markers, and image features are important for a qualitative and quantitative study of active faults. Our study provides beneficial guidelines for research of active faults on the basis of high-resolution RS images.
Seismic hazard is closely related to Holocene active tectonics. A quantitative study of parameters, such as seismic slips, slip rate,and recurrence intervals of the active fault, is significant for scientific earthquake research. High-resolution Remote Sensing(RS) is effective for a large-scale quantitative study of active tectonics. However, many differences exist between active tectonics study and traditional geologic study with the use of RS. We should first establish a series of geomorphic markers to interpret many different active tectonics,which still lack effective guidance and a systematic conclusion.To direct the effective application of RS in quantitative research of active faults, we conducted several investigations based on RS images. First, the differences and correlations between active tectonic survey and traditional geologic survey, which mostly relies on the interpretation of macrogeomorphology or linear structural features, are discussed based on research developments through high-resolution RS.Second, the mechanisms of different fault models, including strike-slip, normal, and thrust faults, are introduced according to their stressstrain relations among maximum principal stress(Δσxx), intermediate principal stress(Δσyy), and minimum principal stress(Δσzz). The different relationships among the three vectors generate different structural environments and mechanical behavior. Three tectonic geomorphologic models are illustrated and delineated in the paper according to dynamic mechanics with field phenomena. A series of micro-tectonic geomorphogical features is generated by the three fault models. A series of interpretive markers of different tectonic geomorphologic indices related to the active tectonics is presented based on RS images. We divide the interpretive markers into three groups, namely, geomorphologic markers directly offset by a fault, tectonic geomorphologic markers derived from a fault, and indirect interpretive markers from an image. The first group can be identified directly from offset evidence conserved on the earth surface; it can also be used to determine the fault type and evaluate the offset amount of the fault. The second group can be used to determine the geometrical and kinetic features of the active fault, such as the pressure ridge, seismic bumps,pull-apart basin, and Redel ruptures. The third group is an indirect interpretive marker for the active fault. However, not all phenomena similar to the third group are related to the active fault. Image features of a non-active fault that may be related to human activity, natural erosion, or previous geological evolution are also analyzed in this study. These features may lead to the misinterpretation of active tectonics.Numerous examples of different markers, which are interpreted from important active faults of China, are presented in this study to guide the investigation of active faults. Different correlations among active faults, tectonic micro-geomorphology, interpretive markers, and image features are analyzed according to different cases. Each of the three fault models can generate many different interpretive markers. However, the three-fault model could also generate similar interpretive markers. In practice, no fault with one pure fault model exists in the field, and the fault usually behaves in superimposed mechanical mechanisms. In addition, the fault may also behave in different fault models in different segments along the fault zone. Therefore, studying an active fault by using interpretive markers is complicated. Field identification of active faults by verifying interpretive markers is necessary to supplement the evidence. The interpretive markers of different active faults are summarized by high-resolution RS images in this paper. The relational schemas supplied among different active faults, tectonic micro-geomorphology, interpretive markers, and image features are important for a qualitative and quantitative study of active faults. Our study provides beneficial guidelines for research of active faults on the basis of high-resolution RS images.
引文
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Burbank D W and Anderson R S.2011.Tectonic Geomorphology.2nd ed.Chichester:Wiley-Blackwell:1-454
Chen G H,Xu X W,Wen X Z,Wang Y L and Zheng R Z.2006.Application of digital aerophotogrammetry in active tectonics.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,31(3):405-410(陈桂华,徐锡伟,闻学泽,王亚丽,郑荣章.2006.数字航空摄影测量学方法在活动构造中的应用.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,31(3):405-410)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-2383.2006.03.020]
Chen J,Ding G Y,Burbank D W,Scharer K,Rubin C,Sobel E,Qu GS,Shen Jun,Yin J H and Zhao R B.2001.Late Cenozoic tectonics and seismicity in the Southwestern Tianshan,China.Earthquake Research in China,17(2):134-155(陈杰,丁国瑜,Burbank D W,Scharer K,Rubin C,Sobel E,曲国胜,沈军,尹金辉,赵瑞斌.2001.中国西南天山山前的晚新生代构造与地震活动.中国地震,17(2):134-155)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4683.2001.02.005]
China Earthquake Administration.2014.DB/T 53-2013 Mapping of Active Fault in 1:50000.Beijing:Seismological Press:1-14(中国地震局.2014.DB/T 53-2013 1:50000活动断层填图.北京:地震出版社:1-14)
Christie-Blick N and Biddle K T.1985.Deformation and basin formation along strike-slip faults//Christie-Blick N and Biddle K T,eds.Strike-Slip Deformation,Basin Formation,and Sedimentation.SEPM Special Publications No.37.Tulsa,OK:Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists[DOI:10.2110/pec.85.37.0001]
Clapuyt F,Vanacker V and Van Oost K.2016.Reproducibility of UAV-based earth topography reconstructions based on Structurefrom-Motion algorithms.Geomorphology,260:4-15[DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.011]
Deng Q D.1996.Active tectonics in China.Geological Review,42(4):295-299(邓起东.1996.中国活动构造研究.地质论评,42(4):295-299)[DOI:10.16509/j.georeview.1996.04.003]
Deng Q D.2002.Advances and overview on researches of active tectonics in China.Geological Review,48(2):168-177(邓起东.2002.中国活动构造研究的进展与展望.地质论评,48(2):168-177)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.2002.02.007]
Deng Q D,Chen L C and Ran Y K.2004.Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics.Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):383-392(邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康.2004.活动构造定量研究与应用.地学前缘,11(4):383-392)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2004.04.005]
Fossen H.2010.Structural Geology.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press:1-463[DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511777806]
Fu B H,Awata Y,Du J G and He W G.2005a.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets caused by repeated large seismic events along the Kunlun fault,northern Tibet.Geomorphology,71(3/4):278-292[DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.03.001]
Fu B H,Awata Y,Du J G,Ninomiya Y and He W G.2005b.Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the 14 November 2001 great Kunlun earthquake,northern Tibet,China.Tectonophysics,407(1/2):43-63[DOI:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.07.002]
Fu B H,Yoshiki N,Dong Y F,Shi P L and Zhang Z W.2008.Generation of 3-dimensional perspective satellite imagery and its application on Quaternary geomorphological analysis.Quaternary Sciences,28(2):189-196(付碧宏,二宫芳树,董彦芳,时丕龙,张之武.2008.三维卫星遥感图像生成技术及其在第四纪构造地貌研究中的应用.第四纪研究,28(2):189-196)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2008.02.001]
Fu B H,Zhang S L,Xie X P,Shi X H and Wang S F.2006.Late Quaternary tectono-geomorphic features along the Kangxiwar fault,Altyn Tagh fault system,Northern Tibet.Quaternary Sciences,26(2):228-235(付碧宏,张松林,谢小平,石许华,王世锋.2006.阿尔金断裂系西段--康西瓦断裂的晚第四纪构造地貌特征研究.第四纪研究,26(2):228-235)[DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.02.010]
Gupta R P.2003.Remote Sensing Geology.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer:1-655
He H L.2011.Some problems of aerial photo interpretation in active fault mapping.Seismology and Geology,33(4):938-950(何宏林.2011.活动断层填图中的航片解译问题.地震地质,33(4):938-950)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.04.017]
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