滇中安宁“3·29”重大森林火灾火烧迹地灌木林的燃烧性研究
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摘要
在滇中安宁2006年"3·29"重大森林火灾火烧迹地里没有人为干扰的火烧后光叶石栎灌木林设置样地,并在距离火烧迹地1km处未过火灌木林设置样地做对照,通过外业调查可燃物类型、高度和载量等并在实验室测定活灌木、死可燃物和CWD的热值、灰分质量分数和点着温度,以单位面积热量为关键指标,对比研究了火烧迹地和未过火灌木林的燃烧性。结果表明,研究样地中火烧迹地光叶石栎灌木林里死可燃物、活可燃物、CWD及总的单位面积热量分别为98 512.51 k J/m2、33 744.36 k J/m2、55 091.52 k J/m2和187 348.39k J/m2,达到较高的值,火烧迹地灌木林总的单位面积热量超过未过火对比灌木林168 944.83 k J/m2;火烧迹地光叶石栎灌木林仍然具有很强的燃烧性,一旦着火,很可能继续释放出大量的热,仍然有可能发展成重大森林火灾,将会对生态环境造成更大的破坏。
The present article is aimed at introducing a comparative and contrastive study through the field investigation and the lab experiment by taking the actual fire disaster that occurred in Anning,the central region of Yunnan on 29 March,2006,as a case study sample. For the research purpose,we have collected and analyzed the statistical data of the two groups of the sample concerning the fuel loads,the thermous load,the ash content,the ignition temperature and the full burning flaming temperature of the shrubs of Lithocarpus mairei( Schottky) Rehde,which were described as a fire-prone bio-community,and the intensive propagation of the forest fires that expanded vastly in the central regions of the province. For our research need,we have made a detailed exploration of the fire-slash lithocarpus mairei( Schottky) Rehde in the shrub field of the Anning forest fire disaster,which happened to be away from any human-activity interference.The shrub samples we have collected from the original fire sites one kilometer around as samples in our contrast group. With the index of the thrmous temperature per area in the forest as the chief standard for comparing and describing the combustibility of the two groups,the statistic results we have found can be shown as follows: the heat per area of the dead fuels,the live shrubs,CWD and the total fuels turn to be 98 512. 51 k J / m2,33 744. 36 k J / m2,55 091. 52 k J/m2,and 187 348. 39 k J/m2,respectively,which implies that the burned shrub fields remain heavily potential with the violent combustibility. Once any fire spark hits them,the shrubs are likely to turn into flames to release large amounts of heat and lead to another large-scale forest fire disaster and bring about great damage to the ecological environment.Thus,the originality of this research should be regarded as a bare-fact proof for the combustibility of Lithocarpus mairei( Schottky) Rehde shrubs in the forest fire fields,and,therefore,the retrogressive research results let us feel confident that we can forecast or predict the fire behaviors,the damage and the disastrous consequences of the would-be-fire in advance.
The present article is aimed at introducing a comparative and contrastive study through the field investigation and the lab experiment by taking the actual fire disaster that occurred in Anning,the central region of Yunnan on 29 March,2006,as a case study sample. For the research purpose,we have collected and analyzed the statistical data of the two groups of the sample concerning the fuel loads,the thermous load,the ash content,the ignition temperature and the full burning flaming temperature of the shrubs of Lithocarpus mairei( Schottky) Rehde,which were described as a fire-prone bio-community,and the intensive propagation of the forest fires that expanded vastly in the central regions of the province. For our research need,we have made a detailed exploration of the fire-slash lithocarpus mairei( Schottky) Rehde in the shrub field of the Anning forest fire disaster,which happened to be away from any human-activity interference.The shrub samples we have collected from the original fire sites one kilometer around as samples in our contrast group. With the index of the thrmous temperature per area in the forest as the chief standard for comparing and describing the combustibility of the two groups,the statistic results we have found can be shown as follows: the heat per area of the dead fuels,the live shrubs,CWD and the total fuels turn to be 98 512. 51 k J / m2,33 744. 36 k J / m2,55 091. 52 k J/m2,and 187 348. 39 k J/m2,respectively,which implies that the burned shrub fields remain heavily potential with the violent combustibility. Once any fire spark hits them,the shrubs are likely to turn into flames to release large amounts of heat and lead to another large-scale forest fire disaster and bring about great damage to the ecological environment.Thus,the originality of this research should be regarded as a bare-fact proof for the combustibility of Lithocarpus mairei( Schottky) Rehde shrubs in the forest fire fields,and,therefore,the retrogressive research results let us feel confident that we can forecast or predict the fire behaviors,the damage and the disastrous consequences of the would-be-fire in advance.
引文
[1]CHEN Xialin(陈遐林),MA Qinyan(马钦彦),KANG Fengfeng(康峰峰),et al.Studies on the biomass and productivity of typical shrubs in Taiyue Mountain,Shanxi Province[J].Forest Research(林业科学研究),2002,15(3):304-309
[2]ZHANG Ping(张平),LIU Xiande(刘贤德),ZHANG Xuelong(张学龙),et al.Shrubbery eco-hydrological effect of forest-grass catchment of Qilian Mountains[J].Arid Land geography(干旱区地理),2013,36(5):922-929.
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[7]GRICE A C.Post-fire regrowth and survival of the invasive tropical shrubs Cryptostegia grandiflora and Ziziphus mauritiana[J].Australian Journal of Ecology,1997,22:49-55.
[8]ZHANG Jingqun(张景群),WANG Dexiang(王得祥).Application of R-Ⅲequation in the combusition calculation and classification of 40 kinds trees and 8 shrubs[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),1999,35(4):51-56.
[9]LI Shiyou(李世友),WANG Shaoming(王少名),NIAN Youchun(年有春),et al.Combustibility dynamics of deciduous bush plant Lyonia ovalifolia during the prohibitive period of forest fire[J].Acta Agricuhurae Universitatis Jiangxiensis(江西农业大学学报),2008,30(5):845-849.
[10]GUO Futao(郭福涛),HU Haiqing(胡海清),PENG Xujian(彭徐剑).Estimation of gases released from shrubs,herbs and litters layer of diferent forest types in Daxing’an mountains by forest fires from 1980 to 2005[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),2010,46(1):78-83.
[11]XU Xuejie(徐学杰).Study on mechanism of compensation of public welfare forest in Anning[J].Sichuan Forestry Exploration and Design(四川林勘设计),2004(2):11-13.
[12]DUAN Ying(段颖),ZHOU Ruliang(周汝良),LIU Zhijun(刘智军).Disater area estimation for forest fire on 29 March in Anning Yunnan using remotely sensed data from CBERS[J].Yunnan Geographic Environment Research(云南地理环境研究),2009,21(1):89-92.
[13]HARMON M E,FRANKLIN J F,SWANSON F J,et al.Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems[M].London:Academic Press,1986:133-302.
[14]YAN Enrong(闫恩荣),WANG Xihua(王希华),HUANG Jianjun(黄建军).Concept and classification of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2005,25(1):158-167.
[15]YANG Guang(杨光),HUANG Qiao(黄乔),LU Dan(卢丹),et al.Methods of forest fuel load measuring[J].Forest Fire Prevention(森林防火),2011(2):19-23.
[16]SUN Long(孙龙),LU Jiayu(鲁佳宇),WEI Shujing(魏书精),et al.Research progress of forest fuel load estimation methods[J].Forest Engineering(森林工程),2013,29(2):26-31.
[17]BAO Yajing(鲍雅静),LI Zhenghai(李政海),HAN Xingguo(韩兴国),et al.Plant caloric value and its bio-ecological attributes[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2006,25(9):1095-1103.
[18]XAVIER V D,PAULO P L.Fire spread in canyon[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2004,13:253-274.
[19]STEPHENS S.L,MOGHADDAS J J.Experimental fuel treatment impacts on forest structure,potential fire behavior,and predicted tree mortality in a California mixed Conifer Forest[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,215:21-36.
[20]LUIS M D,BAEZA M J,RAVENTO'S J,et al,Fuel characteristics and fire behaviour in mature mediterranean gorse shrubland[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2004,13:79-87.
[2]ZHANG Ping(张平),LIU Xiande(刘贤德),ZHANG Xuelong(张学龙),et al.Shrubbery eco-hydrological effect of forest-grass catchment of Qilian Mountains[J].Arid Land geography(干旱区地理),2013,36(5):922-929.
[3]ZHENG Shaowei(郑绍伟),TANG Min(唐敏),ZOU Junhui(邹俊辉),et al.Summary of research on shrub biomass in China[J].Journal of Chengdu University:Natural Science Edition(成都大学学报:自然科学版),2007,26(3):189-192.
[4]WANG Bing(王兵),WEI Jiangsheng(魏江生),HU Wen(胡文).The assessment of forest ecosystem services evaluation for shrubbery-economic forest-bamboo forest in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(7):1936-1945.
[5]The Compilation Committee of Yunnan Forest(《云南森林》编写委员会).Yunnan forest(云南森林)[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science and Technology Press;Beijing:Chinese Forestry Press,1986:335-352.
[6]WATSON P J,BRADSTOCK R A,MORRIS E C.Fire frequency influences composition and structure of the shrub layer in an Australian subcoastal temperate grassy woodland[J].Australian Ecology,2009,34:218-232.
[7]GRICE A C.Post-fire regrowth and survival of the invasive tropical shrubs Cryptostegia grandiflora and Ziziphus mauritiana[J].Australian Journal of Ecology,1997,22:49-55.
[8]ZHANG Jingqun(张景群),WANG Dexiang(王得祥).Application of R-Ⅲequation in the combusition calculation and classification of 40 kinds trees and 8 shrubs[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),1999,35(4):51-56.
[9]LI Shiyou(李世友),WANG Shaoming(王少名),NIAN Youchun(年有春),et al.Combustibility dynamics of deciduous bush plant Lyonia ovalifolia during the prohibitive period of forest fire[J].Acta Agricuhurae Universitatis Jiangxiensis(江西农业大学学报),2008,30(5):845-849.
[10]GUO Futao(郭福涛),HU Haiqing(胡海清),PENG Xujian(彭徐剑).Estimation of gases released from shrubs,herbs and litters layer of diferent forest types in Daxing’an mountains by forest fires from 1980 to 2005[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae(林业科学),2010,46(1):78-83.
[11]XU Xuejie(徐学杰).Study on mechanism of compensation of public welfare forest in Anning[J].Sichuan Forestry Exploration and Design(四川林勘设计),2004(2):11-13.
[12]DUAN Ying(段颖),ZHOU Ruliang(周汝良),LIU Zhijun(刘智军).Disater area estimation for forest fire on 29 March in Anning Yunnan using remotely sensed data from CBERS[J].Yunnan Geographic Environment Research(云南地理环境研究),2009,21(1):89-92.
[13]HARMON M E,FRANKLIN J F,SWANSON F J,et al.Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems[M].London:Academic Press,1986:133-302.
[14]YAN Enrong(闫恩荣),WANG Xihua(王希华),HUANG Jianjun(黄建军).Concept and classification of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2005,25(1):158-167.
[15]YANG Guang(杨光),HUANG Qiao(黄乔),LU Dan(卢丹),et al.Methods of forest fuel load measuring[J].Forest Fire Prevention(森林防火),2011(2):19-23.
[16]SUN Long(孙龙),LU Jiayu(鲁佳宇),WEI Shujing(魏书精),et al.Research progress of forest fuel load estimation methods[J].Forest Engineering(森林工程),2013,29(2):26-31.
[17]BAO Yajing(鲍雅静),LI Zhenghai(李政海),HAN Xingguo(韩兴国),et al.Plant caloric value and its bio-ecological attributes[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2006,25(9):1095-1103.
[18]XAVIER V D,PAULO P L.Fire spread in canyon[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2004,13:253-274.
[19]STEPHENS S.L,MOGHADDAS J J.Experimental fuel treatment impacts on forest structure,potential fire behavior,and predicted tree mortality in a California mixed Conifer Forest[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,215:21-36.
[20]LUIS M D,BAEZA M J,RAVENTO'S J,et al,Fuel characteristics and fire behaviour in mature mediterranean gorse shrubland[J].International Journal of Wildland Fire,2004,13:79-87.