实验小流域尺度下高精度水位计的比测分析
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摘要
目前,小流域的水文实验迫切需要高精度的水位数据,但常规使用的厘米级水位计难以满足实验小流域测量水位的高精度要求。为了帮助实验小流域选择适用的高精度水位计,初选出多种较高精度的水位计,系统开展了4个比测实验,包括静水稳定性、阶步式升降水位、现场模拟洪峰和天然径流过程比测。结果表明:根据综合绝对误差,探针式、压力式2型(电容型)和磁致伸缩式水位计精度达到0.4 mm以内,浮子式水位计的精度为0.5 mm,压力式1型(电阻型)水位计精度达不到毫米级;磁致伸缩式水位计可以精确地获取低水头条件下的水位过程,适合实验小流域的高精度水位监测。比测结果可为径流、降雨、蒸发和下渗等过程的高精度监测提供参考。
At present,high-accuracy water level data are urgently required for small experimental catchments. However,conventional water level gauges(WLGs) with an accuracy of one centimeter do not meet the need of high-accuracy water levels. To determine an applicable high-accuracy WLG for small experimental catchments,we primarily selected five types of relatively high-accuracy WLGs,and systematically compared these gauges under the following four conditions:a stationary water level,step-by-step increasing and decreasing water levels,a simulated food peak,and a natural rainfall-runoff process in situ. The results demonstrated that:① Based on the comprehensive absolute error,the accuracies of probing-needle,pressure-type model 2(i.e. capacitance-type),and magnetostriction WLGs were within 0.4 mm;② The accuracy of the float-type WLG was around 0.5 mm;③ The accuracy of the pressure-type model 1(i.e. resistance-type) WLG was higher than 1 mm;and ④ the magnetostriction WLG can accurately determine water level processes under the condition of low water head;therefore,this gauge is suitable for the measurement of high-accuracy water levels in small experimental catchments. These findings provide a significant reference for high-accuracy monitoring runoff,rainfall,evaporation,and infiltration processes.
At present,high-accuracy water level data are urgently required for small experimental catchments. However,conventional water level gauges(WLGs) with an accuracy of one centimeter do not meet the need of high-accuracy water levels. To determine an applicable high-accuracy WLG for small experimental catchments,we primarily selected five types of relatively high-accuracy WLGs,and systematically compared these gauges under the following four conditions:a stationary water level,step-by-step increasing and decreasing water levels,a simulated food peak,and a natural rainfall-runoff process in situ. The results demonstrated that:① Based on the comprehensive absolute error,the accuracies of probing-needle,pressure-type model 2(i.e. capacitance-type),and magnetostriction WLGs were within 0.4 mm;② The accuracy of the float-type WLG was around 0.5 mm;③ The accuracy of the pressure-type model 1(i.e. resistance-type) WLG was higher than 1 mm;and ④ the magnetostriction WLG can accurately determine water level processes under the condition of low water head;therefore,this gauge is suitable for the measurement of high-accuracy water levels in small experimental catchments. These findings provide a significant reference for high-accuracy monitoring runoff,rainfall,evaporation,and infiltration processes.
引文
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[31] 顾慰祖,尚熳廷,翟劭燚,等.天然实验流域降雨径流现象发生的悖论[J].水科学进展,2010,21(4):471- 478.(GU W Z,SHANG M T,ZHAI S Y,et al.Rainfall-runoff paradox from a natural experimental catchment[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(4):471- 478.(in Chinese))
[2] GRONEWOLD A D,BRUXER J,DURNFORD D,et al.Hydrological drivers of record-setting water level rise on earth's largest lake system[J].Water Resources Research,2016,52(5):4026- 4042.
[3] YANG Y,ZHANG M,ZHU L,et al.Influence of large reservoir operation on water-levels and flows in reaches below dam:case study of the three gorges reservoir[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):1-14.
[4] ZHANG X L,ZHANG Q,WERNER A D,et al.Characteristics and causal factors of hysteresis in the hydrodynamics of a large floodplain system:Poyang Lake (China)[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,553(1):574-583.
[5] MONTGOMERY D R,DIETRICH W E,TORRES R,et al.Hydrologic response of a steep,unchanneled valley to natural and applied rainfall[J].Water Resources Research,1997,33(1):91-109.
[6] LOIZOU K,KOUTROULIS E.Water level sensing:state of the art review and performance evaluation of a low-cost measurement system[J].Measurement,2016,89(1):204-214.
[7] TSAI T M,YEN P H.Improvement in stage measuring technique of the ultrasonic sensor gauge[J].Measurement,2012,45(7):1735-1741.
[8] 牛睿平,钟勇,陈志峰.应用于雷达水位计的等效采样扩时测距方法[J].现代雷达,2018,40(6):23-26.(NIU R P,ZHONG Y,CHEN Z F.A method of equivalent-sampling time-spreading distance measurement applied to radar water-level gauge[J].Modern Radar,2018,40(6):23-26.(in Chinese))
[9] GARC A-PINTADO J,MASON D C,DANCE S L,et al.Satellite-supported flood forecasting in river networks:a real case study[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,523:706-724.
[10] BANDINI F,JAKOBSEN J,OLESEN D,et al.Measuring water level in rivers and lakes from lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,548:237-250.
[11] ALSDORF D E,MELACK J M,DUNNE T,et al.Interferometric radar measurements of water level changes on the amazon flood plain[J].Nature,2000,404(6774):174-177.
[12] PONCOSA V,TELEAGAA D,BONDARB C,et al.A new insight on the water level dynamics of the danube delta using a high spatial density of sar measurements[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,482:79- 91.
[13] LIU J F,LIAO A M,WANG N,et al.Practices on the watershed hydrological experimental system reconciling deterministic and stochastic subjects based on the system complexity:2:practice and test[M]//LIU J F,GU W Z.Hydrology of Artificial and Controlled Experiments.London:IntechOpen,2018:253-281.
[14] 国土资源部地质环境司.地质环境监测技术方法及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,2014.(Department of Geological Environment Ministry of Land and Resources.Geological environment monitoring technology and its application[M].Bejing:Geological Publishing House,2014.(in Chinese))
[15] YANG L,QU S,WANG Y,et al.Experimental variant slope soil tank for measurements of runoff and soil erosion[M]// LIU J F,GU W Z.Hydrology of Artificial and Controlled Experiments.London:IntechOpen,2018:217-226.
[16] PANGLE L A,DELONG S B,ABRAMSON N,et al.The landscape evolution observatory:a large-scale controllable infrastructure to study coupled earth-surface processes[J].Geomorphology,2015,244:190-203.
[17] 水文仪器基本参数及通用技术条件:GB/T 15966—2017[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.(Basic parameters and general technical conditions of hydrological instruments:GB/T 15966—2017[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2017.(in Chinese))
[18] 郝岩刚,郭娜.WFX- 40型浮子式自记水位计在黄河上游的应用[J].内蒙古水利,2018(4):69-70.(HAO Y G,GUO N.Application of WFX- 40 float-type water level gauge in the upstream of Yellow River[J].Inner Mongolar Water Resources,2018(4):69-70.(in Chinese))
[19] 王吉星,马湛.气泡式水位计在水文自动测报系统中的应用[J].水文,2005,25(6):53-55.(WANG J X,MA Z.Application of the bubble stage gauge in hydrologic telemetry system[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2005,25(6):53-55.(in Chinese))
[20] 蓝标,吴展,徐桂林.非恒流式气泡水位计在水文遥测中的应用[J].气象水文海洋仪器,2012,29(1):67-70.(LAN B,WU Z,XU G L.Application of unsteady bubble level gauge in hydrological telemetry[J].Meteorological,Hydrological and Marine Instruments,2012,29(1):67-70.(in Chinese))
[21] 闫自仁.磁致伸缩水位计在昌马灌区斗口计量中的应用[J].中国水利,2017(12):72.(YAN Z R.Application of magnetostriction water level gauge in Chuangma irrigated area[J].China Water Resources,2017(12):72.(in Chinese))
[22] 许笠,王延乐,华小军.雷达水位计在水情监测系统中的应用研究[J].人民长江,2014,45(2):74-77.(XU L,WANG Y L,HUA X J.Research on application of radar level meter in automatic water regime monitoring system[J].Yangtze River,2014,45(2):74-77.(in Chinese))
[23] BOON J D.Reducing wave-induced microwave water-level measurement error with a least squares-designed digital filter[J].Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology,2014,31(2):491-502.
[24] 孙雷.压阻式水位计在大伙房水库水位监测中的应用分析[J].吉林水利,2016(1):45- 47.(SUN L.Application of presure-resitance water level gauge in Dahuofang Reservoir[J].Jilin Water Resources,2016(1):45- 47.(in Chinese))
[25] 地下水位计:SLT 198—1997[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.(Groundwater stage gauge:SLT 198—1997[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1997.(in Chinese))
[26] E601型系列水面蒸发器:GBT 11829—1989[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1989.(Model E601 series evaporation pan:GBT 11829—1989[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1989.(in Chinese))
[27] KENDALL C,MCDONNELL J J,GU W.A look inside ‘black box’ hydrograph separation models:hydrograph separation models:a study at the hydrohill catchment[J].Hydrological Processes,2001,15(10):1877-1902.
[28] 顾慰祖.集水区降雨径流晌应的环境同位素实验研究[J].水科学进展,1992,3(4):247-254.(GU W Z.Experimental research on catchment runoff responses traced by environmental isotopes[J].Advances in Water Science,1992,3(4):247-254.(in Chinese))
[29] 顾慰祖.利用环境同位素及水文实验研究集水区产流方式[J].水利学报,1995(5):9-17.(GU W Z.Various patterns of basin runoff generation identified by hydrological experiment and water tracing[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1995(5):9-17.(in Chinese))
[30] 顾慰祖.论流量过程线划分的环境同位素方法[J].水科学进展,1996,7(2):105-111.(GU W Z.On the hydrograph separation traced by environmental isotopes[J].Advances in Water Science,1996,7(2):105-111.(in Chinese))
[31] 顾慰祖,尚熳廷,翟劭燚,等.天然实验流域降雨径流现象发生的悖论[J].水科学进展,2010,21(4):471- 478.(GU W Z,SHANG M T,ZHAI S Y,et al.Rainfall-runoff paradox from a natural experimental catchment[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(4):471- 478.(in Chinese))