黔中水利枢纽不同土地利用类型土壤养分淋溶特征
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摘要
土壤氮磷流失与土地利用类型有着密切的关系,作为水源地工程的黔中水利枢纽保护区内主要以旱坡耕地为主,氮磷素更易流失。选取黔中水利枢纽具有代表性的3种土地利用类型(耕地、林地、荒地)土壤,采用土柱模拟淋溶试验,对氮磷淋溶流失进行分析,研究面源污染可能对水质产生的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用类型土壤的氮磷素淋溶浓度与淋溶量均随着淋溶次数的增加而减少,并逐步趋于稳定;氮素淋溶流失的主要形式有硝态氮、氨氮、有机态氮和亚硝态氮,其中,有机态氮所占比例最大,在荒地、林地、耕地中所占的比例分别为58.75%,51.09%,57.07%,其次为硝态氮,且3种土地利用类型土壤硝态氮淋溶流失均大于氨氮;磷素淋溶流失的主要形式为颗粒态磷和溶解态磷,颗粒态磷为磷流失的主要形式,在荒地、林地和耕地中所占比例分别为84.73%,75.56%和78.54%;氮磷素淋溶流失在3种土地利用类型中的流失规律各不相同。因此,在不同土地利用类型的土壤中,耕地的氮素淋溶流失,荒地的磷素淋溶流失较为严重,应采取相应的措施防止对水体造成污染。
The leaching losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils are closely related to land use types.Dry sloping land is the predominant type of land use in Hydro-junction in central Guizhou regarded as drinking water sources project,nitrogen and phosphorus of the sloping land are easily leaching loss.Three different typical land use types(farmland,forestland and wasteland)were chosen to analyze the leaching losses of nitrogen and phosphorus by using soil columns in order to evaluate the influence of non-point source pollution on water quality.The results showed that the leaching concentration and amount of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced,and became stable gradually with the increase of leaching duration.The main forms of nitrogen leaching loss were nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,organic nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen.The proportion of organic nitrogen was the largest,which accounted for 58.75%,51.09%,57.07% in wasteland,forestland and farmland,respectively,the following was nitrate nitrogen,which was more than ammonium nitrogen in different land use types.The main forms of phosphorus leaching loss were soluble phosphorus and particulate phosphorus,the proportion of particulate phosphorus was the largest,which accounted for84.73%,75.56%,78.54% in wasteland,forestland and farmland,respectively.The change patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus varied in different land use types.The nitrogen leaching loss in farmland and phosphorus leaching loss in wasteland were more than others,therefore,the corresponding measures should be taken to prevent water from contamination.
The leaching losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils are closely related to land use types.Dry sloping land is the predominant type of land use in Hydro-junction in central Guizhou regarded as drinking water sources project,nitrogen and phosphorus of the sloping land are easily leaching loss.Three different typical land use types(farmland,forestland and wasteland)were chosen to analyze the leaching losses of nitrogen and phosphorus by using soil columns in order to evaluate the influence of non-point source pollution on water quality.The results showed that the leaching concentration and amount of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced,and became stable gradually with the increase of leaching duration.The main forms of nitrogen leaching loss were nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,organic nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen.The proportion of organic nitrogen was the largest,which accounted for 58.75%,51.09%,57.07% in wasteland,forestland and farmland,respectively,the following was nitrate nitrogen,which was more than ammonium nitrogen in different land use types.The main forms of phosphorus leaching loss were soluble phosphorus and particulate phosphorus,the proportion of particulate phosphorus was the largest,which accounted for84.73%,75.56%,78.54% in wasteland,forestland and farmland,respectively.The change patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus varied in different land use types.The nitrogen leaching loss in farmland and phosphorus leaching loss in wasteland were more than others,therefore,the corresponding measures should be taken to prevent water from contamination.
引文
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[13]曾立雄,黄志霖,肖文发,等.三峡库区不同土地利用类型氮磷流失特征及其对环境因子的响应[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3390-3396.
[14]兰木羚,高瑷,高明,等.三峡库区王家沟小流域不同坡度土壤氮素流失特征研究[J].中国水土保持,2014,15(3):39-42.
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[19]Xue Q Y,Dai P B,Sun D S,et al.Effects of rainfall and manure application on phosphorus leaching in field lysimeters during fallow season[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2013,13(9):1527-1537.
[20]Li M,Hu Z,Zhu X,et al.Risk of phosphorus leaching from phosphorus-enriched soils in the Dianchi Catchment,Southwestern China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(11):8460-8470.
[21]黄利玲,王子芳,高明,等.三峡库区紫色土旱坡地不同坡地土壤流失特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,5(1):30-33.
[22]涂刚琴,黔中水利枢纽水源地氮磷淋失的敏感区域识别[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2015.
[23]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[24]黄云凤,张珞平,洪华生,等.不同土地利用对流域土壤侵蚀和氮、磷流失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(4):735-739.
[25]牛新湘,马兴旺.农田土壤养分淋溶的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(3):451-456.
[26]王洪杰,李宪文,史学正,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤养分的分布及其与土壤颗粒组成关系[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):44-47.
[27]高海鹰,黄丽江,张奇,等.不同降雨强度对农田土壤氮素淋失的影响及LEACHM模型验证[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1346-1352.
[28]左海军,张奇,徐力刚.农田氮素淋溶损失影响因素及防治对策研究[J].环境污染与防治,2008,30(12):83-89.
[29]方堃,陈效民,沃飞.,等.典型水稻土中硝态氮垂直穿透状况及模拟[J].安全与环境学报,2007,7(5):16-20.
[30]Zhang Yulong,Wang Yaosheng.Soil enzyme activities with greenhouse subsurface irrigation[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(4):512-518.
[31]常龙飞,王晓龙,李恒鹏,等.巢湖典型低山丘陵区不同土地利用类型壤中流养分流失特征.[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(5):511-517.
[32]刘嘉.磷在原状土中的淋溶规律[J].环境保护科学,2014,40(6):25-29.
[33]袁玲,王容萍,黄建国.三峡库区典型农耕地的氮素淋溶与评价[J].土壤学报,2010,47(4):674-683.
[34]纪雄辉,郑圣先,卢艳红,等.施用尿肥和控释氮肥的双季稻田表面水氮素动态及其径流损失规律[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(12):2521-2530.
[2]Zhang H C,Cao Z H,Shen Q R,et al.Effect of phosphate fertilizer application on phosphorus(P)losses from paddy soils in Taihu Lake Region:I.Effect of phosphate fertilizer rate on P losses from paddy soil[J].Chemosphere,2003,50(6):695-701.
[3]Chirinda N,Carter M S,Albert K R,et al.Emissions of nitrous oxide from arable organic and conventional cropping systems on two soil types[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2010,136(3):199-208.
[4]Li H,Liang X,Chen Y,et al.Ammonia volatilization from urea in rice fields with zero-drainage water management[J].Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(8):887-894.
[5]马立珊,汪祖强,张水铭,等.苏南太湖水系农业面源污染及其控制对策研究[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(1):39-47.
[6]刘宏斌,李志宏,张云贵,等.北京平原农区地下水硝态氮污染状况及其影响因素研究[J].土壤学报,2006,43(5):408-412.
[7]赵燮京,赵小蓉,王昌桃.成都平原农区地下水中NO-3-N含量变化规律研究[J].2004,土壤学报,41(1):56-60.
[8]王辉,王全九,邵明安.降水条件下黄土坡地氮素淋溶特征的研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):61-65.
[9]李世清,李生秀.半干旱地区农田生态系统中硝态氮的淋失[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):240-242.
[10]纪雄辉,郑圣先,石丽红,等.洞庭湖区不同稻田土壤及施肥对养分淋溶损失的影响[J].土壤学报,2008,45(4):663-671.
[11]Pathak B K,Kazama F,Toshiaki I.Monitoring of nitrogen leaching from a tropical paddy in Thailand[J].Agricultural Engineering International:the CIGR Journal of Science and Research and Development,2004,Ⅵ:1-11.
[12]习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):326-335.
[13]曾立雄,黄志霖,肖文发,等.三峡库区不同土地利用类型氮磷流失特征及其对环境因子的响应[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3390-3396.
[14]兰木羚,高瑷,高明,等.三峡库区王家沟小流域不同坡度土壤氮素流失特征研究[J].中国水土保持,2014,15(3):39-42.
[15]Peng S Z,Yang S H,Xu J Z,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus leaching losses from paddy fields with different water and nitrogen managements[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2011,9(3):333-342.
[16]Zhao M Q,Chen X,Shi Y,et al.Phosphorous loss potential of lowland rice soil in Liaohe River Plain of Northeast China under effects of phosphorous fertilization[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2009,18(11):2146-2150.
[17]Zhao X,Xie Y,Xiong Z,et al.Nitrogen fate and environmental consequence in paddy soil under rice-wheat rotation in the Taihu Lake Region,China[J].Plant and Soil,2009,319(1/2):225-234.
[18]Tian Y H,Yin B,Yang L Z,et al.Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses during rice-wheat rotations in Taihu Lake Region,China[J].Pedosphere,2007,17(4):445-456.
[19]Xue Q Y,Dai P B,Sun D S,et al.Effects of rainfall and manure application on phosphorus leaching in field lysimeters during fallow season[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2013,13(9):1527-1537.
[20]Li M,Hu Z,Zhu X,et al.Risk of phosphorus leaching from phosphorus-enriched soils in the Dianchi Catchment,Southwestern China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(11):8460-8470.
[21]黄利玲,王子芳,高明,等.三峡库区紫色土旱坡地不同坡地土壤流失特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,5(1):30-33.
[22]涂刚琴,黔中水利枢纽水源地氮磷淋失的敏感区域识别[D].贵阳:贵州大学,2015.
[23]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[24]黄云凤,张珞平,洪华生,等.不同土地利用对流域土壤侵蚀和氮、磷流失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(4):735-739.
[25]牛新湘,马兴旺.农田土壤养分淋溶的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(3):451-456.
[26]王洪杰,李宪文,史学正,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤养分的分布及其与土壤颗粒组成关系[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):44-47.
[27]高海鹰,黄丽江,张奇,等.不同降雨强度对农田土壤氮素淋失的影响及LEACHM模型验证[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1346-1352.
[28]左海军,张奇,徐力刚.农田氮素淋溶损失影响因素及防治对策研究[J].环境污染与防治,2008,30(12):83-89.
[29]方堃,陈效民,沃飞.,等.典型水稻土中硝态氮垂直穿透状况及模拟[J].安全与环境学报,2007,7(5):16-20.
[30]Zhang Yulong,Wang Yaosheng.Soil enzyme activities with greenhouse subsurface irrigation[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(4):512-518.
[31]常龙飞,王晓龙,李恒鹏,等.巢湖典型低山丘陵区不同土地利用类型壤中流养分流失特征.[J].生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(5):511-517.
[32]刘嘉.磷在原状土中的淋溶规律[J].环境保护科学,2014,40(6):25-29.
[33]袁玲,王容萍,黄建国.三峡库区典型农耕地的氮素淋溶与评价[J].土壤学报,2010,47(4):674-683.
[34]纪雄辉,郑圣先,卢艳红,等.施用尿肥和控释氮肥的双季稻田表面水氮素动态及其径流损失规律[J].中国农业科学,2006,39(12):2521-2530.