Lubrication Performance of Connecting-Rod and Main Bearing in Di erent Engine Operating Conditions
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摘要
Only the lubrication performance at rated engine operating condition was generally analyzed in current design and research of engine connecting-rod and main bearing. However, the actual engine(especially vehicle engine) does not always operate in rated operating condition and its operating condition changes constantly. In this paper, a fourstroke four-cylinder engine is taken as the studying object, the load and lubrication of connecting-rod and main bearing in di erent operating conditions are analyzed. The load of connecting-rod bearing is calculated by the dynamic calculation method, the loads of all main bearings are calculated by the whole crankshaft beam-element finite element method, and the lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings are analyzed by the dynamic method. The results show that there are major di erences in the changes and numerical value at corresponding moment of the loads and lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings in an engine operating cycle in di erent engine operating conditions; the most unfavorable case of the lubrication performance of connectingrod and main bearings may not take place in the rated engine operating condition. There are also major di erences between the lubrication performance of connecting-rod bearing and that of main bearing and between the lubrication performances of main bearings one another. Therefore, it will not be reasonable that the lubrication performance of a certain connecting-rod bearing or main bearing is analyzed in the design of the engine bearing. It is necessary to analyze simultaneously the lubrication performances of all bearings in di erent engine operating conditions.
Only the lubrication performance at rated engine operating condition was generally analyzed in current design and research of engine connecting-rod and main bearing. However, the actual engine(especially vehicle engine) does not always operate in rated operating condition and its operating condition changes constantly. In this paper, a fourstroke four-cylinder engine is taken as the studying object, the load and lubrication of connecting-rod and main bearing in di erent operating conditions are analyzed. The load of connecting-rod bearing is calculated by the dynamic calculation method, the loads of all main bearings are calculated by the whole crankshaft beam-element finite element method, and the lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings are analyzed by the dynamic method. The results show that there are major di erences in the changes and numerical value at corresponding moment of the loads and lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings in an engine operating cycle in di erent engine operating conditions; the most unfavorable case of the lubrication performance of connectingrod and main bearings may not take place in the rated engine operating condition. There are also major di erences between the lubrication performance of connecting-rod bearing and that of main bearing and between the lubrication performances of main bearings one another. Therefore, it will not be reasonable that the lubrication performance of a certain connecting-rod bearing or main bearing is analyzed in the design of the engine bearing. It is necessary to analyze simultaneously the lubrication performances of all bearings in di erent engine operating conditions.
Only the lubrication performance at rated engine operating condition was generally analyzed in current design and research of engine connecting-rod and main bearing. However, the actual engine(especially vehicle engine) does not always operate in rated operating condition and its operating condition changes constantly. In this paper, a fourstroke four-cylinder engine is taken as the studying object, the load and lubrication of connecting-rod and main bearing in di erent operating conditions are analyzed. The load of connecting-rod bearing is calculated by the dynamic calculation method, the loads of all main bearings are calculated by the whole crankshaft beam-element finite element method, and the lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings are analyzed by the dynamic method. The results show that there are major di erences in the changes and numerical value at corresponding moment of the loads and lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings in an engine operating cycle in di erent engine operating conditions; the most unfavorable case of the lubrication performance of connectingrod and main bearings may not take place in the rated engine operating condition. There are also major di erences between the lubrication performance of connecting-rod bearing and that of main bearing and between the lubrication performances of main bearings one another. Therefore, it will not be reasonable that the lubrication performance of a certain connecting-rod bearing or main bearing is analyzed in the design of the engine bearing. It is necessary to analyze simultaneously the lubrication performances of all bearings in di erent engine operating conditions.
引文
[1]R C Liu,X H Meng,P Li.Transient tribodynamic analysis of crankshaftmain bearing system during engines starting up.Proc IMech E Part J:JEngineering Tribology,2018,232(5):535-549.
[2]J P Zammit,P J Shayler,R Gardiner.Investigating the potential to reduce crankshaft main bearing friction during engine warm-up by raising oil feed temperature.SAE Paper 2012-01-1216,2012.
[3]M Inui,M Kobayashi,K Oowaki,et al.Analysis of oil flm generation on the main journal bearing using a thin-flm sensor and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)model.SAE Paper 2013-01-1217,2013.
[4]D Jia,L Shen,Y Bi,et al.A study on the factors afecting the lubrication characteristics of connecting rod big-end bearing in diesel engine.Automotive Engineering,2012,34(11):981-983.
[5]L Galera,A S Rodrigues.Optimization of lemon shape big end profle connecting rod under engine operation in elastohydrodynamic regime.SAE Paper 2014-36-0309,2014.
[6]C X Gu,X H Meng,D Zhang,et al.A transient analysis of the textured journal bearing considering micro and macro cavitation during an engine cycle.Proc IMech E Part J:J Engineering Tribology,2017,231(10):1289-1306.
[7]M Mohammadpour,R Rahmani,H Rahnejat.Efect of cylinder deactivation on the tribo-dynamics and acoustic emission of overlay big end bearings.Proc IMech E Part K:J Multi-body Dynamics,2014,228(2):138-151.
[8]M Mahdi,R Ramin,R Homer.The efect of cylinder de-activation on thermo-friction characteristics of the connecting rod bearing in the new european drive cycle(NEDC).SAE Paper 2014-01-2089,2014.
[9]X R Liu,G X Li,J Lu,et al.Simulation of diesel engine main bearing lubrication under single cylinder fuel cutof condition.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2014,35(6):25-30.
[10]A Francisco,T Lavie,A Fatu,et al.Metamodel-assisted optimization of connecting rod big-end bearings.Journal of Tribology,2013,135:0417041-04170410.
[11]T Lavie,A Fransisco,A Fatu,et al.Multiobjective optimization of conrod big-end bearing lubrication using an evolutionary algorithm.Tribology Transactions,2015,58:490-499.
[12]J H Zhang,G C Zhang,Z P He,et al.Optimization of crankshaft-bearing lubricating characteristics based on orthogonal experiment and neural network.Transactions of CSICE,2011,29(5):461-467.
[13]T Ozasa,K Maitani,Y Fujimoto,et al.Simplifed estimation method of bearing friction for engines.International J.of Engine Research,2016,17(8):886-896.
[14]H Shahmohamadi,R Rahmani,H Rahnejat.Big end bearing losses with thermal cavitation flow under cylinder deactivation.Tribol.Lett.,2015,57:2(1-17).
[15]G Z Wang,Y M Hao,W R Ma,et al.Thermo-elastohydrodynamic lubrication research of main bearings in IC engines.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2010,31(5):63-68.
[16]K Kalogiannis,D R Merritt,O Mian,et al.Conrod bearings with an optimized narrow circumferential oil groove-simulated durability improvement for heavy-duty applications.Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2015,137:1015101-1015109.
[17]N Lorenz,G Ofner,O Knaus.Fast thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic modeling approach for mixed lubricated journal bearings in internal combustion engines.Proc IMech E Part J:Journal of Engineering Tribology,2015,229(8):962-976.
[18]W Zhou,R Liao.Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic mixed lubrication analysis of main bearings for high power-density diesel engine.Transactions of CSICE,2016,34(4):370-378.
[19]A A Tabrizi,A H Kakaei.Diferent simulation models of connecting rod hydrodynamic bearing.SAE Paper 2009-01-1863,2009.
[20]J Zhang,X Wang.Performance of main bearing in mixed lubrication of high power-density diesel engine.Transactions of CSICE,2011,29(1):90-95.
[21]O Toshihiro,N Masatoshi.Lubrication analysis of a con-rod bearing using a cycle simulation of gasoline engines with AF variation.SAE Paper 2011-01-2118,2011.
[22]Y Bi,Y Li,L Shen,et al.Lubrication property study of main bearing for turbocharged intercooled diesel engine.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2012,33(1):87-92.
[23]X Chen,B Zu,Y Xu,et al.Influence of high-turbocharged on performance of main bearing in diesel engine.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2015,36(3):6-11.
[24]J Choi,S S Kim,S S Rhim,et al.Numerical modeling of journal bearing considering both elastohydrodynamic lubrication and multi-flexiblebody dynamics.International Journal of Automotive Technology,2012,13(2):255-261.
[25]L Wei,S Duan,H Xing,et al.Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic behavior of main bearings of marine diesel engines in mixed lubrication.Transactions of CSICE,2013,31(2):183-191.
[26]L Wei,H Wei,S Duan,et al.Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic mixed lubrication of main bearings of marine diesel engines,based on coupling between flexible engine block and crankshaft.Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2014,50(13):97-105.(in Chinese).
[27]L Wei,H Wei,S Duan,et al.An EHD-mixed lubrication analysis of main bearings for diesel engine based on coupling between flexible whole engine block and crankshaft.Industrial Lubrication and Tribology,2015,67(2):150-158.
[28]K Shao,C W Liu,F R Bi,et al.Analysis of hydrodynamic loads on performance characteristics of engine main bearings.Proc IMech E Part J:Journa of Engineering Tribology,2015,229(6):667-676.
[29]X Zhao,A Huang,Z Hu,et al.Analysis of main bearing lubrication performance of high-power marine diesel engine under typical operating conditions.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2015,36(5):128-133.
[30]J Yang,C Zhang,K Liu,et al.Lubrication analysis of main bearing for high speed gasoline engine based on non-stationary heat transfer.Vehicle Engine,2016,224(3):40-46.
[31]J Sun,J Wang,C Gui.Whole crankshaft beam-element fnite-element method for calculating crankshaft deformation and bearing load of an engine.Proc IMech E Part J:Journal of Engineering Tribology,2009,224:299-303.
[32]J Sun,X Y Zhao,H Wang.Lubrication analysis of crankshaft bearing considering crankshaft deformation.SAE Paper 2011-01-0613,2011.
[33]G W Stachowiak,A W Batchelor.Engineering tribology.Burlington:Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann,2005.
[34]J Sun,X X Cai,L P Liu.Research on the efect of whole cylinder block on EHL performance of main bearings considering crankshaft deformation for internal combustion engine.ASME Journal of Tribology,2010,132(4):044502-1-6.
[2]J P Zammit,P J Shayler,R Gardiner.Investigating the potential to reduce crankshaft main bearing friction during engine warm-up by raising oil feed temperature.SAE Paper 2012-01-1216,2012.
[3]M Inui,M Kobayashi,K Oowaki,et al.Analysis of oil flm generation on the main journal bearing using a thin-flm sensor and elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)model.SAE Paper 2013-01-1217,2013.
[4]D Jia,L Shen,Y Bi,et al.A study on the factors afecting the lubrication characteristics of connecting rod big-end bearing in diesel engine.Automotive Engineering,2012,34(11):981-983.
[5]L Galera,A S Rodrigues.Optimization of lemon shape big end profle connecting rod under engine operation in elastohydrodynamic regime.SAE Paper 2014-36-0309,2014.
[6]C X Gu,X H Meng,D Zhang,et al.A transient analysis of the textured journal bearing considering micro and macro cavitation during an engine cycle.Proc IMech E Part J:J Engineering Tribology,2017,231(10):1289-1306.
[7]M Mohammadpour,R Rahmani,H Rahnejat.Efect of cylinder deactivation on the tribo-dynamics and acoustic emission of overlay big end bearings.Proc IMech E Part K:J Multi-body Dynamics,2014,228(2):138-151.
[8]M Mahdi,R Ramin,R Homer.The efect of cylinder de-activation on thermo-friction characteristics of the connecting rod bearing in the new european drive cycle(NEDC).SAE Paper 2014-01-2089,2014.
[9]X R Liu,G X Li,J Lu,et al.Simulation of diesel engine main bearing lubrication under single cylinder fuel cutof condition.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2014,35(6):25-30.
[10]A Francisco,T Lavie,A Fatu,et al.Metamodel-assisted optimization of connecting rod big-end bearings.Journal of Tribology,2013,135:0417041-04170410.
[11]T Lavie,A Fransisco,A Fatu,et al.Multiobjective optimization of conrod big-end bearing lubrication using an evolutionary algorithm.Tribology Transactions,2015,58:490-499.
[12]J H Zhang,G C Zhang,Z P He,et al.Optimization of crankshaft-bearing lubricating characteristics based on orthogonal experiment and neural network.Transactions of CSICE,2011,29(5):461-467.
[13]T Ozasa,K Maitani,Y Fujimoto,et al.Simplifed estimation method of bearing friction for engines.International J.of Engine Research,2016,17(8):886-896.
[14]H Shahmohamadi,R Rahmani,H Rahnejat.Big end bearing losses with thermal cavitation flow under cylinder deactivation.Tribol.Lett.,2015,57:2(1-17).
[15]G Z Wang,Y M Hao,W R Ma,et al.Thermo-elastohydrodynamic lubrication research of main bearings in IC engines.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2010,31(5):63-68.
[16]K Kalogiannis,D R Merritt,O Mian,et al.Conrod bearings with an optimized narrow circumferential oil groove-simulated durability improvement for heavy-duty applications.Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power,2015,137:1015101-1015109.
[17]N Lorenz,G Ofner,O Knaus.Fast thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic modeling approach for mixed lubricated journal bearings in internal combustion engines.Proc IMech E Part J:Journal of Engineering Tribology,2015,229(8):962-976.
[18]W Zhou,R Liao.Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic mixed lubrication analysis of main bearings for high power-density diesel engine.Transactions of CSICE,2016,34(4):370-378.
[19]A A Tabrizi,A H Kakaei.Diferent simulation models of connecting rod hydrodynamic bearing.SAE Paper 2009-01-1863,2009.
[20]J Zhang,X Wang.Performance of main bearing in mixed lubrication of high power-density diesel engine.Transactions of CSICE,2011,29(1):90-95.
[21]O Toshihiro,N Masatoshi.Lubrication analysis of a con-rod bearing using a cycle simulation of gasoline engines with AF variation.SAE Paper 2011-01-2118,2011.
[22]Y Bi,Y Li,L Shen,et al.Lubrication property study of main bearing for turbocharged intercooled diesel engine.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2012,33(1):87-92.
[23]X Chen,B Zu,Y Xu,et al.Influence of high-turbocharged on performance of main bearing in diesel engine.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2015,36(3):6-11.
[24]J Choi,S S Kim,S S Rhim,et al.Numerical modeling of journal bearing considering both elastohydrodynamic lubrication and multi-flexiblebody dynamics.International Journal of Automotive Technology,2012,13(2):255-261.
[25]L Wei,S Duan,H Xing,et al.Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic behavior of main bearings of marine diesel engines in mixed lubrication.Transactions of CSICE,2013,31(2):183-191.
[26]L Wei,H Wei,S Duan,et al.Thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic mixed lubrication of main bearings of marine diesel engines,based on coupling between flexible engine block and crankshaft.Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2014,50(13):97-105.(in Chinese).
[27]L Wei,H Wei,S Duan,et al.An EHD-mixed lubrication analysis of main bearings for diesel engine based on coupling between flexible whole engine block and crankshaft.Industrial Lubrication and Tribology,2015,67(2):150-158.
[28]K Shao,C W Liu,F R Bi,et al.Analysis of hydrodynamic loads on performance characteristics of engine main bearings.Proc IMech E Part J:Journa of Engineering Tribology,2015,229(6):667-676.
[29]X Zhao,A Huang,Z Hu,et al.Analysis of main bearing lubrication performance of high-power marine diesel engine under typical operating conditions.Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2015,36(5):128-133.
[30]J Yang,C Zhang,K Liu,et al.Lubrication analysis of main bearing for high speed gasoline engine based on non-stationary heat transfer.Vehicle Engine,2016,224(3):40-46.
[31]J Sun,J Wang,C Gui.Whole crankshaft beam-element fnite-element method for calculating crankshaft deformation and bearing load of an engine.Proc IMech E Part J:Journal of Engineering Tribology,2009,224:299-303.
[32]J Sun,X Y Zhao,H Wang.Lubrication analysis of crankshaft bearing considering crankshaft deformation.SAE Paper 2011-01-0613,2011.
[33]G W Stachowiak,A W Batchelor.Engineering tribology.Burlington:Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann,2005.
[34]J Sun,X X Cai,L P Liu.Research on the efect of whole cylinder block on EHL performance of main bearings considering crankshaft deformation for internal combustion engine.ASME Journal of Tribology,2010,132(4):044502-1-6.