复杂下垫面下不透水层的CO_2通量足迹分析——以上海市奉贤大学城为例
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摘要
城市是重要的二氧化碳排放源,研究城市区域CO_2通量与复杂城市下垫面之间的关系有助于深入了解城市碳循环特征.本文基于城市涡动相关系统的通量数据和气象数据,结合研究区CO_2通量信息和土地覆被信息,依据ART(Agroscope Reckenholz Tanikon)Footprint Tool模型(基于Kormann Meixner(KM)模型计算足迹),探讨了城市复杂下垫面尤其是不透水层对于CO_2通量足迹的影响.结果发现,研究区CO_2通量变化范围在2015年5—8月为-6.44~4.62μmol·m-2·s-1,其中,5月和6月均出现CO_2通量最大值(4.62μmol·m-2·s-1),8月出现CO_2通量最小值,为-6.44μmol·m-2·s-1.风向是影响CO_2通量足迹的主要要素,5—8月CO_2通量足迹的范围主要在距离观测塔600 m以内,集中于东南方向,这与此期间盛行东南风有关.研究表明,不透水层的类型会影响CO_2通量的贡献率,距离观测站600 m以内的不透水层的CO_2通量贡献率最大为46.9%,最小为1.5%;其中,建筑的CO_2通量贡献率最大为70%,最小为0.08%,道路的CO_2通量贡献率最大为23.7%,最小为2.92%;不透水层的面积也会影响CO_2通量贡献率,道路的CO_2通量贡献率会随着不透水层面积的增加而增加,呈正相关关系.
Urban area is a major carbon dioxide source. The studies on the relationship between carbon flux and the complex underlying surface are critical for improving our understanding of urban carbon cycle. In this study,we used the carbon flux data from eddy covariance( EC) systems,meteorological data from gradient meteorological monitoring system,and land use and land cover data to explore the influences of impervious layer on carbon footprints with the ART( Agroscope Reckenholz Tanikon) Footprint Tool,which provides an easy-to-use way for calculating footprints after the Kormann Meixner method. We found that:(1)The CO_2 fluxes varied from-6.44 to 4.62 μmol·m-2·s-1,during May to August( 2015). The minimum was in August,while the maximum was in May and June.(2)Wind direction was the main factor that influences the carbon dioxide footprints. During the study period,the source area distributions of footprint were within 600 meters southeast of the EC tower,consistent with the wind direction. The results showed that the contributions of impervious layer types to footprints are different. For example,the maximum contribution rate of CO_2 flux from buildings was 70%,andthe minimum was 0.08%. The max contribution rate of CO_2 flux from roads was 23. 7%,while the minimum was 2. 92%. Road area also affects the contribution rate of CO_2 flux. The contribution rate of CO_2 flux increased with road area.
Urban area is a major carbon dioxide source. The studies on the relationship between carbon flux and the complex underlying surface are critical for improving our understanding of urban carbon cycle. In this study,we used the carbon flux data from eddy covariance( EC) systems,meteorological data from gradient meteorological monitoring system,and land use and land cover data to explore the influences of impervious layer on carbon footprints with the ART( Agroscope Reckenholz Tanikon) Footprint Tool,which provides an easy-to-use way for calculating footprints after the Kormann Meixner method. We found that:(1)The CO_2 fluxes varied from-6.44 to 4.62 μmol·m-2·s-1,during May to August( 2015). The minimum was in August,while the maximum was in May and June.(2)Wind direction was the main factor that influences the carbon dioxide footprints. During the study period,the source area distributions of footprint were within 600 meters southeast of the EC tower,consistent with the wind direction. The results showed that the contributions of impervious layer types to footprints are different. For example,the maximum contribution rate of CO_2 flux from buildings was 70%,andthe minimum was 0.08%. The max contribution rate of CO_2 flux from roads was 23. 7%,while the minimum was 2. 92%. Road area also affects the contribution rate of CO_2 flux. The contribution rate of CO_2 flux increased with road area.
引文
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Chen B,Ge D,Fu D,et al.2009.Upscaling of gross ecosystem production to the landscape scale using multi-temporal landsat images,eddy covariance measurements and a footprint model[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,6(6):11317-11345
楚良海,刘兆文,朱元骏.2009.黄土高原沟壑区通量数据空间代表性研究[J].地球科学进展,24(2):211-218
Coutts A M,Beringer J,Tapper N J.2007.Characteristics influencing the variability of urban CO2fluxes in Melbourne,Australia[J]Atmospheric Environment,41(26):51-62
董会娟,耿涌.2012.基于投入产出分析的北京市居民消费碳足迹研究[J].资源科学,34(3):494-501
Dou J,Liu W.2011.Suburban-rural contrasts of carbon dioxide fluxes in Beijing[C].5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.Granada,Spain
Foken T,Wichura B.1996.Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements[J].Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,78(1):83-105
Fortuniak K,Siedlecki M.2009.Carbon dioxide flux in the center of lodz,poland-analysis of two years eddy covariance measurements data set[C].The Seventh International Conference on Urban Climate.Yokohama,Japan
龚洪.2013.足迹内城市CO2通量拆分[D].天津:天津大学
龚笑飞,陈丽萍,莫路锋.2015.基于FSAM模型的毛竹林碳通量贡献区研究[J].西南林业大学学报,35(6):37-44
龚元,赵敏,姚鑫,等.2017a.城市生态系统复合下垫面碳通量特征-以上海市奉贤大学城为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,26(1):91-99
龚元,赵敏,姚鑫,等.2017b.基于Hsieh和Kljun模型的城市生态系统碳通量贡献区分析与对比[J].环境工程技术学报,7(2):225-231
龚元,赵敏,郭智娟,等.2017c.复杂下垫面碳通量足迹分析-以上海市奉贤大学城为例[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),46(2):284-291
Grimmond C S,Offerle B D,Hom J,et al.2002.Observations of local-scale heat,water,momentum and CO2fluxes at Cub Hill,Baltimore[C].Am Meteorol Soc Fourth Symposium on Urban Environments.Norfork,VA
顾永剑,高宇,郭海强,等.2008.崇明东滩湿地生态系统碳通量贡献区分析[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),47(3):374-379,386
Hiller R V,Mc Fadden J P,Kljun N.2011.Interpreting CO2fluxes over a suburban LAwn:The influence of traffic emissions[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,138(2):215-230
贾庆宇,周广胜,王宇.2010a.沈阳城市CO2通量的足迹分析[J].环境科学学报,30(8):1682-1687
贾庆宇,周广胜,王宇.2010b.城市复杂下垫面供暖前后CO2通量特征分析[J].环境科学,31(4):843-849
贾庆宇,王宇,李丽光.2011.城市生态系统-大气间的碳通量研究进展[J].生态环境学报,20(10):1569-1574
Kordowski K,Kuttler W.2010.Carbon dioxide fluxes over an urban park area[J].Atmospheric Environment,44(23):2722-2730
Kljun N,Calanca P,Rotach M W,et al.2004.A simple parameterisation for flux footprint predictions[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,112(3):503-523
Kormann R,Meixner F X.2001.An analytical footprint for nonneutral stratification[J].Boundary Layer Meteor,52:247-2258
Liu M,Qi S H,Wu R H,et al.2011.Temporal variation analysis of carbon flux of urban ecosystem in Xianning[C].International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering.Yichang,China
刘郁珏,胡非,程雪玲.等.2014.北京城市通量足迹及源区分布特征分析[J].大气科学,38(6):1044-1054
Mathisa G,Corinna R,Thormas F,et al.2004.A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modeling for the characterization of complex sites,agriculture and forest meteorology for the characterization of complex sites[J],Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,127:175-188
米娜,于贵瑞,温学发,等.2006.中国通量观测网(China FLUX)通量观测空间代表性初步研究[J].中国科学.D辑:地球科学,36(S1):22-23
Neftel A,Spirig C,Ammann C.2008.Application and test of a simple tool for operational footprint evaluations[J].Environmental Pollution,152(3):644-652
Nemitz E,Hargreaves K J,Mcdonald A G,et al.2002.Micrometeorological measurements of the urban heat budget and CO2emissions on a city scale[J].Environmental Science&Technology,36(14):3139-3146
Onil B O,Strachan I B.2011.CO2sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(8):1564-1573
Ono K,Miyata A,Yamada T.2007.Apparent downward CO2flux observed with open-path eddy covariance over a non-vagetated surface[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,92:195-208
潘晨,朱希扬,贾文晓,等.2015.上海市近地面CO2浓度及其与下垫面特征的定量关系[J].应用生态学报,26(7):2123-2130
Park M S,Joo S J,Park S U.2014.Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea[J].Advances in Atmosphere Sciences,31(5):1101-1112
Ramamurthy P,Pardyjak E R.2011.Toward understanding the behavior of carbon dioxide and surface energy fluxes in the urbanized semi-arid Salt Lake Valley,Utah,USA[J].Atmosphere Environment,45(1):73-84
Schmidt A,Wrzesinsky T,Klemm O.2008.Gap filling and quality assessment of CO2and water vapour fluxes above an urban area with radial basis function neural networks[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,126(3):389-413
Shannon M,Buckley M J,Mitchell P J.2014.Variations in carbon dioxide fluxes within a city landscape:Identifying a vehicular influence[J].Urban Ecosystems,19(4):1479-1498
Schmid H,Lloyd C.1999.Spatial representativeness and the location bias of flux footprints over inhomogeneous areas[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,93(3):195-209
双喜,刘绍民,徐自为,等.2009.黑河流域观测通量的空间代表性研究[J].地球科学进展,24(7):724-733
双喜.2009.观测通量空间代表性的研究-以涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪为例[D].北京:北京师范大学
孙建卫,陈志刚.2010.基于投入产出分析的北京市居民消费碳足迹研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,20(5):28-34
Ueyama M,Ando T.2016.Diurnal,weekly,seasonal,and spatial variabilities in carbon dioxide flux in different urban landscape in Sakai,Japan[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,16(22):14727-14740
Vesala T,Jrvi L,Launiainen S,et al.2008.Surface atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki,Finland[J].Chemical and Physical Meteorology,60(2):188-199
Vogt R,Christen A,Rotach M W,et al.2006.Temporal dynamics of CO2,fluxes and profiles over a Central European city[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,84(1):117-126
Walsh C J,Oke T R,Grimmond C,et al.2004.Fluxes of atmosphere carbon dioxide over a suburban area of Vancouver[C].Fifth Symposium on the Urban Environment.Seattle,WA
Wu B,Zeng W H.2011.A Study on low-carbon city proper planning based on carbon footprint[C].International Conferencr on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering(ICTEC).Lushan,China
Yedla S,Shrestha R M.Anandarajah G.2005.Environmentally sustainable urban transportation-comparative analysis of local emission mitigation strategies vis-a-vis GHG mitigation strategies[J].Transport Policy,12(3):245-254
于贵瑞,孙晓敏.2006.陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社
袁庄鹏.2013.碳通量变化特征及影响因子研究[D].上海:上海师范大学
袁庄鹏,赵敏.2012.基于FSAM模型的城市碳通量观测贡献区研究[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),41(5):533-539
Zhang H,Wen X F.2015.Flux footprint climatology estimated by three analysis models over a subtropical coniferous plantation in Southeast China[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,29(4):654-666
Zhao R Q,Huang X J,Liu Y,et al.2014.Urban carbon footprint and carbon cycle pressure:The case study of Nanjing[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(1):159-176
Bai J,Wang J,Chen X,et al.2015.Seasonal and inter-annual variations in carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration over cotton field under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in an arid region of Northwest China[J].J Arid Land,7(2):272-284
Chen B,Ge D,Fu D,et al.2009.Upscaling of gross ecosystem production to the landscape scale using multi-temporal landsat images,eddy covariance measurements and a footprint model[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,6(6):11317-11345
楚良海,刘兆文,朱元骏.2009.黄土高原沟壑区通量数据空间代表性研究[J].地球科学进展,24(2):211-218
Coutts A M,Beringer J,Tapper N J.2007.Characteristics influencing the variability of urban CO2fluxes in Melbourne,Australia[J]Atmospheric Environment,41(26):51-62
董会娟,耿涌.2012.基于投入产出分析的北京市居民消费碳足迹研究[J].资源科学,34(3):494-501
Dou J,Liu W.2011.Suburban-rural contrasts of carbon dioxide fluxes in Beijing[C].5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering.Granada,Spain
Foken T,Wichura B.1996.Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements[J].Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,78(1):83-105
Fortuniak K,Siedlecki M.2009.Carbon dioxide flux in the center of lodz,poland-analysis of two years eddy covariance measurements data set[C].The Seventh International Conference on Urban Climate.Yokohama,Japan
龚洪.2013.足迹内城市CO2通量拆分[D].天津:天津大学
龚笑飞,陈丽萍,莫路锋.2015.基于FSAM模型的毛竹林碳通量贡献区研究[J].西南林业大学学报,35(6):37-44
龚元,赵敏,姚鑫,等.2017a.城市生态系统复合下垫面碳通量特征-以上海市奉贤大学城为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,26(1):91-99
龚元,赵敏,姚鑫,等.2017b.基于Hsieh和Kljun模型的城市生态系统碳通量贡献区分析与对比[J].环境工程技术学报,7(2):225-231
龚元,赵敏,郭智娟,等.2017c.复杂下垫面碳通量足迹分析-以上海市奉贤大学城为例[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),46(2):284-291
Grimmond C S,Offerle B D,Hom J,et al.2002.Observations of local-scale heat,water,momentum and CO2fluxes at Cub Hill,Baltimore[C].Am Meteorol Soc Fourth Symposium on Urban Environments.Norfork,VA
顾永剑,高宇,郭海强,等.2008.崇明东滩湿地生态系统碳通量贡献区分析[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),47(3):374-379,386
Hiller R V,Mc Fadden J P,Kljun N.2011.Interpreting CO2fluxes over a suburban LAwn:The influence of traffic emissions[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,138(2):215-230
贾庆宇,周广胜,王宇.2010a.沈阳城市CO2通量的足迹分析[J].环境科学学报,30(8):1682-1687
贾庆宇,周广胜,王宇.2010b.城市复杂下垫面供暖前后CO2通量特征分析[J].环境科学,31(4):843-849
贾庆宇,王宇,李丽光.2011.城市生态系统-大气间的碳通量研究进展[J].生态环境学报,20(10):1569-1574
Kordowski K,Kuttler W.2010.Carbon dioxide fluxes over an urban park area[J].Atmospheric Environment,44(23):2722-2730
Kljun N,Calanca P,Rotach M W,et al.2004.A simple parameterisation for flux footprint predictions[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,112(3):503-523
Kormann R,Meixner F X.2001.An analytical footprint for nonneutral stratification[J].Boundary Layer Meteor,52:247-2258
Liu M,Qi S H,Wu R H,et al.2011.Temporal variation analysis of carbon flux of urban ecosystem in Xianning[C].International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering.Yichang,China
刘郁珏,胡非,程雪玲.等.2014.北京城市通量足迹及源区分布特征分析[J].大气科学,38(6):1044-1054
Mathisa G,Corinna R,Thormas F,et al.2004.A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modeling for the characterization of complex sites,agriculture and forest meteorology for the characterization of complex sites[J],Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,127:175-188
米娜,于贵瑞,温学发,等.2006.中国通量观测网(China FLUX)通量观测空间代表性初步研究[J].中国科学.D辑:地球科学,36(S1):22-23
Neftel A,Spirig C,Ammann C.2008.Application and test of a simple tool for operational footprint evaluations[J].Environmental Pollution,152(3):644-652
Nemitz E,Hargreaves K J,Mcdonald A G,et al.2002.Micrometeorological measurements of the urban heat budget and CO2emissions on a city scale[J].Environmental Science&Technology,36(14):3139-3146
Onil B O,Strachan I B.2011.CO2sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(8):1564-1573
Ono K,Miyata A,Yamada T.2007.Apparent downward CO2flux observed with open-path eddy covariance over a non-vagetated surface[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,92:195-208
潘晨,朱希扬,贾文晓,等.2015.上海市近地面CO2浓度及其与下垫面特征的定量关系[J].应用生态学报,26(7):2123-2130
Park M S,Joo S J,Park S U.2014.Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea[J].Advances in Atmosphere Sciences,31(5):1101-1112
Ramamurthy P,Pardyjak E R.2011.Toward understanding the behavior of carbon dioxide and surface energy fluxes in the urbanized semi-arid Salt Lake Valley,Utah,USA[J].Atmosphere Environment,45(1):73-84
Schmidt A,Wrzesinsky T,Klemm O.2008.Gap filling and quality assessment of CO2and water vapour fluxes above an urban area with radial basis function neural networks[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,126(3):389-413
Shannon M,Buckley M J,Mitchell P J.2014.Variations in carbon dioxide fluxes within a city landscape:Identifying a vehicular influence[J].Urban Ecosystems,19(4):1479-1498
Schmid H,Lloyd C.1999.Spatial representativeness and the location bias of flux footprints over inhomogeneous areas[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,93(3):195-209
双喜,刘绍民,徐自为,等.2009.黑河流域观测通量的空间代表性研究[J].地球科学进展,24(7):724-733
双喜.2009.观测通量空间代表性的研究-以涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪为例[D].北京:北京师范大学
孙建卫,陈志刚.2010.基于投入产出分析的北京市居民消费碳足迹研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,20(5):28-34
Ueyama M,Ando T.2016.Diurnal,weekly,seasonal,and spatial variabilities in carbon dioxide flux in different urban landscape in Sakai,Japan[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,16(22):14727-14740
Vesala T,Jrvi L,Launiainen S,et al.2008.Surface atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki,Finland[J].Chemical and Physical Meteorology,60(2):188-199
Vogt R,Christen A,Rotach M W,et al.2006.Temporal dynamics of CO2,fluxes and profiles over a Central European city[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,84(1):117-126
Walsh C J,Oke T R,Grimmond C,et al.2004.Fluxes of atmosphere carbon dioxide over a suburban area of Vancouver[C].Fifth Symposium on the Urban Environment.Seattle,WA
Wu B,Zeng W H.2011.A Study on low-carbon city proper planning based on carbon footprint[C].International Conferencr on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering(ICTEC).Lushan,China
Yedla S,Shrestha R M.Anandarajah G.2005.Environmentally sustainable urban transportation-comparative analysis of local emission mitigation strategies vis-a-vis GHG mitigation strategies[J].Transport Policy,12(3):245-254
于贵瑞,孙晓敏.2006.陆地生态系统通量观测的原理与方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社
袁庄鹏.2013.碳通量变化特征及影响因子研究[D].上海:上海师范大学
袁庄鹏,赵敏.2012.基于FSAM模型的城市碳通量观测贡献区研究[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),41(5):533-539
Zhang H,Wen X F.2015.Flux footprint climatology estimated by three analysis models over a subtropical coniferous plantation in Southeast China[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,29(4):654-666
Zhao R Q,Huang X J,Liu Y,et al.2014.Urban carbon footprint and carbon cycle pressure:The case study of Nanjing[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(1):159-176