深圳湾流域TN和TP入海年通量变化规律研究
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摘要
采用经验排污系数法、输出系数模型以及平均浓度法,分别研究1986~2011年间深圳湾流域内深圳和香港两个区域的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)入海污染负荷年通量的变化规律.结果表明,整个深圳湾流域在80年代、90年代和2000年之后的3个时期内TN入海负荷量平均值分别为10 388.2、10 727.9和10 937.3 t,TP为2 694.5、1 929.2和1 388.7 t.其中深圳一侧随着社会经济和城市化的快速发展,TN和TP年负荷通量大幅增长,26年来点源污染分别增加了4373.6 t和195.9 t,相应增长了261.0%和64.2%,非点源污染增加了1067.2 t和151.0 t,相应增长了63.4%和84.9%,建设和交通用地的扩张是非点源污染负荷增长的主要因素;深圳一侧对深圳湾流域入海污染负荷的贡献率分别从42.4%和27.0%增加到85.1%和75.2%;而香港一侧TN和TP年负荷通量分别减少了3028.5 t和1031.5 t,相应削减了66.3%和79.0%.
The empirical coefficient of sewage disposal,export coefficient model and mean concentration method were respectively used to estimate variations of annual load TN and TP from Shenzhen and Hong Kong areas in the Deep Bay Watershed from 1986 to 2011.The results showed that,the annual average loads of TN and TP were 10 388. 2 t,10 727. 9 t,10 937. 3 t,and 2 694. 5 t,1 929. 2 t,1 388. 7 t,respectively in the whole watershed during three periods,80 s,90s and years after 2000. With the rapid development of society,economy and the urbanization,annual pollution loading of TN and TP in Shenzhen area showed an obviously increase,4 373. 6 t and 195. 9 t,by 261. 0% and 64. 2% for point source,and 1 067. 2 t and 151. 0 t,by 63. 4% and 84. 9% for non-point source,respectively. Non-point source with high pollution load was mainly caused by the expanding of land for construction and roads.The contribution ratios of TN and TP from Shenzhen area increased from 42. 4% and 27. 0% to 85. 1% and 75. 2%. Annual loads of TN and TP in Hong Kong area decreased 3 028. 5 t and 1 031. 5 t,by 66. 3% and 79. 0% reduced.
The empirical coefficient of sewage disposal,export coefficient model and mean concentration method were respectively used to estimate variations of annual load TN and TP from Shenzhen and Hong Kong areas in the Deep Bay Watershed from 1986 to 2011.The results showed that,the annual average loads of TN and TP were 10 388. 2 t,10 727. 9 t,10 937. 3 t,and 2 694. 5 t,1 929. 2 t,1 388. 7 t,respectively in the whole watershed during three periods,80 s,90s and years after 2000. With the rapid development of society,economy and the urbanization,annual pollution loading of TN and TP in Shenzhen area showed an obviously increase,4 373. 6 t and 195. 9 t,by 261. 0% and 64. 2% for point source,and 1 067. 2 t and 151. 0 t,by 63. 4% and 84. 9% for non-point source,respectively. Non-point source with high pollution load was mainly caused by the expanding of land for construction and roads.The contribution ratios of TN and TP from Shenzhen area increased from 42. 4% and 27. 0% to 85. 1% and 75. 2%. Annual loads of TN and TP in Hong Kong area decreased 3 028. 5 t and 1 031. 5 t,by 66. 3% and 79. 0% reduced.
引文
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[2]Kaushal S S,Groffman P M,Band L E,et al.Tracking nonpoint source nitrogen pollution in human-impacted watersheds[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(19):8225-8232.
[3]王红莉,姜国强,陶建华.海岸带污染负荷预测模型及其在渤海湾的应用[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(3):307-312.
[4]涂振顺,黄金良,张珞平,等.沿海港湾区域陆源污染物定量估算方法研究[J].海洋环境科学,2009,28(2):202-207.
[5]潘灿民,张珞平,黄金良,等.厦门西海域、同安湾入海污染负荷估算研究[J].海洋环境科学,2011,30(1):90-95.
[6]Weng Q.Modeling urban growth effects on surface runoff with the integration of remote sensing and GIS[J].Environmental Management,2001,28(6):737-748.
[7]Wilson C,Weng Q.Assessing surface water quality and its relation with urban land cover changes in the Lake Calumet Area,Greater Chicago[J].Environmental Management,2010,45(5):1096-1111.
[8]杨柳,马克明,郭青海,等.城市化对水体非点源污染的影响[J].环境科学,2004,25(6):32-39.
[9]廖义善,卓慕宁,李定强,等.珠江三角洲城市非点源COD影响因素分析及其负荷估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(8):3019-3024.
[10]王龙,黄跃飞,王光谦.城市非点源污染模型研究进展[J].环境科学,2010,31(10):2532-2540.
[11]李怀恩.估算非点源污染负荷的平均浓度法及其应用[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):397-400.
[12]洪小康,李怀恩.水质水量相关法在非点源污染负荷估算中的应用[J].西安理工大学学报,2000,16(4):384-386.
[13]Johnes P J.Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:the export coefficient modelling approach[J].Journal of Hydrology,1996,183(3-4):323-349.
[14]Harbor J M.A practical method for estimating the impact of land use change on surface runoff,groundwater recharge and wetland hydrology[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1994,60(1):95-108.
[15]戴纪翠,高晓薇,倪晋仁,等.深圳近海海域营养现状分析与富营养化水平评价[J].环境科学,2009,30(10):2879-2883.
[16]万由鹏.深圳湾水动力时间参数计算及主要营养盐减排效果分析[D].北京:清华大学,2009.36-37.
[17]陶亚.基于EFDC模型的深圳湾水环境模拟与预测研究[D].北京:中央民族大学,2010.
[18]http://www.szpl.gov.cn/xxgk/tdgl/tdbgdctj/201212/t20121213_77983.Html.
[19]香港特别行政区政府环境保护署.香港海水水质监测20年(1986-2005)[R].2006.
[20]刘爱萍,刘晓文,陈中颖,等.珠江三角洲地区城镇生活污染源调查及其排污总量核算[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(Suppl.):53-57.
[21]徐腊梅,黄炳峰.深圳河湾流域的污染负荷分布预测[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(13):68-70.
[22]GB 18918-2002.城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准[S].
[23]深圳市统计局,国家统计局深圳调查队.2013深圳统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社.2013.29-344.
[24]刘瑞民,沈珍瑶,丁晓雯.应用输出系数模型估算长江上游非点源污染负荷[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):677-682.
[25]李兆富,杨桂山,李恒鹏.基于改进输出系数模型的流域营养盐输出估算[J].环境科学,2009,30(3):668-672.
[26]Li H E,Lee J H W,Koenig A,et al.Nutrient load estimation in nonpoint source pollution for Hong Kong region[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,51(3-4):209-216.
[27]刘宁,吕瑞峰.深圳河湾水污染水环境治理[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.97-100.
[28]白凤姣,李天宏.基于GIS和L-THIA模型的深圳市观澜河流域非点源污染负荷变化分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(8):2667-2673.
[29]深圳市水污染治理指挥部办公室.深圳河湾水系水质改善策略研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.1-20.
[30]万由鹏,毛献忠.深圳湾TIN和PO3-4-P数值模拟及减排效果分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):384-390.
[31]李怀恩,李家科.流域非点源污染负荷定量化方法研究与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.176-197.