塔里木河河床渗透系数及其渗漏水量分析
|
摘要
为明晰塔里木河的水文过程,实现水资源的优化配置,采用颗粒分析法,分析塔里木河上中游河床沉积物渗透系数的时空变化特点,并借助达西定律确定了不同来水情景下4个河段的渗漏水量。结果表明:1塔里木河河床沉积物土壤颗粒的粒径0.000 5~0.5 mm,砂类土的比重为83%,因此,Sauerbrei公式用于该河流河道渗透系数的计算。2河床沉积物渗透系数与水温的变化具有一致性,段2、段4、段1和段3的年均渗透系数分别为115.3m·d~(-1)、74.5 m·d~(-1)、71.4 m·d~(-1)、45.2 m·d~(-1),呈逐渐减小趋势。3在12.5%、50%和87.5%的3个来水频率下,河段耗水量、渗漏水量及单位河长渗漏水量均呈现递减趋势;上中游总渗漏水量分别为10.85×108m3、9.94×108m3、9.13×108m3,水量渗漏集中在5—10月。4在同一来水频率下,河段渗漏水量依次为:段1>段4>段2>段3,而单位河长渗漏水量为:段1>段4>段3>段2。验证结果表明,渗漏水量计算结果与定量分离结果误差仅为2%,故渗漏水量及渗透系数计算结果合理。该研究可为实现塔里木河生态引水工程的合理布局和生态保护提供科学依据和技术支撑。
In this paper,spatiotemporal variation of hydraulic conductivities of riverbed sediment in the upper reaches of the Tarim River was analyzed with grain-size analysis so as to clarify the hydrological process of the Tarim River and realize the optimal redistribution of water resources,and the leakage water volumes at 4 river sections under 12. 5%,50% and 87. 5% inflow frequencies were calculated with the Darcy's Law. The results are as follows:1 The grain size of riverbed sediment varied in a range from 0. 000 5 mm to 0. 5 mm,and the percentage of sand soil in all the samples was 83. 3%,so the Sauerbrei formula was the most suitable for calculating the hydraulic conductivities of riverbed sediment; 2 The change of hydraulic conductivity and water temperature was similar,the hydraulic conductivities of river section 2,section 1,section 4 and section 3 decreased gradually,and their average values were 115. 3,74. 5,71. 4 and 45. 2 m·d- 1respectively; 3 Under the 12. 5%,50% and 87. 5% inflow frequencies,the wastage,water leakage and leakage per km were in a decrease trend,their total volumes were10. 85 × 108m3,9. 94 × 108m3 and 9. 13 × 108m3 respectively in the upper reaches of the Tarim River,and the leakage occurred mainly during the period from May to October; 4 Under the same inflow frequency,the water leakage was in an order of river section 1 > river section 4 > river section 2 > river section 3,and that per km in an order of river section 1 > river section 4 > river section 3 > river section 2. Verified results showed that the error between the calculated value of water seepage and the test result was only 2%. The calculated results of hydraulic conductivity and water leakage were reasonable and could be referred for the rational distribution of diversion works and ecological conservation in the Tarim River Basin.
In this paper,spatiotemporal variation of hydraulic conductivities of riverbed sediment in the upper reaches of the Tarim River was analyzed with grain-size analysis so as to clarify the hydrological process of the Tarim River and realize the optimal redistribution of water resources,and the leakage water volumes at 4 river sections under 12. 5%,50% and 87. 5% inflow frequencies were calculated with the Darcy's Law. The results are as follows:1 The grain size of riverbed sediment varied in a range from 0. 000 5 mm to 0. 5 mm,and the percentage of sand soil in all the samples was 83. 3%,so the Sauerbrei formula was the most suitable for calculating the hydraulic conductivities of riverbed sediment; 2 The change of hydraulic conductivity and water temperature was similar,the hydraulic conductivities of river section 2,section 1,section 4 and section 3 decreased gradually,and their average values were 115. 3,74. 5,71. 4 and 45. 2 m·d- 1respectively; 3 Under the 12. 5%,50% and 87. 5% inflow frequencies,the wastage,water leakage and leakage per km were in a decrease trend,their total volumes were10. 85 × 108m3,9. 94 × 108m3 and 9. 13 × 108m3 respectively in the upper reaches of the Tarim River,and the leakage occurred mainly during the period from May to October; 4 Under the same inflow frequency,the water leakage was in an order of river section 1 > river section 4 > river section 2 > river section 3,and that per km in an order of river section 1 > river section 4 > river section 3 > river section 2. Verified results showed that the error between the calculated value of water seepage and the test result was only 2%. The calculated results of hydraulic conductivity and water leakage were reasonable and could be referred for the rational distribution of diversion works and ecological conservation in the Tarim River Basin.
引文
[1]Jury W A.Simulation of solute transport using a transfer function model[J].Water Resources Research,1982,18(2):363-368.
[2]Hayashi M,Rosenberry D O.Effects of ground water exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface water[J].Groundwater,2002,40(3):309-316.
[3]W9rman A,Packman A I,Johansson H,et al.Effect of flow-induced exchange in hypothetic zones on longitudinal transport of solutes in streams and rivers[J].Water Resource Research,2004,38(10):1 209.
[4]Chen X H,Burbach M,Cheng C.Electrical and hydraulic vertical variability in channel sediments and its effects on stream flow depletion due to groundwater extraction[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,352:250-266.
[5]Sibanda T,Nonner J C,Uhlenbrook S.Comparison of groundwater recharge estimation methods for the semi-arid Nyamandhlovu area,Zimbabwe[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2009,17(6):1 427-1 441.
[6]Huo Z,Feng S,Kang S,et al.Numerically modeling groundwater in an arid area with ANN-generated dynamic boundary conditions[J].Hydrological Processes,2011,25(5):705-713.
[7]宋郁东,樊自立,雷志栋,等.中国塔里木河水资源与生态问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2000:82-90.[Song Yudong,Fan Zili,Lei Zhidong,et al.Research on Water Resource and Ecology of Tarim River,China[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang People’s Publishing House,2000:82-90.]
[8]Walter M T,Kim J S,Steenhuis T S,et al.Funneled flow mechanisms in a sloping layered soil:Laboratory investigation[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(4):841-849.
[9]雷志栋,甄宝龙,尚松浩,等.塔里木河干流水资源的形成及其利用问题[J].中国科学E辑:技术科学,2003,33(5):473-480.[Lei Zhidong,Zhen Baolong,Shang Songhao,et al.Formation and utilization of water resources in the Tarim River[J].Science China Series E:Technological Sciences,2003,33(5):473-480.]
[10]Scanlon B R.Evaluation of methods of estimating recharge in semiarid and arid regions in the southwestern US[C]//Hogan J F,Phillips F M,Scanlon B R.Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment:The Southwestern United States.Washington:American Geophysical Union,2004:235-354.
[11]Yao Y,Zheng C,Liu J,et al.Conceptual and numerical models for groundwater flow in an arid inland river basin[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(6):1 480-1 492.
[12]樊自立,马映军.干旱区水资源开发及合理利用的几个问题[J].干旱区研究,2000,17(3):6-11.[Fan Zili,Ma Yingjun.Some issues about the exploitation and the rational utilization of water resources in the arid areas[J].Arid Zone Research,2000,17(3):6-11.]
[13]Chen Y N,Li W H,Xu C,et al.Desert riparian vegetation and groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River basin[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(2):547-558.
[14]郝兴明,陈亚宁,李卫红.新疆塔里木河下游物种多样性与地下水位的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(10):4 106-4 112.[Hao Xingming,Chen Yaning,Li Weihong.The relationship between species diversity and groundwater table in the low reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(10):4 106-4 112.]
[15]徐海量,陈亚宁,杨戈.塔里木河下游生态输水对植被和地下水位的影响[J].环境科学,2003,24(4):18-22.[Xu Hailiang,Chen Yaning,Yang Ge.Effect of translating water on vegetation at the lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Environmental Science,2003,24(4):18-22.]
[16]邓铭江.塔里木河下游应急输水的水生态环境响应[J].水科学进展,2005,16(4):586-591.[Deng Mingjiang.Eco-environmental responses of the lower reaches of Tarim River to the emergency water deliveries[J].Advances in Water Science,2005,16(4):586-591.]
[17]杨鹏年,张胜江,董新光.塔里木河干流下游生态输水后水量转化特征[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(2):174-178.[Yang Pengnian,Zhang Shengjiang,Dong Xinguang.Study on the characteristics of water conversion after conveying stream water to the lower reaches of Tarim River for regenerating the ecology[J].Arid Zone Research,2007,24(2):174-178.]
[18]徐海量,宋郁东,陈亚宁.塔里木河下游生态输水后地下水变化规律研究[J].水科学进展,2004,15(2):223-226.[Xu Hailing,Song Yudong,Chen Yaning.Study on variation of groundwater after ecological water transport in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Advances in Water Science,2004,15(2):223-226.]
[19]陈亚宁,李卫红,陈亚鹏,等.新疆塔里木河下游断流河道输水与生态恢复[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):538-545.[Chen Yaning,Li Weihong,Chen Yapeng,et al.Water conveyance in driedup riverway and ecological restoration in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(2):538-545.]
[20]徐海量,陈亚宁,雷加强.塔里木河下游生态输水对沙漠化逆转的影响[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(2):173-176.[Xu Hailiang,Chen Yaning,Lei Jiaqiang.Effect of returning river water on sandy desertification reversion at lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(2):173-176.]
[21]刘新华,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河下游生态需水估算[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1 198-1 205.[Liu Xinhua,Xu Hailiang,Ling Hongbo,et al.Ecological water requirements in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1 198-1 205.]
[22]Chen Y N,Takeuchi K,Xu C,et al.Regional climate change and its effects on river runoff in the Tarim Basin,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(10):2 207-2 216.
[23]徐海量,叶茂,宋郁东,等.塔里木河流域水资源变化的特点与趋势[J].地理学报,2005,60(3):487-494.[Xu Hailiang,Ye Mao,Song Yudong,et al.The dynamic variation of water resources and its tendency in Tarim River Basin[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(3):487-494.]
[24]叶茂,徐海量,宋郁东,等.塔里木河流域水资源利用面临的主要问题[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(3):388-392.[Ye Mao,Xu Hailiang,Song Yudong,et al.Some problems and challenges about water resources utilization in the Tarim River Basin[J].Arid Zone Research,2006,23(3):388-392.]
[25]白元,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河干流区天然植被的空间分布及生态需水[J].中国沙漠,2014,31(5):1 410-1 416.[Bai Yuan,Xu Hailiang,Ling Hongbo,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics and ecological water requirement of natural vegetation along the mainstream of the Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,31(5):1 410-1 416.]
[26]雷国良,张虎才,张文翔,等.Mastersize 2000型激光粒度仪分析数据可靠性检验及意义:以洛川剖面S4层古土壤为例[J].沉积学报,2006,24(4):531-539.[Lei Guoliang,Zhang Hucai,Zhang Wenxiang,et al.The reliability and significance of the grainsize obtained by mastersize 2000 laser analyzer:A case study on the typical S4 from Luochuan section[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2006,24(4):531-539.]
[27]Vukovic M,Soro A.Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Media from Grain-Size Composition[M].Littleton:Water Resources Publications,1992.
[28]王志华.黄河下游渗漏补给地下水水量研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007:79-81.[Wang Zhihua.Study on Seepage Water Loss in Lower Reaches of the Yellow River[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2007:79-81.]
[29]Ling H B,Guo B,Xu H L,et al.Configuration of water resources for a typical river basin in an arid region of China based on the ecological water requirements(EWRs)of desert riparian vegetation[J].Global and Planetary Change,2014,122:292-304.
[30]毛昶熙.堤防工程手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009:24-29.[Mao Changxi.Dikes Engineering Manual[M].Beijing:China Water and Power Press,2009:24-29.]
[31]郑春苗,Bennett G D.地下水污染物迁移模拟[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:52-60.[Zhen Chunmiao,Bennett G D.Applied Contaminant Transport Modeling[M].Beijing:High Education Press,2009:52-60.]
[32]Hatch C E,Fisher A T,Ruehl C R,et al.Spatial and temporal variations in streambed hydraulic conductivity quantified with time-series thermal methods[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):276-288.
[33]Genereux D P,Leahy S,Mitasova H,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of streambed hydraulic conductivity in West Bear Creek,North Carolina,USA[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,358(3/4):332-353.
[2]Hayashi M,Rosenberry D O.Effects of ground water exchange on the hydrology and ecology of surface water[J].Groundwater,2002,40(3):309-316.
[3]W9rman A,Packman A I,Johansson H,et al.Effect of flow-induced exchange in hypothetic zones on longitudinal transport of solutes in streams and rivers[J].Water Resource Research,2004,38(10):1 209.
[4]Chen X H,Burbach M,Cheng C.Electrical and hydraulic vertical variability in channel sediments and its effects on stream flow depletion due to groundwater extraction[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,352:250-266.
[5]Sibanda T,Nonner J C,Uhlenbrook S.Comparison of groundwater recharge estimation methods for the semi-arid Nyamandhlovu area,Zimbabwe[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2009,17(6):1 427-1 441.
[6]Huo Z,Feng S,Kang S,et al.Numerically modeling groundwater in an arid area with ANN-generated dynamic boundary conditions[J].Hydrological Processes,2011,25(5):705-713.
[7]宋郁东,樊自立,雷志栋,等.中国塔里木河水资源与生态问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2000:82-90.[Song Yudong,Fan Zili,Lei Zhidong,et al.Research on Water Resource and Ecology of Tarim River,China[M].Urumqi:Xinjiang People’s Publishing House,2000:82-90.]
[8]Walter M T,Kim J S,Steenhuis T S,et al.Funneled flow mechanisms in a sloping layered soil:Laboratory investigation[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(4):841-849.
[9]雷志栋,甄宝龙,尚松浩,等.塔里木河干流水资源的形成及其利用问题[J].中国科学E辑:技术科学,2003,33(5):473-480.[Lei Zhidong,Zhen Baolong,Shang Songhao,et al.Formation and utilization of water resources in the Tarim River[J].Science China Series E:Technological Sciences,2003,33(5):473-480.]
[10]Scanlon B R.Evaluation of methods of estimating recharge in semiarid and arid regions in the southwestern US[C]//Hogan J F,Phillips F M,Scanlon B R.Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment:The Southwestern United States.Washington:American Geophysical Union,2004:235-354.
[11]Yao Y,Zheng C,Liu J,et al.Conceptual and numerical models for groundwater flow in an arid inland river basin[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,29(6):1 480-1 492.
[12]樊自立,马映军.干旱区水资源开发及合理利用的几个问题[J].干旱区研究,2000,17(3):6-11.[Fan Zili,Ma Yingjun.Some issues about the exploitation and the rational utilization of water resources in the arid areas[J].Arid Zone Research,2000,17(3):6-11.]
[13]Chen Y N,Li W H,Xu C,et al.Desert riparian vegetation and groundwater in the lower reaches of the Tarim River basin[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(2):547-558.
[14]郝兴明,陈亚宁,李卫红.新疆塔里木河下游物种多样性与地下水位的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(10):4 106-4 112.[Hao Xingming,Chen Yaning,Li Weihong.The relationship between species diversity and groundwater table in the low reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(10):4 106-4 112.]
[15]徐海量,陈亚宁,杨戈.塔里木河下游生态输水对植被和地下水位的影响[J].环境科学,2003,24(4):18-22.[Xu Hailiang,Chen Yaning,Yang Ge.Effect of translating water on vegetation at the lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Environmental Science,2003,24(4):18-22.]
[16]邓铭江.塔里木河下游应急输水的水生态环境响应[J].水科学进展,2005,16(4):586-591.[Deng Mingjiang.Eco-environmental responses of the lower reaches of Tarim River to the emergency water deliveries[J].Advances in Water Science,2005,16(4):586-591.]
[17]杨鹏年,张胜江,董新光.塔里木河干流下游生态输水后水量转化特征[J].干旱区研究,2007,24(2):174-178.[Yang Pengnian,Zhang Shengjiang,Dong Xinguang.Study on the characteristics of water conversion after conveying stream water to the lower reaches of Tarim River for regenerating the ecology[J].Arid Zone Research,2007,24(2):174-178.]
[18]徐海量,宋郁东,陈亚宁.塔里木河下游生态输水后地下水变化规律研究[J].水科学进展,2004,15(2):223-226.[Xu Hailing,Song Yudong,Chen Yaning.Study on variation of groundwater after ecological water transport in the lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Advances in Water Science,2004,15(2):223-226.]
[19]陈亚宁,李卫红,陈亚鹏,等.新疆塔里木河下游断流河道输水与生态恢复[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):538-545.[Chen Yaning,Li Weihong,Chen Yapeng,et al.Water conveyance in driedup riverway and ecological restoration in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(2):538-545.]
[20]徐海量,陈亚宁,雷加强.塔里木河下游生态输水对沙漠化逆转的影响[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(2):173-176.[Xu Hailiang,Chen Yaning,Lei Jiaqiang.Effect of returning river water on sandy desertification reversion at lower reaches of Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(2):173-176.]
[21]刘新华,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河下游生态需水估算[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1 198-1 205.[Liu Xinhua,Xu Hailiang,Ling Hongbo,et al.Ecological water requirements in the lower reaches of the Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(4):1 198-1 205.]
[22]Chen Y N,Takeuchi K,Xu C,et al.Regional climate change and its effects on river runoff in the Tarim Basin,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(10):2 207-2 216.
[23]徐海量,叶茂,宋郁东,等.塔里木河流域水资源变化的特点与趋势[J].地理学报,2005,60(3):487-494.[Xu Hailiang,Ye Mao,Song Yudong,et al.The dynamic variation of water resources and its tendency in Tarim River Basin[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(3):487-494.]
[24]叶茂,徐海量,宋郁东,等.塔里木河流域水资源利用面临的主要问题[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(3):388-392.[Ye Mao,Xu Hailiang,Song Yudong,et al.Some problems and challenges about water resources utilization in the Tarim River Basin[J].Arid Zone Research,2006,23(3):388-392.]
[25]白元,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河干流区天然植被的空间分布及生态需水[J].中国沙漠,2014,31(5):1 410-1 416.[Bai Yuan,Xu Hailiang,Ling Hongbo,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics and ecological water requirement of natural vegetation along the mainstream of the Tarim River[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,31(5):1 410-1 416.]
[26]雷国良,张虎才,张文翔,等.Mastersize 2000型激光粒度仪分析数据可靠性检验及意义:以洛川剖面S4层古土壤为例[J].沉积学报,2006,24(4):531-539.[Lei Guoliang,Zhang Hucai,Zhang Wenxiang,et al.The reliability and significance of the grainsize obtained by mastersize 2000 laser analyzer:A case study on the typical S4 from Luochuan section[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2006,24(4):531-539.]
[27]Vukovic M,Soro A.Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Media from Grain-Size Composition[M].Littleton:Water Resources Publications,1992.
[28]王志华.黄河下游渗漏补给地下水水量研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007:79-81.[Wang Zhihua.Study on Seepage Water Loss in Lower Reaches of the Yellow River[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2007:79-81.]
[29]Ling H B,Guo B,Xu H L,et al.Configuration of water resources for a typical river basin in an arid region of China based on the ecological water requirements(EWRs)of desert riparian vegetation[J].Global and Planetary Change,2014,122:292-304.
[30]毛昶熙.堤防工程手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009:24-29.[Mao Changxi.Dikes Engineering Manual[M].Beijing:China Water and Power Press,2009:24-29.]
[31]郑春苗,Bennett G D.地下水污染物迁移模拟[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009:52-60.[Zhen Chunmiao,Bennett G D.Applied Contaminant Transport Modeling[M].Beijing:High Education Press,2009:52-60.]
[32]Hatch C E,Fisher A T,Ruehl C R,et al.Spatial and temporal variations in streambed hydraulic conductivity quantified with time-series thermal methods[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(3/4):276-288.
[33]Genereux D P,Leahy S,Mitasova H,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of streambed hydraulic conductivity in West Bear Creek,North Carolina,USA[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,358(3/4):332-353.