昆明石林碳酸盐岩红色风化壳元素地球化学特征
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摘要
以昆明石林两个典型红土剖面为研究对象,探讨了主量元素及稀土元素在化学风化作用下的迁移特征及分布规律,为进一步认识碳酸盐岩风化剖面的演化过程以及红土剖面的物质来源提供地球化学依据。两个红土剖面的研究结果显示:(1)SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3~T是两个剖面红土样品的主要成分,三者占到总量的80%以上,其中又以SiO_2的含量最高;(2)化学蚀变指数CIA(90以上)较高,硅铝系数和硅铁铝系数较低,显示出两个红土剖面经历了较强的风化淋溶作用,体现出研究区亚热带高原气候,温暖湿润的化学风化环境;(3)两个剖面稀土元素含量较高,范围分别在211.51×10~(-6)~416.40×10~(-6)和290.67×10~(-6)~626.89×10~(-6)之间,其稀土配分曲线均具有Eu亏损的轻稀土显著富集型特征,两个剖面都表现出轻稀土元素间分异较大而重稀土元素间分异较小的特征,这主要与剖面风化成土过程中的三价氧化物的强烈固定作用有关,且KP剖面的轻稀土元素分异更明显;(4)两个剖面经历了相似的风化迁移过程,结合元素对Al_2O_3-TiO_2、Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3~T、Y-Yb相关性分析以及SiO_2/Al_2O_3-Na_2O/Al_2O_3相关图解可以得出,KP和CH剖面是由于下伏基岩风化而来。
In order to investigate the alteration process of carbonate weathering and the origin of the weathering profile in Karst area,two laterite profiles(KP and CH)from Shilin County of Kuming,Yunnan Province are reported to analyze concentrations of major elements and rare earth elements(REEs).The results of element behavior during chemical weathering and the geochemical characteristics of carbonate-derived laterite are summarized as follows:(1)The major element compositions of the two profiles are dominated by SiO_2,Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3~T(more than 80%),with abundant SiO_2.(2)The range of chemical index of alteration(CIA)is above 90 with low ratios of SiO_2/Al_2O_3 and SiO_2/(Fe_2O_3+ Al_2 O_3),indicating that there is an intensive leaching during chemical weathering in the subtropical warm and humid climate.(3)The KP and CH profile showed relatively high contents of REE,ranging from 211.51×10~(-6) to 416.40×10~(-6) and from 290.67×10~(-6) to 626.89×10~(-6),respectively.The REE patterns are consistent with enriched LREE,negative Eu anomalies,and significant fractionation in LREE and less in HREE.These characteristics can be attributed to the fixationof trivalent oxide during alterations.The KP profile is distinctive with more intensive fractionation in LREE.(4)Similar weathering processes in the two profiles are suggested.Further evidence from Al_2O_3-TiO_2,Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3~T,Y-Yb correlation analysis and SiO_2/Al_2O_3-Na_2O/Al_2O_3 diagrams support the hypothesis that the two profiles are derived from the underlying bedrock.
In order to investigate the alteration process of carbonate weathering and the origin of the weathering profile in Karst area,two laterite profiles(KP and CH)from Shilin County of Kuming,Yunnan Province are reported to analyze concentrations of major elements and rare earth elements(REEs).The results of element behavior during chemical weathering and the geochemical characteristics of carbonate-derived laterite are summarized as follows:(1)The major element compositions of the two profiles are dominated by SiO_2,Al_2O_3,Fe_2O_3~T(more than 80%),with abundant SiO_2.(2)The range of chemical index of alteration(CIA)is above 90 with low ratios of SiO_2/Al_2O_3 and SiO_2/(Fe_2O_3+ Al_2 O_3),indicating that there is an intensive leaching during chemical weathering in the subtropical warm and humid climate.(3)The KP and CH profile showed relatively high contents of REE,ranging from 211.51×10~(-6) to 416.40×10~(-6) and from 290.67×10~(-6) to 626.89×10~(-6),respectively.The REE patterns are consistent with enriched LREE,negative Eu anomalies,and significant fractionation in LREE and less in HREE.These characteristics can be attributed to the fixationof trivalent oxide during alterations.The KP profile is distinctive with more intensive fractionation in LREE.(4)Similar weathering processes in the two profiles are suggested.Further evidence from Al_2O_3-TiO_2,Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3~T,Y-Yb correlation analysis and SiO_2/Al_2O_3-Na_2O/Al_2O_3 diagrams support the hypothesis that the two profiles are derived from the underlying bedrock.
引文
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符必昌,黄英.2003.试论碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成模式及演化趋势[J].地质科学,38(1):128-136.
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季宏兵,王世杰.2011.黔中白云岩风化剖面的铅同位素组成及物源的指示[J].地质论评,57(1):109-117.
黎道洪.2002.云南石林地区岩溶洞穴动物物种多样性初步研究[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然版),20(1):1-5.
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李景阳,朱立军.2004.论碳酸盐岩现代风化壳和古风化壳[J].中国岩溶,23(1):56-62.
李景阳,朱立军,王朝富,等.1996.碳酸盐岩风化壳及喀斯特成土作用研究[J].贵州地质,13(2):139-145.
李军,桑树勋,林会喜,等.2007.渤海湾盆地石炭二叠系稀土元素特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,25(4):589-596.
李徐生,韩志勇,杨守业,等.2007.镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征[J].地理学报,62(11):1174-1184.
李徐生,杨达源,鹿化煜.1999.皖南风尘堆积序列氧化物地球化学特征与古气候记录[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,19(4):75-82.
李艳丽.2004.贵州碳酸盐岩红色风化壳稀土富集与分异的机理研究[D].贵阳:中国科学院地球化学研究所.
李玉辉.2002.中国云南石林岩溶形态类型与特征[J].中国岩溶,21(3):165-172.
刘丛强.2007.生物地球化学过程与地表物质循环:西南喀斯特流域侵蚀与生源要素循环[M].北京:科学出版社.
马英军,霍润科,徐志方,等.2004.化学风化作用中的稀土元素行为及其影响因素[J].地球科学进展,19(1):87-94.
孙承兴,王世杰,周德全,等.2002.碳酸盐岩酸不溶物作为贵州岩溶区红色风化壳主要物质来源的证据[J].矿物学报,22(3):235-242.
王世杰,季宏兵,欧阳自远,等.1999.碳酸盐岩风化成土作用的初步研究[J].中国科学(D辑),29(5):441-449.
王世杰,孙承兴,冯志刚,等.2002.发育完整的灰岩风化壳及其矿物学与地球化学特征[J].矿物学报,22(1):19-29.
王自强,尹崇玉,高林志,等.2006.宜昌三斗坪地区南华系化学蚀变指数特征及南华系划分、对比的讨论[J].地质论评,52(5):577-585.
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肖时珍.2007.中国南方喀斯特发育特征与世界自然遗产价值研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学.
徐则民,黄润秋,唐正光,等.2005.中国南方碳酸盐岩上覆红土形成机制研究进展[J].地球与环境,33(4):33-40.
杨红瑾,黄春长,庞奖励,等.2010.宁夏长城塬全新世黄土-土壤剖面元素地球化学特征研究[J].地理科学,30(1):134-140.
杨立辉,叶玮,朱丽东,等.2008.第四纪加积型红土与黄土的风成相似性探讨[J].干旱区地理(汉文版),31(3):341-347.
杨艳芳,李德成,张甘霖,等.2010.雷州半岛玄武岩发育的时间序列土壤的发生演变[J].土壤学报,47(5):817-825.
杨元根,刘丛强,袁可能,等.2000.南方红土形成过程及其稀土元素地球化学[J].第四纪研究,20(5):469-480.
袁道先.1992.中国西南部的岩溶及其与华北岩溶的对比[J].第四纪研究,(4):352-361.
朱显谟.1995.中国南方的红土与红色风化壳[J].水土保持研究(4):75-84.
Boynton W V.1984.Chapter 3-cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements:meteorite studies[J].Developments in Geochemistry,2(2):63-114.
Condie K C,Dengate J and Cullers R L.1995.Behavior of rare earth elements in a paleoweathering profile on granodiorite in the Front Range,Colorado,USA[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,59(2):279-294.
Elderfield H,Hawkesworth C J,Greaves M J,et al.1981.Rare earth element geochemistry of oceanic ferromanganese nodules and associated sediments[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,45(4):513-528.
Feng J L,Cui Z J and Zhu L P.2009.Origin of terra rossa over dolomite on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,China[J].Geochemical Journal Gj,43(3):151-166.
Garrett R G,Lalor G C.2005.The Fe/Na ratio,a framework for modelling trace element distributions in Jamaican soils[J].Geochemistry Exploration Environment Analysis,5(2):147-157.
Haskin L A,Haskin M A,Frey F A,et al.1968.Relative and absolute terrestrial abundances of the rare earths[J].Origin&Distribution of the Elements,889-912.
Krauskopf K B and Bird D K.1995.Introduction to geochemistry[M].New York:McG raw-Hill.
Laufer F.1984.The adsorption of quadrivalent cerium by kaolinite[J].Clay Minerals,19(2):137-149.
Laveuf C and Cornu S.2009.A review on the potentiality of rare earth elements to trace pedogenetic processes[J].Geoderma,154(1):1-12.
Mameli P,Mongelli G,Oggiano G,et al.2007.Geological,geochemical and mineralogical features of some bauxite deposits from Nurra(Western Sardinia,Italy):insights on conditions of formation and parental affinity[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,96(5):887-902.
Maynard J B.1992.Chemistry of modern soils as a guide to interpreting precambrian paleosols[J].Journal of Geology,100(3):279-289.
Mclennan S M.1993.Weathering and global denudation[J].The Jourual of Geology,101(2):295-303.
Muhs D R and Budahn J R.2006.Geochemical evidence for the origin of late Quaternary loess in central Alaska[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,(43):323-337.
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