现代视野下省级图书馆职能演变及定位
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摘要
公共图书馆是受西学东渐影响,伴随着中国追寻现代化的历程而产生和发展起来的。省级图书馆在中国近现代社会和图书馆发展史上起到了重要的作用,追寻省级图书馆的发展轨迹及不同时期职能的演变,对于中国图书馆史的研究,以及明确未来省级图书馆的定位和发展,具有重要意义。清末民初初创省级图书馆,其职能主要是收集文献、开放借阅、保存文化、传播文明、开启民智。民国时期,除保存、借阅和参考咨询职能外,增加了对县市图书馆的研究辅导职能。新中国成立后,省级图书馆发挥协作协调的职能,作为区域中心图书馆的地位得到确立。1978年改革开放后,经济社会转型和技术转型支持图书馆事业全面发展,省级图书馆辅导、培训、协作协调的规模逐渐形成。进入新世纪,省级图书馆负有研究、指导、引领和推动公共图书馆事业发展及公共图书馆服务体系建设的职能。在《中华人民共和国公共图书馆法》实施的时代背景下,省级图书馆面向未来,应以三个中心(省文献信息资源保障中心、省公共图书馆培训和研究中心、省公共图书馆工作协作协调中心)建设支持新的职能定位,确定工作任务,调整服务重点,从普及服务向特色服务、深度服务转型,对公共文化服务体系建设和图书馆事业的整体发展起到引领和推动作用。
The public library is influenced by the eastward development of the west and comes into being and develops along with China's pursuit of modernization. Some provincial libraries are the earliest public library established in modern China. They play an important role in Chinese modern society and the history of library development. It is of great significance for the research of Chinese library history, the orientation and development of provincial libraries in the future to follow the development track and the evolution of functions of provincial libraries in different periods. Since the establishment of provincial libraries, their functions have changed repeatedly due to the impact of social environment and the overall development of library undertakings. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, 14 provincial libraries in 13 provinces were established, whose functions were to provide open borrowing and reading, preserve culture, spread civilization and open up people's wisdom. In the early period of the republic of China, provincial libraries were set up in every province. Under the republican system, some county and city public libraries were set up, and provincial libraries were no longer unique. Then the provincial libraries were mostly led by distinguished scholars and were much better than the county and city libraries in general. Compared with county and city libraries, the provincial libraries could overcome the hardship of survival and became the library with the best quality at that time. In addition to the functions of preservation, borrowing and reference, they also developed the research and counseling functions for county and city libraries. However, due to frequent wars and lack of social and economic support, the realization of the guidance function of provincial libraries had been affected. After the founding of the new China, the national unification laid the solid foundation for the construction of libraries. The provincial libraries were developed in terms of funds, storage, premises and personnel, and their research and counseling functions were well realized. At the same time, the coordination and collaboration functions were increased, and the provincial libraries were established as the center of the regional libraries. After the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, economic development and social transformation and technological transformation supported the all-round development of library undertakings, and the number of municipal and county-level libraries has doubled, and the scale of provincial library guidance, training and coordination has formed. Since entering the new century, the buildings, automation systems and digital library construction, the literature information resources, the librarians' quantity, scope of business of provincial libraries were increased, and the cultural information resources sharing project and the national digital library project added cohesion and coordination of the provincial libraries, and the extroverted function of provincial libraries got more comprehensive and in-depth improvement and implement. Now, in the background of the Public Library Law and local public library legislation, the future libraries should do well in the allocation of resources at the provincial level and play a guiding and promoting role in the platform construction, resources construction, conservation, and service more through coaching, training, collaboration, coordination, standards, project management, technical support, legislation, construction of public library service system and even the whole development of library cause. It is reasonable that provincial libraries keep pace with the times and adjust the focus and the allocation of resources.
The public library is influenced by the eastward development of the west and comes into being and develops along with China's pursuit of modernization. Some provincial libraries are the earliest public library established in modern China. They play an important role in Chinese modern society and the history of library development. It is of great significance for the research of Chinese library history, the orientation and development of provincial libraries in the future to follow the development track and the evolution of functions of provincial libraries in different periods. Since the establishment of provincial libraries, their functions have changed repeatedly due to the impact of social environment and the overall development of library undertakings. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, 14 provincial libraries in 13 provinces were established, whose functions were to provide open borrowing and reading, preserve culture, spread civilization and open up people's wisdom. In the early period of the republic of China, provincial libraries were set up in every province. Under the republican system, some county and city public libraries were set up, and provincial libraries were no longer unique. Then the provincial libraries were mostly led by distinguished scholars and were much better than the county and city libraries in general. Compared with county and city libraries, the provincial libraries could overcome the hardship of survival and became the library with the best quality at that time. In addition to the functions of preservation, borrowing and reference, they also developed the research and counseling functions for county and city libraries. However, due to frequent wars and lack of social and economic support, the realization of the guidance function of provincial libraries had been affected. After the founding of the new China, the national unification laid the solid foundation for the construction of libraries. The provincial libraries were developed in terms of funds, storage, premises and personnel, and their research and counseling functions were well realized. At the same time, the coordination and collaboration functions were increased, and the provincial libraries were established as the center of the regional libraries. After the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, economic development and social transformation and technological transformation supported the all-round development of library undertakings, and the number of municipal and county-level libraries has doubled, and the scale of provincial library guidance, training and coordination has formed. Since entering the new century, the buildings, automation systems and digital library construction, the literature information resources, the librarians' quantity, scope of business of provincial libraries were increased, and the cultural information resources sharing project and the national digital library project added cohesion and coordination of the provincial libraries, and the extroverted function of provincial libraries got more comprehensive and in-depth improvement and implement. Now, in the background of the Public Library Law and local public library legislation, the future libraries should do well in the allocation of resources at the provincial level and play a guiding and promoting role in the platform construction, resources construction, conservation, and service more through coaching, training, collaboration, coordination, standards, project management, technical support, legislation, construction of public library service system and even the whole development of library cause. It is reasonable that provincial libraries keep pace with the times and adjust the focus and the allocation of resources.
引文
[1] 黄仁宇.中国大历史[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997:7.(Huang Renyu. Macro-history[M].SDX Joint Publishing Company,1997:7.)
[2] 郑观应.盛世危言[M]北京:朝华出版社,2017:279-284.(Zheng Guanying. Sheng Shi Wei Yan[M].Beijing: Blossom Press, 2017:279-284.)
[3] 清华大学国学研究院,中华书局编辑部.梁任公先生年谱长编稿本:第一册[M].北京:中华书局,2015: 372.(The Academy of Chinese Learning of Tsinghua University, Editorial office of ZHONGHUA Book Company. Chronicle of Mr Liang Rengong's life: Vol.1[M].Beijing:ZHONGHUA Book Company,2015: 372.)
[4] 时务报: 第一册 [N]. 1896-07-14(清光绪廿二年): 8-9.(Shiwu Newspaper: Vol.1[N]. 1896-07-14 (the 22nd year of Guangxu Emperor):8-9.)
[5] 河北大学图书馆.图书馆法规文件汇编[G].保定:河北大学图书馆,1985.(Heibei University Library. Compile of library regulation documents[G].Baoding:Heibei University Library,1985.)
[6] 陈训慈.中国全国省立图书馆现状鸟瞰[M].杭州:浙江省立图书馆,1935:1-6.(Chen Xunci. The status quo of provincial libraries in China[M].Hangzhou: Zhejiang Province Library, 1935:1-6.)
[7] 湘抚庞鸿书奏建设图书馆折[G]//李希泌,张椒华.中国古代藏书与近代图书馆史料(春秋至五四前后). 北京:中华书局,1982:151-152.(Hunan Province governor Panghong submits a memorial to the emperor for building library[G]//Li Ximi,Zhang Jiaohua. Historical materials of Chinese ancient book collection and modern libraries (Spring and Autumn period to the May Fourth Movement). Beijing:ZHONGHUA Book Company,1982: 151-152.)
[8] 湖南图书馆暂定章程[G]//李希泌,张椒华.中国古代藏书与近代图书馆史料(春秋至五四前后). 北京:中华书局,1982:152-158.( Provisional regulation of Hunan Library[G]//Li Ximi,Zhang Jiaohua. Historical materials of Chinese ancient book collection and modern libraries (Spring and Autumn period to the May Fourth Movement). Beijing:ZHONGHUA Book Company,1982: 152-158.)
[9] 陕西省图书馆史[M].西安:陕西人民教育出版社,1989.(The history of Shannxi Province Library[M].Xi'an: Shannxi People's Education Press,1989.)
[10] 林思进.四川图书馆书目序[G]//王嘉陵.四川省图书馆成都图书馆同人文集.成都:四川大学出版社,2013:6.(Lin Sijin. Preface of the bibliography of Sichuan Province Library[G]//Wang Jialing. Collection works of Sichuan Province Library and Chengdu Library. Chengdu: Sichuan University Press,2013:6.)
[11] 广东省立中山图书馆.广东省立中山图书馆志[M].广州:广东出版集团,广东教育出版社,2012:8.(The Guangdong Province Library. The chronicle of Guangdong Province Library[M].Guangzhou:Guangdong Publishing Group, Guangdong Education Press, 2012:8.)
[12] 毛昭晰.浙江省图书馆志[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1994:83.(Mao Zhaoxi. The Chronicle of Zhejiang Province Library[M].Beijing: China Book Press,1994:83.)
[13] 四川省政府公报法规[G].第一八九期, 1940:17.( Sichuan Province government gazettes and regulations[G].No.189, 1940:17.)
[14] 四川省立图书馆概况[J].中华图书馆协会会报,1940,14(5):6-7.(Survey of Sichuan Province Library[J].Bulletin of the Library Association of China,1940,14(5):6-7.)
[15] 四川省图书馆事业志编辑部.四川省图书馆事业志大事记[M].四川省图书馆,1991.(Editorial Office of the Chronicle of Sichuan Provincial Librarianship. The memorabilia of Sichuan Provincial Librarianship[M]. Sichuan Library,1991.)
[16] 仲维华,李俊恒,杨柏林.吉林省图书馆发展简史[G]//吉林省图书馆百年馆庆纪念文集.长春:吉林人民出版社,2009:2-6.(Zhong Weihua, Li Junheng, Yang Bolin. A brief history of the Jilin Province Library [G]// 100th anniversary collection of Jilin Province Library. Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House, 2009:2-6.)
[17] 韩永进.中国图书馆史:现当代图书馆卷[M].北京: 国家图书馆出版社,2017:145.(Han Yongjin. Chinese library history: contemporary library volume[M].Beijing: National Library of China Publishing House,2017:145.)
[18] 国家图书馆研究院.我国图书馆事业发展政策文件选编[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2014.(Research Institute of National Library of China. Selected regulation documents of Chinese librarianship [M].Beijing: National Library of China Publishing House,2014.)
[19] 陈源蒸,张树华,毕世栋.中国图书馆百年纪事[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,2004.(Chen Yuanzheng, Zhang Shuhua, Bi Shidong. Centenary chronicle of Chinese libraries[M]. Beijing: Beijing Library Press,2004.)
[20] 全国图书馆分省统计[J].中华图书馆协会会报,1931,7(3):3-44.(Library statistics of each province[J]. Bulletin of the Library Association of China, 1931, 7(3):3-44.)
[21] 中国图书馆学会,国家图书馆.中国图书馆年鉴2017[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2017:422-441.( Library Society of China, National Library of China.China library yearbook 2017 [M].Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House, 2017:422-441.)
[22] 柳斌杰,雒树刚,袁曙宏.中华人民共和国公共文化服务保障法解读[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2017:5.(Liu Binjie, Luo Shugang, Yuan Shuhong. Interpretation to The Public Cultural Service Security Act of the People's Republic of China[M]. Beijing: China Legal Publishing House, 2017:5.)
[2] 郑观应.盛世危言[M]北京:朝华出版社,2017:279-284.(Zheng Guanying. Sheng Shi Wei Yan[M].Beijing: Blossom Press, 2017:279-284.)
[3] 清华大学国学研究院,中华书局编辑部.梁任公先生年谱长编稿本:第一册[M].北京:中华书局,2015: 372.(The Academy of Chinese Learning of Tsinghua University, Editorial office of ZHONGHUA Book Company. Chronicle of Mr Liang Rengong's life: Vol.1[M].Beijing:ZHONGHUA Book Company,2015: 372.)
[4] 时务报: 第一册 [N]. 1896-07-14(清光绪廿二年): 8-9.(Shiwu Newspaper: Vol.1[N]. 1896-07-14 (the 22nd year of Guangxu Emperor):8-9.)
[5] 河北大学图书馆.图书馆法规文件汇编[G].保定:河北大学图书馆,1985.(Heibei University Library. Compile of library regulation documents[G].Baoding:Heibei University Library,1985.)
[6] 陈训慈.中国全国省立图书馆现状鸟瞰[M].杭州:浙江省立图书馆,1935:1-6.(Chen Xunci. The status quo of provincial libraries in China[M].Hangzhou: Zhejiang Province Library, 1935:1-6.)
[7] 湘抚庞鸿书奏建设图书馆折[G]//李希泌,张椒华.中国古代藏书与近代图书馆史料(春秋至五四前后). 北京:中华书局,1982:151-152.(Hunan Province governor Panghong submits a memorial to the emperor for building library[G]//Li Ximi,Zhang Jiaohua. Historical materials of Chinese ancient book collection and modern libraries (Spring and Autumn period to the May Fourth Movement). Beijing:ZHONGHUA Book Company,1982: 151-152.)
[8] 湖南图书馆暂定章程[G]//李希泌,张椒华.中国古代藏书与近代图书馆史料(春秋至五四前后). 北京:中华书局,1982:152-158.( Provisional regulation of Hunan Library[G]//Li Ximi,Zhang Jiaohua. Historical materials of Chinese ancient book collection and modern libraries (Spring and Autumn period to the May Fourth Movement). Beijing:ZHONGHUA Book Company,1982: 152-158.)
[9] 陕西省图书馆史[M].西安:陕西人民教育出版社,1989.(The history of Shannxi Province Library[M].Xi'an: Shannxi People's Education Press,1989.)
[10] 林思进.四川图书馆书目序[G]//王嘉陵.四川省图书馆成都图书馆同人文集.成都:四川大学出版社,2013:6.(Lin Sijin. Preface of the bibliography of Sichuan Province Library[G]//Wang Jialing. Collection works of Sichuan Province Library and Chengdu Library. Chengdu: Sichuan University Press,2013:6.)
[11] 广东省立中山图书馆.广东省立中山图书馆志[M].广州:广东出版集团,广东教育出版社,2012:8.(The Guangdong Province Library. The chronicle of Guangdong Province Library[M].Guangzhou:Guangdong Publishing Group, Guangdong Education Press, 2012:8.)
[12] 毛昭晰.浙江省图书馆志[M].北京:中国书籍出版社,1994:83.(Mao Zhaoxi. The Chronicle of Zhejiang Province Library[M].Beijing: China Book Press,1994:83.)
[13] 四川省政府公报法规[G].第一八九期, 1940:17.( Sichuan Province government gazettes and regulations[G].No.189, 1940:17.)
[14] 四川省立图书馆概况[J].中华图书馆协会会报,1940,14(5):6-7.(Survey of Sichuan Province Library[J].Bulletin of the Library Association of China,1940,14(5):6-7.)
[15] 四川省图书馆事业志编辑部.四川省图书馆事业志大事记[M].四川省图书馆,1991.(Editorial Office of the Chronicle of Sichuan Provincial Librarianship. The memorabilia of Sichuan Provincial Librarianship[M]. Sichuan Library,1991.)
[16] 仲维华,李俊恒,杨柏林.吉林省图书馆发展简史[G]//吉林省图书馆百年馆庆纪念文集.长春:吉林人民出版社,2009:2-6.(Zhong Weihua, Li Junheng, Yang Bolin. A brief history of the Jilin Province Library [G]// 100th anniversary collection of Jilin Province Library. Changchun: Jilin People's Publishing House, 2009:2-6.)
[17] 韩永进.中国图书馆史:现当代图书馆卷[M].北京: 国家图书馆出版社,2017:145.(Han Yongjin. Chinese library history: contemporary library volume[M].Beijing: National Library of China Publishing House,2017:145.)
[18] 国家图书馆研究院.我国图书馆事业发展政策文件选编[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2014.(Research Institute of National Library of China. Selected regulation documents of Chinese librarianship [M].Beijing: National Library of China Publishing House,2014.)
[19] 陈源蒸,张树华,毕世栋.中国图书馆百年纪事[M].北京:北京图书馆出版社,2004.(Chen Yuanzheng, Zhang Shuhua, Bi Shidong. Centenary chronicle of Chinese libraries[M]. Beijing: Beijing Library Press,2004.)
[20] 全国图书馆分省统计[J].中华图书馆协会会报,1931,7(3):3-44.(Library statistics of each province[J]. Bulletin of the Library Association of China, 1931, 7(3):3-44.)
[21] 中国图书馆学会,国家图书馆.中国图书馆年鉴2017[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2017:422-441.( Library Society of China, National Library of China.China library yearbook 2017 [M].Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House, 2017:422-441.)
[22] 柳斌杰,雒树刚,袁曙宏.中华人民共和国公共文化服务保障法解读[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2017:5.(Liu Binjie, Luo Shugang, Yuan Shuhong. Interpretation to The Public Cultural Service Security Act of the People's Republic of China[M]. Beijing: China Legal Publishing House, 2017:5.)