那曲高寒草地上四种地表通量计算方法的对比
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摘要
利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2013年9月至2014年8月自动气象站(AWS)和涡动相关系统(EC)的观测资料,基于空气动力学法、地表能量平衡组合法、总体输送法以及涡动相关法,计算了高寒草地下垫面的湍流通量,并对不同方法计算结果间的一致性和差异性进行了分析。结果表明,不同方法计算的湍流通量特征具有明显的差异。地表能量平衡组合法满足能量平衡关系,但在早晨和傍晚层结转换期间,计算的湍流通量出现异常不稳定值;空气动力学法计算的湍流通量在整个观测期与涡动相关法计算的湍流通量相关性最高,但在大气稳定度参数接近0,计算结果不稳定;总体输送法计算的通量数据在地气温差为负值时发散明显,但该方法原理简单,适合在只有常规观测项目的业务气象站或在气象观测项目不全的野外台站使用。空气动力学法和地表能量平衡组合法与涡动相关法的湍流通量的平均偏差相对较小,而总体输送法平均偏差相对较大。研究方法和结果除了为这些方法的使用提供参考外,也为建立长时间通量序列提供了一个较为合理的依据,有助于深入了解高原地气相互作用。
The near-surface layer gradients observed data of wind speed,temperature and specific humidity combined with the radiative and soil heat fluxes have been widely applied in estimating the surface-air turbulent exchange over decades. However,different methods may produce significant differences and errors in their results.In this paper,the observational data of automatic weather station( AWS) and eddy correlation system( EC)from Naqu Station of Plateau Climate and Environment in the Norther Tibetan Plateau from September 2013 to August 2014 were used to calculate turbulent fluxes by the eddy covariance,the aerodynamic method,the combination methodand the mass transfer method and analysis the consistency and difference among the calculated results.The results show that the characteristics of turbulent fluxes calculated by different methods have obvious differences. The combination method satisfies the energy balance relationship. However,the turbulent fluxes appear to be abnormally unstable during the morning and evening. The turbulent fluxes calculated by the aerodynamic method have the highest correlation with the turbulent fluxes calculated by the eddy correlation method.But when the atmospheric stability parameter is close to zero,the calculation result is unstable. When the difference between the surface temperature and the air temperature is less than zero,the flux data calculated by the mass transfer method show obvious divergence. But this method is simple in principle and suitable for field stations which have few observation instruments and incomplete meteorological observation stations. The mean deviation of the turbulent flux calculated by the aerodynamic method and the combination method is smaller,while the average deviation of the turbulent flux calculated by the mass transfer method is larger. The results of this study provide reference for the use of these methods. Besides,the results of this study provide a reasonable basis for the establishment of long time flux series. Finally this study will help us to understand the interaction between the surface and the atmosphere.
The near-surface layer gradients observed data of wind speed,temperature and specific humidity combined with the radiative and soil heat fluxes have been widely applied in estimating the surface-air turbulent exchange over decades. However,different methods may produce significant differences and errors in their results.In this paper,the observational data of automatic weather station( AWS) and eddy correlation system( EC)from Naqu Station of Plateau Climate and Environment in the Norther Tibetan Plateau from September 2013 to August 2014 were used to calculate turbulent fluxes by the eddy covariance,the aerodynamic method,the combination methodand the mass transfer method and analysis the consistency and difference among the calculated results.The results show that the characteristics of turbulent fluxes calculated by different methods have obvious differences. The combination method satisfies the energy balance relationship. However,the turbulent fluxes appear to be abnormally unstable during the morning and evening. The turbulent fluxes calculated by the aerodynamic method have the highest correlation with the turbulent fluxes calculated by the eddy correlation method.But when the atmospheric stability parameter is close to zero,the calculation result is unstable. When the difference between the surface temperature and the air temperature is less than zero,the flux data calculated by the mass transfer method show obvious divergence. But this method is simple in principle and suitable for field stations which have few observation instruments and incomplete meteorological observation stations. The mean deviation of the turbulent flux calculated by the aerodynamic method and the combination method is smaller,while the average deviation of the turbulent flux calculated by the mass transfer method is larger. The results of this study provide reference for the use of these methods. Besides,the results of this study provide a reasonable basis for the establishment of long time flux series. Finally this study will help us to understand the interaction between the surface and the atmosphere.
引文
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Chen L,Reiter E R,Feng Z,1985.The atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau:May-August 1979[J].Mon Wea Rev,113(10):1771-1790.
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Gentine P,Entekhabi D,Heusinkveld B,2012.Systematic errors in ground heat flux estimation and their correction[J].Water Resour Res,48(9):9541.DOI:10.1029/2010WR010203.
Sun R,Liu C,2003.A review on research of land surface water and heat fluxes[J].Chinese J Appl Ecology,14(3):434-438.
Thom A S,Stewart J B,Oliver H R,et al,1975.Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,101(427):93-105.
Tanaka K,Ishikawa H,Hayashi T,et al,2001.Surface energy budget at Amdo on the Tibet Plateau using GAME/Tibet IOP98 data[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,79(1B):505-517.
Yaglom A M,1977.Comments on wind and temperature flux-profile relationships[J].Bound-Layer Meteor,11(1):89-102.
Yao J M,Zhao L,Ding Y J,et al,2008.The surface energy budget and evapotranspiration in the Tanggula region on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Sci Technol,52(3):326-340.
陈家宜,范邵华,赵传峰,等,2006.涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究[J].大气科学,30(3):423-432.Chen J Y,Fan S H,Zhao C F,et al,2006.The underestimation of the turbulent fluxes in Eddy Correlation techniques[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,30(3):423-432.
陈万隆,翁笃鸣,1984.关于青藏高原感热和潜热旬总量计算方法的初步研究[C]//青藏高原气象科学实验论文集(二).北京:科学出版社,35-45.Chen W L,Weng D M,1984.Preliminary study on calculation method of sensible heat and latent heat in Tibetan Plateau[C]//Experimental papers on Meteorological Sciences of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(2).Beijing:Science Press,35-45.
葛骏,余晔,李振朝,等,2016.青藏高原多年冻土区土壤冻融过程对地表能量通量的影响研究[J].高原气象,35(3):608-620.Ge J,Yu Y,Li Z C,et al,2016.Impacts of freeze/thaw processes on land durface rnergy gluxes in the permafrost region of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,35(3):08-620.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00032.
胡隐樵,奇跃进,1991.组合法确定近地面层湍流通量和通用函数[J].气象学报,49(1):46-53.Hu Y,Qi Y J,1991.The combinatory method to determine the turbulent fluxes and the universal functions in the surface layer[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,49(1):46-53.
季国良,时兴和,高务祥,2001.藏北高原地面加热场的变化及其对气候的影响[J].高原气象,20(3):239-244.Ji G L,Shi X H,Gao W X,2001.The variation of surface heating field over northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its effect on climate[J].Plateau Meteor,20(3):239-244.
李述训,南卓铜,赵林,2002.冻融作用对地气系统能量交换的影响分析[J].冰川冻土,24(5):506-511.Li S X,Nan Z T,Zhao L,2002.Impact of soil freezing and thawing process on thermal exchange between atmosphere and ground surface[J].Journal Glaciology and Geocryology,24(5):506-511.
李国平,赵邦杰,2002.青藏高原总体输送系数的特征[J].气象学报,60(1):60-67.Li G P,Zhao B J,2002.Characteristics of bulk transfer coefficients over the Tibetan plateau[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,60(1):60-67.
李国平,段廷扬,吴贵芬,2003.青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡[J].地理科学,23(1):13-18.Li G P,Duan T Y,Wu G F,2003.The intersity of surface heat source and surface heat balance on the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Science Geographica Sinica,23(1):13-18.
刘鹏飞,刘树华,胡非,等,2010.湍流通量计算方法和误差的比较研究[J].气象学报,68(4):487-500.Liu P F,Liu S H,Hu F,et al,2010.A comparison of the different methods for estimating turbulent fluxes and their errors[J].Acta meteor Sinica,68(4):487-500.
孙根厚,胡泽勇,王介民,等,2016.那曲地区两种空间尺度感热通量的对比分析[J].高原气象,35(2):285-296.Sun G H,Hu ZY,Wang J M,et al,2016.Comparison analysis of sensible heat fluxes at two spatial scales in Naqu area[J].Plateau Meteor,35(2):285-296.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00088.
王超,韦志刚,李振朝,2010.敦煌戈壁气象塔站资料的质量控制[J].干旱气象,28(2):121-127.Wang C,Wei Z G,Li Z C,2010.A quality control routine for Dunhuang Gobi meteorology tower data[J].J Arid Meteor,28(2):121-127.
万云霞,张宇,张瑾文,等,2017.感热变化对东亚地区大气边界层高度的影响[J].高原气象,36(1):173-182.Wan Y X,Zhang Y,Zhang J W,et al,2017.Influence of sensible heat on planetary boundary layer height in East Asia[J].Plateau Meteor,36(1):173-182.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00001.
阳坤,郭晓峰,武炳义,2010.青藏高原地表感热通量的近期变化趋势[J].中国科学:地球科学,40(7):923-932.Yang K,Guo XF,Wu B Y,2010.Recent trends in surface sensible heat flux on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Sci China Earth Sci,40(7):923-932.
杨娟,周广胜,王云龙,等,2006.基于变分方法的内蒙古典型草原水热通量估算[J].应用生态学报,17(11):2046-2051.Yang J,Zhou G S,Wang Y L,et al,2006.Estimation of sensible and latent heat fluxes of typical steppe in inner Mongolia based on variational method[J].Chinese J Appl Ecology,17(11):2046-2051.
杨耀先,李茂善,胡泽勇,等,2014.藏北高原高寒草甸地表粗糙度对地气通量的影响[J].高原气象,33(3):626-636.Yang Y X,Li M S,Hu Z Y,et al,2014.Influence of surface roughness on surfaceair fluxes in alpine meadow over the Norther Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,33(3):626-636.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00199.
Culf A D,Foken T,Gash J H C,2004.The energy balance closure problem[M].Vegetation,Water,Humans and the Climate.Springer Berlin Heidelberg:159-166.
Chen L,Reiter E R,Feng Z,1985.The atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau:May-August 1979[J].Mon Wea Rev,113(10):1771-1790.
Dyer A J,1974.A review of flux-profile relationships[J].Bound-Layer Meteor,7(3):363-372.
Gentine P,Entekhabi D,Heusinkveld B,2012.Systematic errors in ground heat flux estimation and their correction[J].Water Resour Res,48(9):9541.DOI:10.1029/2010WR010203.
Sun R,Liu C,2003.A review on research of land surface water and heat fluxes[J].Chinese J Appl Ecology,14(3):434-438.
Thom A S,Stewart J B,Oliver H R,et al,1975.Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest[J].Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,101(427):93-105.
Tanaka K,Ishikawa H,Hayashi T,et al,2001.Surface energy budget at Amdo on the Tibet Plateau using GAME/Tibet IOP98 data[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,79(1B):505-517.
Yaglom A M,1977.Comments on wind and temperature flux-profile relationships[J].Bound-Layer Meteor,11(1):89-102.
Yao J M,Zhao L,Ding Y J,et al,2008.The surface energy budget and evapotranspiration in the Tanggula region on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Cold Regions Sci Technol,52(3):326-340.
陈家宜,范邵华,赵传峰,等,2006.涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究[J].大气科学,30(3):423-432.Chen J Y,Fan S H,Zhao C F,et al,2006.The underestimation of the turbulent fluxes in Eddy Correlation techniques[J].Chinese J Atmos Sci,30(3):423-432.
陈万隆,翁笃鸣,1984.关于青藏高原感热和潜热旬总量计算方法的初步研究[C]//青藏高原气象科学实验论文集(二).北京:科学出版社,35-45.Chen W L,Weng D M,1984.Preliminary study on calculation method of sensible heat and latent heat in Tibetan Plateau[C]//Experimental papers on Meteorological Sciences of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(2).Beijing:Science Press,35-45.
葛骏,余晔,李振朝,等,2016.青藏高原多年冻土区土壤冻融过程对地表能量通量的影响研究[J].高原气象,35(3):608-620.Ge J,Yu Y,Li Z C,et al,2016.Impacts of freeze/thaw processes on land durface rnergy gluxes in the permafrost region of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,35(3):08-620.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00032.
胡隐樵,奇跃进,1991.组合法确定近地面层湍流通量和通用函数[J].气象学报,49(1):46-53.Hu Y,Qi Y J,1991.The combinatory method to determine the turbulent fluxes and the universal functions in the surface layer[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,49(1):46-53.
季国良,时兴和,高务祥,2001.藏北高原地面加热场的变化及其对气候的影响[J].高原气象,20(3):239-244.Ji G L,Shi X H,Gao W X,2001.The variation of surface heating field over northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its effect on climate[J].Plateau Meteor,20(3):239-244.
李述训,南卓铜,赵林,2002.冻融作用对地气系统能量交换的影响分析[J].冰川冻土,24(5):506-511.Li S X,Nan Z T,Zhao L,2002.Impact of soil freezing and thawing process on thermal exchange between atmosphere and ground surface[J].Journal Glaciology and Geocryology,24(5):506-511.
李国平,赵邦杰,2002.青藏高原总体输送系数的特征[J].气象学报,60(1):60-67.Li G P,Zhao B J,2002.Characteristics of bulk transfer coefficients over the Tibetan plateau[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,60(1):60-67.
李国平,段廷扬,吴贵芬,2003.青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡[J].地理科学,23(1):13-18.Li G P,Duan T Y,Wu G F,2003.The intersity of surface heat source and surface heat balance on the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Science Geographica Sinica,23(1):13-18.
刘鹏飞,刘树华,胡非,等,2010.湍流通量计算方法和误差的比较研究[J].气象学报,68(4):487-500.Liu P F,Liu S H,Hu F,et al,2010.A comparison of the different methods for estimating turbulent fluxes and their errors[J].Acta meteor Sinica,68(4):487-500.
孙根厚,胡泽勇,王介民,等,2016.那曲地区两种空间尺度感热通量的对比分析[J].高原气象,35(2):285-296.Sun G H,Hu ZY,Wang J M,et al,2016.Comparison analysis of sensible heat fluxes at two spatial scales in Naqu area[J].Plateau Meteor,35(2):285-296.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00088.
王超,韦志刚,李振朝,2010.敦煌戈壁气象塔站资料的质量控制[J].干旱气象,28(2):121-127.Wang C,Wei Z G,Li Z C,2010.A quality control routine for Dunhuang Gobi meteorology tower data[J].J Arid Meteor,28(2):121-127.
万云霞,张宇,张瑾文,等,2017.感热变化对东亚地区大气边界层高度的影响[J].高原气象,36(1):173-182.Wan Y X,Zhang Y,Zhang J W,et al,2017.Influence of sensible heat on planetary boundary layer height in East Asia[J].Plateau Meteor,36(1):173-182.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2016.00001.
阳坤,郭晓峰,武炳义,2010.青藏高原地表感热通量的近期变化趋势[J].中国科学:地球科学,40(7):923-932.Yang K,Guo XF,Wu B Y,2010.Recent trends in surface sensible heat flux on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Sci China Earth Sci,40(7):923-932.
杨娟,周广胜,王云龙,等,2006.基于变分方法的内蒙古典型草原水热通量估算[J].应用生态学报,17(11):2046-2051.Yang J,Zhou G S,Wang Y L,et al,2006.Estimation of sensible and latent heat fluxes of typical steppe in inner Mongolia based on variational method[J].Chinese J Appl Ecology,17(11):2046-2051.
杨耀先,李茂善,胡泽勇,等,2014.藏北高原高寒草甸地表粗糙度对地气通量的影响[J].高原气象,33(3):626-636.Yang Y X,Li M S,Hu Z Y,et al,2014.Influence of surface roughness on surfaceair fluxes in alpine meadow over the Norther Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Plateau Meteor,33(3):626-636.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00199.