湖沼相沉积中汞同位素示踪环境变化研究进展
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摘要
汞是国际上公认的重金属污染物,自有人类生产活动以来,向自然界中排放了大量的汞,分析不同历史时期汞的变化,对于了解人类发展阶段的环境变化具有重要的意义。汞同位素分析作为一种环境示踪手段,能提供准确的定量信息,有助于了解独立而复杂的汞地球化学循环。因此,通过研究汞同位素组成可以分析、示踪沉积物中汞污染来源及其生物地球化学过程。本文结合近年相关研究成果,针对汞同位素分馏特征、湖沼相沉积物中汞同位素组成示踪环境变化进行了综述。
Mercury, as a heavy metal pollutant internationally recognized, is one of persistent and global metallic pollutants with highly active geochemical properties. Since there were human production activities, a large number of mercury had been discharged into the nature. It is meaningful to analyze the changes of mercury in different historical periods for understanding the environmental changes at the stage of human development. For mercury isotopes, as a tracer, provide accurate quantitative information and better understand the geochemical cycles of independent and complex mercury. Therefore, to study the mercury isotopic composition can be analyzed and traced the sources of mercury pollution and biogeochemical processes in sediments. Combined with recent researches, this paper illustrated mercury isotope fractionation and how the mercury isotopic composition traces environment changes with lacustrine sediments.
Mercury, as a heavy metal pollutant internationally recognized, is one of persistent and global metallic pollutants with highly active geochemical properties. Since there were human production activities, a large number of mercury had been discharged into the nature. It is meaningful to analyze the changes of mercury in different historical periods for understanding the environmental changes at the stage of human development. For mercury isotopes, as a tracer, provide accurate quantitative information and better understand the geochemical cycles of independent and complex mercury. Therefore, to study the mercury isotopic composition can be analyzed and traced the sources of mercury pollution and biogeochemical processes in sediments. Combined with recent researches, this paper illustrated mercury isotope fractionation and how the mercury isotopic composition traces environment changes with lacustrine sediments.
引文
[1]Morel F M M,Kraepiel A M L,Amyot M.The chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury[J].Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,1998,29(29):543-566.
[2]Mason R P,Fitzgerald W F,Morel F M M.The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury:Anthropogenic influences[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58(15):3191-3198.
[3]Schroeder W H,Munthe J.Atmospheric mercury-An overview[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(5):809-822.
[4]Yin R S,Feng X B,Li X D,et al.Trends and advances in mercury stable isotopes as a geochemical tracer[J].Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry,2014,2:1-10.
[5]Weiss D J,Rehkdmper M,Schoenberg R,et al.Application of Nontraditional Stable-Isotope Systems to the Study of Sources and Fate of Metals in the Environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(3):655-664.
[6]Nriagu,J,Becker,C.Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere:globaland regional inventories[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,304:3-12.
[7]Gustin,M S.Are mercury emissions fromgeologic sources significant?Astatusreport[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,304:153-167.
[8]Mason R P,Lawson N M,Sheu G R.Mercury in the Atlantic Ocean:factors controlling air-sea exchange of mercury and its distribution in the upper waters[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2001,48(13):2829-2853.
[9]Lindberg S E,Hanson P J,Meyers T P,et al.Air/surface exchange of mercury vapor over forests-the need for a reassessment of continental biogenic emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(5):895-908.
[10]Ericksen J A,Gustin M S.Foliar exchange of mercury as a function of soil and air mercury concentrations[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,324(1):271-279.
[11]Yin R,Feng X,Shi W.Application of the stable-isotope system to the study of sources and fate of Hg in the environment:A review[J].Applied Geochemistry,2010,25(10):1467-1477.
[12]Carpi A.Mercury from combustion sources:A review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,1997,98(3/4):241-254.
[13]Alvim-Ferraz M C,Afonso S A.Incineration of Different Types of Medical Wastes:Emission Factors for Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(14):3152-3157.
[14]Landis M S,Keeler G J,Al-Wali K I,et al.Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury emissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric dry deposition[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(4):613-622.
[15]Lamborg C H,Fitzgerald W F,Damman A W H,et al.Modern and historic atmospheric mercury fluxes in both hemispheres:Global and regional mercury cycling implications[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(4):51.
[16]Martinezcortizas A,Pontevedrapombal X,Garciarodeja E,et al.Mercury in a spanish peat bog:archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition[J].Science,1999,284(5416):939-942.
[17]Roos-Barraclough F,Martinez-Cortizas A,Garc??A-Rodeja E,et al.A 14?500 year record of the accumulation of atmospheric mercury in peat:volcanic signals,anthropogenic influences and a correlation to bromine accumulation[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2002,202(2):435-451.
[18]Steinnes E,Sj?bakk T E.Order-of-magnitude increase of Hg in Norwegian peat profiles since the outset of industrial activity in Europe[J].Environmental Pollution,2005,137(2):365-370.
[19]侍文芳,冯新斌,张干,等.150年以来红原雨养型泥炭中高分辨的汞同位素沉积记录[J].科学通报,2011,56(8):583-588.
[20]Gray J E,Pribil M J,Metre P C V,et al.Identification of contamination in a lake sediment core using Hg and Pb isotopic compositions,Lake Ballinger,Washington,USA[J].Applied Geochemistry,2013,29(1):1-12.
[21]Foucher D,Ogrinc,Hintelmann H.Tracing mercury contamination from the Idrija mining region(Slovenia)to the gulf of trieste using hg isotope ratio measurements.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(1):33-39.
[22]Feng X,Foucher D,Hintelmann H,et al.Tracing Mercury Contamination Sources in Sediments Using Mercury Isotope Compositions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(9):3363-3368.
[23]Gray J E,Metre P C V,Pribil M J,et al.Tracing historical trends of Hg in the Mississippi River using Hg concentrations and Hg isotopic compositions in a lake sediment core,Lake Whittington,Mississippi,USA[J].Chemical Geology,2015,395(395):80-87.
[24]Enrico M,Roux G L,Marusczak N,et al.Atmospheric Mercury Transfer to Peat Bogs Dominated by Gaseous Elemental Mercury Dry Deposition[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(5):2405.
[25]Slemr F,Brunke E,Ebinghaus R,et al.Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1977[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(10):405-414.
[26]白志鹏,张利文,彭林,等.稳定同位素在污染物溯源与示踪中的应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,2006(4):29-32.
[27]Bergquist B A,Blum J D.The odds and evens of mercury isotopes:applications of mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope fractionation[J].Elements,2009,5(6):353-357.
[28]Guédron S,Amouroux D,Sabatier P,et al.A hundred year record of industrial and urban development in French Alps combining Hg accumulation rates and isotope composition in sediment archives from Lake Luitel[J].Chemical Geology,2016,431:10-19.
[29]冯新斌,尹润生,俞奔,等.汞同位素地球化学概述[J].地学前缘,2015,22(05):124-135.
[30]吴志芳,刘锡明,张玉爱.同位素应用的现状和新进展[J].同位素,2012,25(2):117-123.
[31]冯新斌,洪业汤.汞的环境地球化学研究进展[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2013,32(5):105-108.
[32]Das R,Landing W,Bizimis M,et al.Mass Independent Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes as Source Tracers in Sediments☆[J].Procedia Earth&Planetary Science,2015,13:151-157.
[33]Sun R,Sonke J E,Heimbürger L E,et al.Mercury stable isotope signatures of world coal deposits and historical coal combustion emissions.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(13):7660-7668.
[34]Yin R,Feng X,Shi W.Application of the stable-isotope system to the study of sources and fate of Hg in the environment:A review[J].Applied Geochemistry,2010,25(10):1467-1477..
[35]Sun R,Enrico M,Heimbürger L E,et al.A double-stage tube furnace-acid-trapping protocol for the pre-concentration of mercury from solid samples for isotopic analysis[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2013,405(21):6771-6781.
[36]Brigham M E,Wentz D A,Aiken G R,et al.Mercury cycling in stream ecosystems.1.Water column chemistry and transport[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(8):2720-2725.
[37]Blum J D,Sherman L S,Johnson M W.Mercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental Sciences[J].Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,2014,42(1):249-269.
[38]Buchachenko A L.Magnetic Isotope Effect:?Nuclear Spin Control of Chemical Reactions[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry A,2001,105(44):9995-10011.
[39]Biswas A,Blum J D,Bergquist B A,et al.Natural mercury isotope variation in coal deposits and organic soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(22):8303-8309.
[40]Sun R,Sonke J E,Heimbürger L E,et al.Mercury stable isotope signatures of world coal deposits and historical coal combustion emissions.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(13):7660-7668.
[41]Carignan J,Estrade N,Sonke J E,et al.Odd isotope deficits in atmospheric Hg measured in lichens.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(15):5660-5664.
[42]Chen J B,Hintelmann H,Feng X B,et al.Unusual fractionation of both odd and even mercury isotopes in precipitation from Peterborough,ON,Canada[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,90(1):33-46.
[43]Estrade N,Carignan J,Donard O F.Isotope tracing of atmospheric mercury sources in an urban area of northeastern France[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(16):6062-6067.
[44]Demers J D,Blum J D,Zak D R.Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem:Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2013,27(1):222-238.
[45]Estrade N,Carignan J,Sonke J E,et al.Mercury isotope fractionation during liquid-vapor evaporation experiments[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2009,73(10):2693-2711.
[46]Zheng W,Hintelmann H.Nuclear field shift effect in isotope fractionation of mercury during abiotic reduction in the absence of light[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry A,2010,114(12):4238-4245.
[47]Wiederhold J G,Cramer C J,Daniel K,et al.Equilibrium Mercury Isotope Fractionation between Dissolved Hg(II)Species and Thiol-Bound Hg[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(11):4191-4197.
[48]Bergquist B A,Blum J D.Mass-dependent and-independent fractionation of hg isotopes by photoreduction in aquatic systems.[J].Science,2007,318(5849):417-420.
[49]Gratz L E,Keeler G J,Blum J D,et al.Isotopic composition and fractionation of mercury in Great Lakes precipitation and ambient air.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(20):7764-7770.
[50]Demers J D,Blum J D,Zak D R.Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem:Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2013,27(1):222-238.
[51]Cai H M,Chen J B.Mass-independent fractionation of even mercury isotopes[J].Science Bulletin,2016,61(2):116-124.
[52]Liu J,Feng X,Yin R,et al.Mercury distributions and mercury isotope signatures in sediments of Dongjiang,the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Chemical Geology,2011,287(1/2):81-89.
[53]Cooke C A,Hintelmann H,Ague J J,et al.Use and Legacy of Mercury in the Andes[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(9):4181-4188.
[54]Yin R,Feng X,Hurley J P,et al.Historical Records of Mercury Stable Isotopes in Sediments of Tibetan Lakes[J].Scientific Report,2016,6:23332.
[55]Ma J,Hintelmann H,Kirk J L,et al.Mercury concentrations and mercury isotope composition in lake sediment cores from the vicinity of a metal smelting facility in Flin Flon,Manitoba[J].Chemical Geology,2013,336(1):96-102.
[56]Monna F,Lancelot J,Croudace,I W,et al.Pb isotopic composition of airbone particulate materialfrom France and the southern United Kingdom:implicationsfor Pb pollution sources in urban areas.environmental science&technology1997,31:2277-2286.
[57]Foucher D,Ogrinc,Hintelmann H.Tracing mercury contamination from the Idrija mining region(Slovenia)to the gulf of trieste using hg isotope ratio measurements.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(1):33-39.
[58]Feng X B,Foucher D,Hintelmann H,et al.Tracing mercury contamination sources in sediments using mercury isotope compositions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(9):3363-3368.
[59]Lepak R F,Yin R,Krabbenhoft D P,et al.Use of Stable Isotope Signatures to Determine Mercury Sources in the Great Lakes[J].Environmental Science&Technology Letter,2015,2(12).
[60]Yin R,Feng X,Chen B,et al.Identifying the Sources and Processes of Mercury in Subtropical Estuarine and Ocean Sediments Using Hg Isotopic Composition[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(3):1347-1355.
[2]Mason R P,Fitzgerald W F,Morel F M M.The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury:Anthropogenic influences[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1994,58(15):3191-3198.
[3]Schroeder W H,Munthe J.Atmospheric mercury-An overview[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(5):809-822.
[4]Yin R S,Feng X B,Li X D,et al.Trends and advances in mercury stable isotopes as a geochemical tracer[J].Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry,2014,2:1-10.
[5]Weiss D J,Rehkdmper M,Schoenberg R,et al.Application of Nontraditional Stable-Isotope Systems to the Study of Sources and Fate of Metals in the Environment[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(3):655-664.
[6]Nriagu,J,Becker,C.Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere:globaland regional inventories[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,304:3-12.
[7]Gustin,M S.Are mercury emissions fromgeologic sources significant?Astatusreport[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,304:153-167.
[8]Mason R P,Lawson N M,Sheu G R.Mercury in the Atlantic Ocean:factors controlling air-sea exchange of mercury and its distribution in the upper waters[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2001,48(13):2829-2853.
[9]Lindberg S E,Hanson P J,Meyers T P,et al.Air/surface exchange of mercury vapor over forests-the need for a reassessment of continental biogenic emissions[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(5):895-908.
[10]Ericksen J A,Gustin M S.Foliar exchange of mercury as a function of soil and air mercury concentrations[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,324(1):271-279.
[11]Yin R,Feng X,Shi W.Application of the stable-isotope system to the study of sources and fate of Hg in the environment:A review[J].Applied Geochemistry,2010,25(10):1467-1477.
[12]Carpi A.Mercury from combustion sources:A review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,1997,98(3/4):241-254.
[13]Alvim-Ferraz M C,Afonso S A.Incineration of Different Types of Medical Wastes:Emission Factors for Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(14):3152-3157.
[14]Landis M S,Keeler G J,Al-Wali K I,et al.Divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury emissions from a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant and its impact on near-field atmospheric dry deposition[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(4):613-622.
[15]Lamborg C H,Fitzgerald W F,Damman A W H,et al.Modern and historic atmospheric mercury fluxes in both hemispheres:Global and regional mercury cycling implications[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(4):51.
[16]Martinezcortizas A,Pontevedrapombal X,Garciarodeja E,et al.Mercury in a spanish peat bog:archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition[J].Science,1999,284(5416):939-942.
[17]Roos-Barraclough F,Martinez-Cortizas A,Garc??A-Rodeja E,et al.A 14?500 year record of the accumulation of atmospheric mercury in peat:volcanic signals,anthropogenic influences and a correlation to bromine accumulation[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,2002,202(2):435-451.
[18]Steinnes E,Sj?bakk T E.Order-of-magnitude increase of Hg in Norwegian peat profiles since the outset of industrial activity in Europe[J].Environmental Pollution,2005,137(2):365-370.
[19]侍文芳,冯新斌,张干,等.150年以来红原雨养型泥炭中高分辨的汞同位素沉积记录[J].科学通报,2011,56(8):583-588.
[20]Gray J E,Pribil M J,Metre P C V,et al.Identification of contamination in a lake sediment core using Hg and Pb isotopic compositions,Lake Ballinger,Washington,USA[J].Applied Geochemistry,2013,29(1):1-12.
[21]Foucher D,Ogrinc,Hintelmann H.Tracing mercury contamination from the Idrija mining region(Slovenia)to the gulf of trieste using hg isotope ratio measurements.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(1):33-39.
[22]Feng X,Foucher D,Hintelmann H,et al.Tracing Mercury Contamination Sources in Sediments Using Mercury Isotope Compositions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(9):3363-3368.
[23]Gray J E,Metre P C V,Pribil M J,et al.Tracing historical trends of Hg in the Mississippi River using Hg concentrations and Hg isotopic compositions in a lake sediment core,Lake Whittington,Mississippi,USA[J].Chemical Geology,2015,395(395):80-87.
[24]Enrico M,Roux G L,Marusczak N,et al.Atmospheric Mercury Transfer to Peat Bogs Dominated by Gaseous Elemental Mercury Dry Deposition[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(5):2405.
[25]Slemr F,Brunke E,Ebinghaus R,et al.Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1977[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(10):405-414.
[26]白志鹏,张利文,彭林,等.稳定同位素在污染物溯源与示踪中的应用[J].城市环境与城市生态,2006(4):29-32.
[27]Bergquist B A,Blum J D.The odds and evens of mercury isotopes:applications of mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope fractionation[J].Elements,2009,5(6):353-357.
[28]Guédron S,Amouroux D,Sabatier P,et al.A hundred year record of industrial and urban development in French Alps combining Hg accumulation rates and isotope composition in sediment archives from Lake Luitel[J].Chemical Geology,2016,431:10-19.
[29]冯新斌,尹润生,俞奔,等.汞同位素地球化学概述[J].地学前缘,2015,22(05):124-135.
[30]吴志芳,刘锡明,张玉爱.同位素应用的现状和新进展[J].同位素,2012,25(2):117-123.
[31]冯新斌,洪业汤.汞的环境地球化学研究进展[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2013,32(5):105-108.
[32]Das R,Landing W,Bizimis M,et al.Mass Independent Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes as Source Tracers in Sediments☆[J].Procedia Earth&Planetary Science,2015,13:151-157.
[33]Sun R,Sonke J E,Heimbürger L E,et al.Mercury stable isotope signatures of world coal deposits and historical coal combustion emissions.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(13):7660-7668.
[34]Yin R,Feng X,Shi W.Application of the stable-isotope system to the study of sources and fate of Hg in the environment:A review[J].Applied Geochemistry,2010,25(10):1467-1477..
[35]Sun R,Enrico M,Heimbürger L E,et al.A double-stage tube furnace-acid-trapping protocol for the pre-concentration of mercury from solid samples for isotopic analysis[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2013,405(21):6771-6781.
[36]Brigham M E,Wentz D A,Aiken G R,et al.Mercury cycling in stream ecosystems.1.Water column chemistry and transport[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(8):2720-2725.
[37]Blum J D,Sherman L S,Johnson M W.Mercury Isotopes in Earth and Environmental Sciences[J].Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,2014,42(1):249-269.
[38]Buchachenko A L.Magnetic Isotope Effect:?Nuclear Spin Control of Chemical Reactions[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry A,2001,105(44):9995-10011.
[39]Biswas A,Blum J D,Bergquist B A,et al.Natural mercury isotope variation in coal deposits and organic soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(22):8303-8309.
[40]Sun R,Sonke J E,Heimbürger L E,et al.Mercury stable isotope signatures of world coal deposits and historical coal combustion emissions.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(13):7660-7668.
[41]Carignan J,Estrade N,Sonke J E,et al.Odd isotope deficits in atmospheric Hg measured in lichens.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(15):5660-5664.
[42]Chen J B,Hintelmann H,Feng X B,et al.Unusual fractionation of both odd and even mercury isotopes in precipitation from Peterborough,ON,Canada[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,90(1):33-46.
[43]Estrade N,Carignan J,Donard O F.Isotope tracing of atmospheric mercury sources in an urban area of northeastern France[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(16):6062-6067.
[44]Demers J D,Blum J D,Zak D R.Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem:Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2013,27(1):222-238.
[45]Estrade N,Carignan J,Sonke J E,et al.Mercury isotope fractionation during liquid-vapor evaporation experiments[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2009,73(10):2693-2711.
[46]Zheng W,Hintelmann H.Nuclear field shift effect in isotope fractionation of mercury during abiotic reduction in the absence of light[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry A,2010,114(12):4238-4245.
[47]Wiederhold J G,Cramer C J,Daniel K,et al.Equilibrium Mercury Isotope Fractionation between Dissolved Hg(II)Species and Thiol-Bound Hg[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(11):4191-4197.
[48]Bergquist B A,Blum J D.Mass-dependent and-independent fractionation of hg isotopes by photoreduction in aquatic systems.[J].Science,2007,318(5849):417-420.
[49]Gratz L E,Keeler G J,Blum J D,et al.Isotopic composition and fractionation of mercury in Great Lakes precipitation and ambient air.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(20):7764-7770.
[50]Demers J D,Blum J D,Zak D R.Mercury isotopes in a forested ecosystem:Implications for air-surface exchange dynamics and the global mercury cycle[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2013,27(1):222-238.
[51]Cai H M,Chen J B.Mass-independent fractionation of even mercury isotopes[J].Science Bulletin,2016,61(2):116-124.
[52]Liu J,Feng X,Yin R,et al.Mercury distributions and mercury isotope signatures in sediments of Dongjiang,the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Chemical Geology,2011,287(1/2):81-89.
[53]Cooke C A,Hintelmann H,Ague J J,et al.Use and Legacy of Mercury in the Andes[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(9):4181-4188.
[54]Yin R,Feng X,Hurley J P,et al.Historical Records of Mercury Stable Isotopes in Sediments of Tibetan Lakes[J].Scientific Report,2016,6:23332.
[55]Ma J,Hintelmann H,Kirk J L,et al.Mercury concentrations and mercury isotope composition in lake sediment cores from the vicinity of a metal smelting facility in Flin Flon,Manitoba[J].Chemical Geology,2013,336(1):96-102.
[56]Monna F,Lancelot J,Croudace,I W,et al.Pb isotopic composition of airbone particulate materialfrom France and the southern United Kingdom:implicationsfor Pb pollution sources in urban areas.environmental science&technology1997,31:2277-2286.
[57]Foucher D,Ogrinc,Hintelmann H.Tracing mercury contamination from the Idrija mining region(Slovenia)to the gulf of trieste using hg isotope ratio measurements.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(1):33-39.
[58]Feng X B,Foucher D,Hintelmann H,et al.Tracing mercury contamination sources in sediments using mercury isotope compositions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(9):3363-3368.
[59]Lepak R F,Yin R,Krabbenhoft D P,et al.Use of Stable Isotope Signatures to Determine Mercury Sources in the Great Lakes[J].Environmental Science&Technology Letter,2015,2(12).
[60]Yin R,Feng X,Chen B,et al.Identifying the Sources and Processes of Mercury in Subtropical Estuarine and Ocean Sediments Using Hg Isotopic Composition[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(3):1347-1355.