亚热带典型流域C、N沉降季节变化特征及其耦合输出过程
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摘要
大气湿沉降是流域生态系统水体中碳氮的重要来源,对生态系统的健康及稳定性有很大的影响。通过对江西千烟洲典型亚热带流域降雨过程的碳、氮湿沉降和径流过程的季节性动态特征进行监测分析,探讨流域沉降、径流输出的C、N耦合及平衡关系。结果表明:千烟洲香溪流域降雨径流中碳氮浓度明显低于雨水,流域大气降水中DOC浓度和TN浓度呈极显著正相关关系。香溪河流域常规水体C∶N均值为2.81,远低于根据Redfield比率得出的适宜浮游生物生长的C∶N(6.6左右),说明外源性N输入导致该流域水体环境处于N过量的状态,长期输出会提高下游鄱阳湖水系的营养化程度。降雨过程对流域碳输入输出平衡影响较小,对氮输入输出平衡的影响较大。流域湿沉降DOC年输入量为69.41 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),TN湿沉降通量为77.23 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),碳氮沉降水平受区域降雨量及空气污染情况控制。香溪流域生态系统截留的沉降TN占当地氮肥年均使用量的33.13%,大气降水对亚热带流域生态系统的大量营养物质输入不容忽视。
Atmospheric wet deposition is an important source of carbon and nitrogen in watershed ecosystems and has a substantial effect on health and stability of ecosystems. In the typical subtropical Xiangxi watershed,seasonal dynamic characteristics of C and N in wet deposition and rainfall-runoff export events were monitored and analyzed to discuss C and N coupling processes and matter equilibrium relationships between deposition and rainfall-runoff export. The results showed that,in the process of rainfall and rainfall-runoff in the Xiangxi watershed,the monthly average concentrations of C and N had obvious seasonal differences. The C and N concentrations in atmospheric wet deposition were higher in the dry season than that in the wet season,and the values in rainfall-runoff were greatly affected by local agricultural activities,such as fertilization. The average concentrations of DOC and TN in atmospheric rainfall were 5. 28 mg/L and 5. 91 mg/L,respectively,and the concentrations of C and N in rainfall-runoff were significantly lower than that in rainwater. Between DOC and TN concentrations,there were very significant positive correlations in rainwater,no significant correlations inrainfall-runoff,and significant negative correlations in conventional water. Nutrient sources in each process were the main factors affecting the relationship between C and N. Because of the erosion to soil by heavy rainfall,C ∶ N in rainfall-runoff was obviously higher than that in conventional water. The ratio in rainwater was similar to that of conventional water,indicating that atmospheric wet deposition was the main source of C and N in the watershed. The main reason was that most of the rainfall events were small and medium rainfall in the Xiangxi watershed,and the annual rainfall had a limited effect on soil erosion. Therefore, C ∶ N in conventional water was almost unaffected by soil. The mean value of C ∶ N in conventional water in the Xiangxi watershed was 2.81,which was much lower than the suitable value(approximately 6.6)for plankton growth according to the Redfield ratio,indicating that exogenous N input had caused the water environment to be in a state of excess N in this watershed,and long-term output would increase the degree of nutrition of the downstream Poyang Lake. Rainfall processes had a small effect on C input-output balance but had a greater impact on N input-output balance in the Xiangxi watershed. The annual wet deposition fluxes of DOC and TN were 69.41 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)and 77.23 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),respectively. The level of C and N deposition was controlled by regional rainfall and air pollution. Deposition flux of TN in the Xiangxi watershed ecosystem accounted for 33.13% of the annual average nitrogen fertilizer application in this region. Therefore,the large number of nutrients input into subtropical watershed ecosystems by atmospheric rainfall cannot be neglected.
Atmospheric wet deposition is an important source of carbon and nitrogen in watershed ecosystems and has a substantial effect on health and stability of ecosystems. In the typical subtropical Xiangxi watershed,seasonal dynamic characteristics of C and N in wet deposition and rainfall-runoff export events were monitored and analyzed to discuss C and N coupling processes and matter equilibrium relationships between deposition and rainfall-runoff export. The results showed that,in the process of rainfall and rainfall-runoff in the Xiangxi watershed,the monthly average concentrations of C and N had obvious seasonal differences. The C and N concentrations in atmospheric wet deposition were higher in the dry season than that in the wet season,and the values in rainfall-runoff were greatly affected by local agricultural activities,such as fertilization. The average concentrations of DOC and TN in atmospheric rainfall were 5. 28 mg/L and 5. 91 mg/L,respectively,and the concentrations of C and N in rainfall-runoff were significantly lower than that in rainwater. Between DOC and TN concentrations,there were very significant positive correlations in rainwater,no significant correlations inrainfall-runoff,and significant negative correlations in conventional water. Nutrient sources in each process were the main factors affecting the relationship between C and N. Because of the erosion to soil by heavy rainfall,C ∶ N in rainfall-runoff was obviously higher than that in conventional water. The ratio in rainwater was similar to that of conventional water,indicating that atmospheric wet deposition was the main source of C and N in the watershed. The main reason was that most of the rainfall events were small and medium rainfall in the Xiangxi watershed,and the annual rainfall had a limited effect on soil erosion. Therefore, C ∶ N in conventional water was almost unaffected by soil. The mean value of C ∶ N in conventional water in the Xiangxi watershed was 2.81,which was much lower than the suitable value(approximately 6.6)for plankton growth according to the Redfield ratio,indicating that exogenous N input had caused the water environment to be in a state of excess N in this watershed,and long-term output would increase the degree of nutrition of the downstream Poyang Lake. Rainfall processes had a small effect on C input-output balance but had a greater impact on N input-output balance in the Xiangxi watershed. The annual wet deposition fluxes of DOC and TN were 69.41 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)and 77.23 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),respectively. The level of C and N deposition was controlled by regional rainfall and air pollution. Deposition flux of TN in the Xiangxi watershed ecosystem accounted for 33.13% of the annual average nitrogen fertilizer application in this region. Therefore,the large number of nutrients input into subtropical watershed ecosystems by atmospheric rainfall cannot be neglected.
引文
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[9]鄂馨卉,汪亚峰,高扬,陈利顶,陈世博,陈维梁.黄土高原降雨驱动下流域碳输移特征及其碳流失评估:以羊圈沟坝系流域为例.环境科学,2017,38(8):3264-3272.
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[17] Diez B,Nieuwerburgh L V,Snoeijs P. Water nutrient stoichiometry modifies the nutritional quality of phytoplankton and somatic growth of crustacean mesozooplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series,2013,489:93-105.
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[23] Huang Y L,Lu X X,Chen K. Wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen:20 years measurement in Shenzhen City,China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(1):113-122.
[24]郝卓,高扬,张进忠,徐亚娟,于贵瑞.南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响.环境科学,2015,36(5):1630-1638.
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