商业生态系统的构建与价值创造——小米智能硬件生态链案例分析
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摘要
商业生态系统是典型的企业通过网络关系实现增长的路径。本文选择了后来居上的典型案例小米智能硬件生态链,从时间序列上回溯了小米构建商业生态系统的过程,研究了商业生态系统如何构建的核心问题,对以往文献未作深入讨论的商业生态系统的内在交互关系进行剖析,形成本文的主要理论贡献。研究发现:小米通过拆解自身和潜在利益相关方的资源能力和诉求选择了交易对象,而小米智能硬件生态系统的交易关系构建则基于小米及交易对象的产权与需求,更多采用分成的交易定价机制减小了主体间信息不对称和代理问题。本文利用小米生态链事业部负责人、生态链企业创始团队的一手访谈,结合公司公告、相关人员讲演、分析报告等多种信息来源,应用魏朱商业模式理论和描述框架,从资源能力互补性及交易价值创造角度,解析了小米智能硬件生态链的构建逻辑及创新之处。本文为商业生态系统打造和深化研究提供了样本。
Eco-chain is an effective instrument for firm growth through network. This paper selects Xiaomi eco-chain as a typical case of firms which catch up from behind. The formation of the business eco-chain is carefully reviewed in time series to answer the core research question, how a business ecosystem is constructed. The discussion of the transaction mode aims at explaining the internal relationship which the literature did not clearly state. We find that the transaction parties are selected based on their resources and needs, just as how Xiaomi carefully constructed Xiaomi eco-chain based on the property rights and requirements of all players, and that the matching process determines the transaction model, that is why the pricing process of sharing rather than giving mechanism is more often used. The paper studies the data from multiple sources, such as face-to-face interview with the person in charge of Xiaomi eco-chain and the start-ups, the company files, the public speeches of the CEO of Xiaomi and so on, and applies the business model theory to describe and explain the formation and value creation of a business ecosystem. The case of Xiaomi eco-chain provides an inspiring example of how an effective business ecosystem can be formed, and enlightens further researches of the business ecosystem.
Eco-chain is an effective instrument for firm growth through network. This paper selects Xiaomi eco-chain as a typical case of firms which catch up from behind. The formation of the business eco-chain is carefully reviewed in time series to answer the core research question, how a business ecosystem is constructed. The discussion of the transaction mode aims at explaining the internal relationship which the literature did not clearly state. We find that the transaction parties are selected based on their resources and needs, just as how Xiaomi carefully constructed Xiaomi eco-chain based on the property rights and requirements of all players, and that the matching process determines the transaction model, that is why the pricing process of sharing rather than giving mechanism is more often used. The paper studies the data from multiple sources, such as face-to-face interview with the person in charge of Xiaomi eco-chain and the start-ups, the company files, the public speeches of the CEO of Xiaomi and so on, and applies the business model theory to describe and explain the formation and value creation of a business ecosystem. The case of Xiaomi eco-chain provides an inspiring example of how an effective business ecosystem can be formed, and enlightens further researches of the business ecosystem.
引文
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[3] Haspeslagh P.C.,Jemison D.B.Managing Acquisitions:Creating Value Through Corporate Renewal[M].New York:The Free Press,1991
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[11] Pierce L.Big Losses in Ecosystem Niches:How Core Firm Decisions Drive Complementary Product Shakeouts[J].Strategic Management Journal,2009,30(3):323-347
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[33] Firat A.F.,Dholakia N.,Venkatesh A.Marketing in a Postmodern World[J].European Journal of Marketing,1995,29(1):40-56
[34] Gronroos C.,Voima P.Critical Service Logic:Making Sense of Value Creation and Co-Creation[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2013,41(2):133-150
[35] Gordijn J.,Akkermans J.M.Value-based Requirements Engineering:Exploring Innovative E-commerce Ideas[J].Requirements Engineering,2003,8(2):114-134
[36] Hamel G.Lead the Revolution[M].Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2000
[37] Chesbrough H.W.A Better Way to Innovation[J].Harvard Business Review,2003,81(7):12-14
[38] Amit R.,Zott C.Value Creation in e-Business[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22:493-520
[39] 任小勋,乔晗,黄稚渊,等.商业模式钻石模型——平安金融旗舰店案例研究[J].管理评论,2015,27(11):231-240
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[41] Morris M.,Schindehutte M.,Allen J.The Entrepreneur’s Business Model:Toward a Unified Perspective[J].Journal of Business Research,2005,58(6):720-735
[42] 魏炜,朱武祥,林桂平.商业模式的经济解释[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2012
[43] Moore J.F.A Framework for Strategy Making,Upside[M].London:Foster City,1996
[44] 魏炜,朱武祥,林桂平.商业模式的经济解释II[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015
[45] 魏炜,朱武祥.什么是商业模式?答案:利益相关者的交易结构[J].深圳特区经济,2008,26(2):72-83
[46] 魏炜,胡勇,朱武祥.变革性高速成长公司的商业模式创新奇迹——一个多案例研究的发现[J].管理评论,2015,27(7):218-231
[47] 魏炜,胡勇,陈伟剑.发现和打造企业竞争的三度空间——一个多案例研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(1):229-240
[48] Yin R.K.Case Study Research:Design and Method (4th Edition)[M].London:Sage Publications,2002
[49] Yin R.K.The Case Study Anthology[M].London:Sage Publications,2004
[50] Dyer E.G.,Wilkins A.L.Better Stories,not Better Constructs,to Generate Better Theory:A Rejoinder to Eisenhardt[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1991,16(3):319-613
[51] Nudurupati S.S.,Bhattacharya A.,Lascelles D.Strategic Sourcing with Multi-Stakeholders through Value Co-creation:An Evidence from Global Health Care Company[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,166:248-257
[52] Eisenhardt K.M.Building Theories from Case Study Research[J].Academy of Management Review,1989,14(4):532-550
[53] Eisenhardt K.M.,Graebner M.F.Theory Building from Cases:Opportunities and Challenges[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(1):25-32
[54] 毛基业,李高勇.案例研究的“术”与“道”的反思——中国企业管理案例与质性研究论坛(2013)综述[J].管理世界,2014,(2):111-117
[55] 李高勇,毛基业.案例选择与研究策略——中国企业管理案例与质性研究论坛(2014)综述[J].管理世界,2015,(2):133-136
[56] Glaser B.,Strauss A.The Discovery of Grounded Theory[M].London:Weidenfeld and Nicholson,1967
[57] Eisenhardt K.M.Building Theories from Case Study Research[J].Academy of Management Review,1989,14(4):532-550
[58] Yin R.K.Case Study Research:Design and Methods (5th Edition)[M].London:Sage Publications,2009
[59] 李佳诚.乐视网生态系统模式研究[D].南京财经大学硕士学位论文,2015
[60] 李朝伟.企业商业模式创新研究——以联想为例[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2011
[61] 苏勇,李作良,马文杰.新兴经济国家后发企业战略转型:演化路径、驱动因素——基于HTC的案例研究[J].研究与发展管理,2014,26(2):77-86
[62] Chandler D.A.Scale and Scope:The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Havard University Press,1990
[63] Teece J.D.Towards an Economic Theory of the Multiproduct Firm[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,1982,3(1):29-63
[64] Contractor F.J.,Lorange P.,School W.Cooperative Strategies in International Business[J].Academy of Management Review,1988,14(3):465-467
[65] Thorelli B.H.Networks:Between Markets and Hierarchies[J].Strategic Management Journal,1986,7(1):37-51
[66] Miles E.R.,Snow C.C.Causes of Failure in Network Organizations[J].California Management Review,1992,34(4):53-72
[2] Nelson R.R.,Winter S.G.An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change[M].Boston:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1982
[3] Haspeslagh P.C.,Jemison D.B.Managing Acquisitions:Creating Value Through Corporate Renewal[M].New York:The Free Press,1991
[4] Zott C.,Amit R.Business Model Design:An Activity System Perspective[J].Long Range Planning,2010,43(2):216-226
[5] Zott C.,Amit R.,Masssa L.The Business Model:Recent Developments and Future Research[J].Journal of Management,2011,37(4):1019-1042
[6] Zott C.,Amit R.The Business Model:A Theoretically Anchored Robust Construct for Strategic Analysis[J].Strategic Organization,2013,11(4):403-411
[7] 魏炜,朱武祥,林桂平.基于利益相关者交易结构的商业模式理论[J].管理世界,2012,(12):125-131
[8] 魏炜,林桂平,朱武祥.从治理交易关系与业务交易关系探讨企业边界及相关命题——一个多案例研究的发现[J].管理评论,2016,28(4):212-224
[9] Moore J.F.Predators and Prey:A New Ecology of Competition[J].Harvard Business Review,1993,71(3):74-80
[10] Peltoniemi M.,Vuori E.Business Ecosystem as the New Approach to Complex Adaptive Business Environments[J].Empowerment in Organizations,2004,(1):267-281
[11] Pierce L.Big Losses in Ecosystem Niches:How Core Firm Decisions Drive Complementary Product Shakeouts[J].Strategic Management Journal,2009,30(3):323-347
[12] Anggraeni E.,Hartigh E.,Zegveld M.Business Ecosystem as a Perspective for Studying the Relations between Firms and Their Business Network[J].ECCON,2007,2007:1-25
[13] Iansiti M.,Levien R.The Keystone Advantage:What the New Dynamics of Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy,Innovation,and Sustainability[J].Future Survey,2004,20(2):88-90
[14] Lewin R.On the Edge in the World of Business[M].Chicago:Press of University of Chicago,1999
[15] Moore J.F.The Death of Competition:Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems[M].New York:Wiley Harper Business,1996
[16] Hartigh E.D.,Tol M.,Visscher W.The Health Measurement of a Business Ecosystem:European Network on Chaos and Complexity Research and Management Practice Meeting[C].The 6th International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management,2006
[17] Powell W.W.Neither Market Nor Hierarchy:Network Forms of Organization[J].Research in Organizational Behavior,1990,12:295-336
[18] Teece D.J.Business Ecosystem[M].England:The Palgrave Macmillan UK,2016
[19] Power T.,Jerjian G.Ecosystem:Living the 12 principles of Networked Business[M].London:Harlow FT,2001
[20] Iansiti M.,Lewin R.Strategy as Ecology[J].Harvard Business Review,2004,34(3):68-78
[21] Iansiti M.,Lewin R.Keystones and Dominators:Framing the Operational Dynamics of Business Ecosystems[M].Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2010
[22] Westerlund M.,Lenimen S.,Rajahonka M.Designing Business Models for the Internet of Things[J].Journal of Radioanabytical & Nuclear Chemistry,2014,303(2):1405-1408
[23] William R.G.The Theory and Practice of Modern Taxation[M].Chicago:Clearing House,1933
[24] Smith A.Wealth of Nations[M].New York:P.F.Collier & Son,1909
[25] Menger C.Principles of Economics[M].Auburn:Mises Institute,1871
[26] Marshall A.The Principles of Economics[M].London:Macmilan,1920
[27] Porter M.E.The Competitive Advantage of Nations[M].New York:Free Press,1998
[28] Boquist J.A.,Milbourn T.,Thakor T.The Search for the Best Financial Performance Measure[J].Financial Analysts Journal,1997,53(3):11-20
[29] Lippmna S.A.,Rumelt R.P.A Bargaining Perspective on Resource Advantage[J].Strategic Management Journal,2003,24(11):1069-1086
[30] Barney J.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage[J].Journal of Management,1991,17(1):99-120
[31] Wernerfelt B.A Resource-Based View of the Firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1984,5(2):171-180
[32] Amit R.,Schoemaker P.J.H.Strategic Assets and Organizational Rent[J].Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(1):33-46
[33] Firat A.F.,Dholakia N.,Venkatesh A.Marketing in a Postmodern World[J].European Journal of Marketing,1995,29(1):40-56
[34] Gronroos C.,Voima P.Critical Service Logic:Making Sense of Value Creation and Co-Creation[J].Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2013,41(2):133-150
[35] Gordijn J.,Akkermans J.M.Value-based Requirements Engineering:Exploring Innovative E-commerce Ideas[J].Requirements Engineering,2003,8(2):114-134
[36] Hamel G.Lead the Revolution[M].Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2000
[37] Chesbrough H.W.A Better Way to Innovation[J].Harvard Business Review,2003,81(7):12-14
[38] Amit R.,Zott C.Value Creation in e-Business[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22:493-520
[39] 任小勋,乔晗,黄稚渊,等.商业模式钻石模型——平安金融旗舰店案例研究[J].管理评论,2015,27(11):231-240
[40] 乔晗,张靖,郭盛,等.银行外部环境、商业模式与绩效间关系研究——基于国内16家上市商业银行的数据[J].管理评论,2017,29(6):252-263
[41] Morris M.,Schindehutte M.,Allen J.The Entrepreneur’s Business Model:Toward a Unified Perspective[J].Journal of Business Research,2005,58(6):720-735
[42] 魏炜,朱武祥,林桂平.商业模式的经济解释[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2012
[43] Moore J.F.A Framework for Strategy Making,Upside[M].London:Foster City,1996
[44] 魏炜,朱武祥,林桂平.商业模式的经济解释II[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015
[45] 魏炜,朱武祥.什么是商业模式?答案:利益相关者的交易结构[J].深圳特区经济,2008,26(2):72-83
[46] 魏炜,胡勇,朱武祥.变革性高速成长公司的商业模式创新奇迹——一个多案例研究的发现[J].管理评论,2015,27(7):218-231
[47] 魏炜,胡勇,陈伟剑.发现和打造企业竞争的三度空间——一个多案例研究[J].管理评论,2016,28(1):229-240
[48] Yin R.K.Case Study Research:Design and Method (4th Edition)[M].London:Sage Publications,2002
[49] Yin R.K.The Case Study Anthology[M].London:Sage Publications,2004
[50] Dyer E.G.,Wilkins A.L.Better Stories,not Better Constructs,to Generate Better Theory:A Rejoinder to Eisenhardt[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1991,16(3):319-613
[51] Nudurupati S.S.,Bhattacharya A.,Lascelles D.Strategic Sourcing with Multi-Stakeholders through Value Co-creation:An Evidence from Global Health Care Company[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2015,166:248-257
[52] Eisenhardt K.M.Building Theories from Case Study Research[J].Academy of Management Review,1989,14(4):532-550
[53] Eisenhardt K.M.,Graebner M.F.Theory Building from Cases:Opportunities and Challenges[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(1):25-32
[54] 毛基业,李高勇.案例研究的“术”与“道”的反思——中国企业管理案例与质性研究论坛(2013)综述[J].管理世界,2014,(2):111-117
[55] 李高勇,毛基业.案例选择与研究策略——中国企业管理案例与质性研究论坛(2014)综述[J].管理世界,2015,(2):133-136
[56] Glaser B.,Strauss A.The Discovery of Grounded Theory[M].London:Weidenfeld and Nicholson,1967
[57] Eisenhardt K.M.Building Theories from Case Study Research[J].Academy of Management Review,1989,14(4):532-550
[58] Yin R.K.Case Study Research:Design and Methods (5th Edition)[M].London:Sage Publications,2009
[59] 李佳诚.乐视网生态系统模式研究[D].南京财经大学硕士学位论文,2015
[60] 李朝伟.企业商业模式创新研究——以联想为例[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文,2011
[61] 苏勇,李作良,马文杰.新兴经济国家后发企业战略转型:演化路径、驱动因素——基于HTC的案例研究[J].研究与发展管理,2014,26(2):77-86
[62] Chandler D.A.Scale and Scope:The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism[M].Cambridge:The Belknap Press of Havard University Press,1990
[63] Teece J.D.Towards an Economic Theory of the Multiproduct Firm[J].Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,1982,3(1):29-63
[64] Contractor F.J.,Lorange P.,School W.Cooperative Strategies in International Business[J].Academy of Management Review,1988,14(3):465-467
[65] Thorelli B.H.Networks:Between Markets and Hierarchies[J].Strategic Management Journal,1986,7(1):37-51
[66] Miles E.R.,Snow C.C.Causes of Failure in Network Organizations[J].California Management Review,1992,34(4):53-72