洱海近岸不同种植类型农田沟渠径流氮磷流失特征
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摘要
为研究不同种植类型对沟渠径流氮磷流失的影响,以洱海西岸苗木地、菜地和稻田3种种植类型农田内的典型灌排单元为研究对象,通过监测沟渠径流流入和流出灌排单元断面的氮、磷浓度,分析不同种植类型对沟渠径流氮、磷浓度的影响及相对贡献。结果表明,不同种植类型农田沟渠出水径流氮、磷浓度从大到小依次为菜地、稻田和苗木地,其中稻田和苗木地沟渠出水口径流总氮(TN)浓度大于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水,而总磷(TP)浓度低于地表Ⅳ类水标准,菜地沟渠出水口径流TN、TP浓度远大于地表V类水标准。菜地沟渠出水口径流中各形态氮、磷浓度均大于沟渠入水口,苗木地则相反。5、6月稻田沟渠出水口径流各形态氮、磷浓度大于沟渠入水口,其他月份则相反。3种种植类型下沟渠径流氮磷的主要形态为无机氮和可溶性总磷(DTP),分别占TN和TP浓度的70.32%~81.49%和70.33%~79.33%,NO_3~--N占无机氮浓度的75.13%~84.75%。不同种植类型对沟渠径流TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TP和DTP浓度的贡献率从大到小依次为菜地(56.41%、85.81%、44.61%、66.17%和64.80%)、稻田(-4.50%、-15.14%、-10.01%、-0.85%和-0.29%)和苗木地(-89.88%、-64.81%、-96.49%、-72.11%和-69.69%)。
In order to explore effect of planting pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus losses with ditch runoff,one typical irrigation and drainage unit each was selected in a sapling nursery,vegetable garden and a tract of rice paddy field on the west bank of Lake Erhai as objects in the study,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the irrigation water flowing into and ditch runoff flowing out of the irrigation and drainage units were monitored for analysis of effects of planting pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in ditch runoff and their relative contribution. Results show that in terms of N and P concentrations of N and P in ditch runoff,the three types of farmlands exhibited an order of vegetable garden > rice paddy field > sapling nursery. The ditch run-offs at the outlets of the ditches from the test units in the paddy field and the sapling nursery were higher in TN but lower in TP than the criteria for Class IV surface water set by GB 3838-2002,while the ditch run-off from the vegetable garden was far above the criteria for Class V surface water in both TN and TP and higher than the irrigation water in concentration of various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. The situation in the sapling nursery was just the contrary. In the paddy field the ditch runoff was higher than the irrigation water in concentration of various forms of N and P in May and June,while it went opposite in the other months. Inorganic nitrogen and dissolved total phosphorus( DTP) were the main N and P forms in the ditch runoff under all the three planting patterns,accounting for70. 32%-81. 49% of TN and 70. 33%-79. 33% of TP,respectively,and NO_3~--N was the major fraction of inorganic ni-trogen,accounting for 75. 13%-84. 75%. In terms of contribution to TN,NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N,TP and DTP in the ditch run-offs,the three types of farmlands followed an order of vegetable garden( 56. 41%,85. 81%,44. 61%,66. 17% and64. 80%,respectively) > rice paddy field(-4. 50%,-15. 14%,-10. 01%,-0. 85% and-0. 29%,respectively) >sapling nursery(-89. 88%,-64. 81%,-96. 49%,-72. 11% and-69. 69%,respectively). All the findings in this study demonstrate a strong need for optimizing spatial distribution of planting in the areas offshore of Lake Erhai to reduce agricultural N and P losses and protect Erhai Lake from eutrophication.
In order to explore effect of planting pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus losses with ditch runoff,one typical irrigation and drainage unit each was selected in a sapling nursery,vegetable garden and a tract of rice paddy field on the west bank of Lake Erhai as objects in the study,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the irrigation water flowing into and ditch runoff flowing out of the irrigation and drainage units were monitored for analysis of effects of planting pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in ditch runoff and their relative contribution. Results show that in terms of N and P concentrations of N and P in ditch runoff,the three types of farmlands exhibited an order of vegetable garden > rice paddy field > sapling nursery. The ditch run-offs at the outlets of the ditches from the test units in the paddy field and the sapling nursery were higher in TN but lower in TP than the criteria for Class IV surface water set by GB 3838-2002,while the ditch run-off from the vegetable garden was far above the criteria for Class V surface water in both TN and TP and higher than the irrigation water in concentration of various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. The situation in the sapling nursery was just the contrary. In the paddy field the ditch runoff was higher than the irrigation water in concentration of various forms of N and P in May and June,while it went opposite in the other months. Inorganic nitrogen and dissolved total phosphorus( DTP) were the main N and P forms in the ditch runoff under all the three planting patterns,accounting for70. 32%-81. 49% of TN and 70. 33%-79. 33% of TP,respectively,and NO_3~--N was the major fraction of inorganic ni-trogen,accounting for 75. 13%-84. 75%. In terms of contribution to TN,NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N,TP and DTP in the ditch run-offs,the three types of farmlands followed an order of vegetable garden( 56. 41%,85. 81%,44. 61%,66. 17% and64. 80%,respectively) > rice paddy field(-4. 50%,-15. 14%,-10. 01%,-0. 85% and-0. 29%,respectively) >sapling nursery(-89. 88%,-64. 81%,-96. 49%,-72. 11% and-69. 69%,respectively). All the findings in this study demonstrate a strong need for optimizing spatial distribution of planting in the areas offshore of Lake Erhai to reduce agricultural N and P losses and protect Erhai Lake from eutrophication.
引文
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[4]徐爱国,冀宏杰,张认连,等.太湖水网地区原位模拟降雨条件下不同农田类型氮素流失特征研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):809-816.[XU Ai-guo,JI Hong-jie,ZHANGRen-lian,et al.Nitrogen Losses Under Simulated Rainfall Conditions in Different Cropping Lands of Taihu Lake Region[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(4):809-816.]
[5]SCHILLING K E,LIBRA R D.The Relationship of Nitrate Concentrations in Streams to Row Crop Land Use in Lowa[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(6):1846-1951.
[6]CASTILLO M M,ALLAN J D,BRUNZELL S.Nutrient Concentrations and Discharges in a Midwestern Agricultural Catchment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(4):1142-1151.
[7]郭长城,喻国华,王国祥.湖滨带植物群落对挟沙水体氮、磷污染物的截留效果[J].生态环境,2007,16(3):866-870.[GUOChang-cheng,YU Guo-hua,WANG Guo-xiang.Removal of N and Pin Water Taking Sediment by Simulative Bank[J].Ecology and Environment,2007,16(3):866-870.]
[8]JONES K B,NEALE A C,NASH M S,et al.Predicting Nutrient and Sediment Loadings to Streams From Landscape Metrics:AMultiple Watershed Study From the United States Mid-Atlantic Region[J].Landscape Ecology,2001,16(4):301-312.
[9]陆海明,孙金华,邹鹰,等.农田排水沟渠的环境效应与生态功能综述[J].水科学进展,2010,21(5):719-725.[LU Hai-ming,SUN Jin-hua,ZOU Ying,et al.Review of Environmental Impact and Ecological Function of Agricultural Drainage Ditches[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(5):719-725.]
[10]陆琦,马克明,倪红伟.湿地农田渠系的生态环境影响研究综述[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):2118-2125.[LU Qi,MA Keming,NI Hong-wei.A Review on the Ecological and Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Ditch Systems in Wetlands[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(5):2118-2125.]
[11]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.[State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Methods[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.]
[12]沈连峰,苗蕾,韩敏,等.河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):77-80.[SHEN Lian-feng,MIAO Lei,HAN Min,et al.Characteristics A-nalysis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss About Different Land Use Types of Huaihe River Basin in Henan Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):77-80.]
[13]GB 3838-2002,地表水环境质量标准[S].[GB 3838-2002,Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water[S].]
[14]曹志洪,林先贵,杨林章,等.“稻田圈”在保护城乡生态环境中的功能Ⅱ:稻田土壤氮素养分的累积、迁移及其生态环境意义[J].土壤学报,2006,43(2):256-260.[CAO Zhi-hong,LINXian-gui,YANG Lin-zhang,et al.Ecological Function of"Paddy Field Ring"to Urban and Rural EnvironmentⅡ:Characteristics of Nitrogen Accumulation,Movement in Paddy Field Ecosystem and Its Relation to Environmental Protection[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(2):256-260.]
[15]王彩绒.太湖典型地区蔬菜地氮磷迁移与控制研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.[WANG Cai-rong.Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Movement and Control in Vegetable Fields in Taihu Lake Region[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2006.]
[16]何军,崔远来,王建鹏,等.不同尺度稻田氮磷排放规律试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):56-62.[HE Jun,CUI Yuanlai,WANG Jian-peng,et al.Experiments on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses From Paddy Fields Under Different Scales[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(10):56-62.]
[17]肖梦华,俞双恩,章云龙.控制排水条件下淹水稻田田面及地下水氮浓度变化[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(10):180-186.[XIAO Meng-hua,YU Shuang-en,ZHANG Yun-long.Changes of Nitrogen Concentration for Surface and Groundwater in Flooding Paddy Field Under Controlled Drainage[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(10):180-186.]
[18]高德才,张蕾,刘强,等.不同施肥模式对旱地土壤氮素径流流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):209-213.[GAO Decai,ZHANG Lei,LIU Qiang,et al.Effects of Different Fertilization Modes on Soil Nitrogen Runoff in Dryland Field[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):209-213.]
[19]李国栋,胡正义,杨林章,等.太湖典型菜地土壤氮磷向水体径流输出与生态草带拦截控制[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(8):905-910.[LI Guo-dong,HU Zheng-yi,YANG Lin-zhang,et al.Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses With Surface Runoff From Typical Vegetable Field of Taihu Lake Region and Their Control With Grass Buffer Strip[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):905-910.]
[20]胡宜刚,吴攀,赵洋,等.宁蒙引黄灌区农田排水沟渠水质特征[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(7):1730-1738.[HU Yi-gang,WUPan,ZHAO Yang,et al.Water Quality of Cropland Drainage Ditches in the Yellow River Irrigation Regions of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(7):1730-1738.]
[22]YANG J L,ZHANG G L,SHI X Z,et al.Dynamic Changes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in Ephemeral Runoff Processes by Typical Storm Events in Sichuan Basin,Southwest China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,105(2):292-299.
[23]HAN J G,LI Z B,LI P,et al.Nitrogen and Phosphorous Concentrations in Runoff From a Purple Soil in an Agricultural Watershed[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):757-762.
[24]KLEINMAN P J A,ALLEN A L,NEEDELMAN B A.Dynamics of Phosphorus Transfers From Heavily Manured Coastal Plain Soils to Drainage Ditches[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,62(4):225-235.
[25]汤秋香,任天志,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区不同轮作农田氮、磷流失特性研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(3):608-615.[TANG Qiu-xiang,REN Tian-zhi,LEI Bao-kun,et al.Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Various Crop Rotation Systems in Northern Watershed of Erhai Lake[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(3):608-615.]
[26]尹延震,储昭升,赵明,等.洱海湖滨带水质的时空变化规律[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1192-1196.[YIN Yan-zhen,CHU Zhao-sheng,ZHAO Ming,et al.Spatial and Temporal Changes in Water Quality in Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotone of Lake Erhai[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(7):1192-1196.]
[2]章明奎,王阳,黄超.水网平原地区不同种植类型农田氮磷流失特征[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(12):3211-3220.[ZHANGMing-kui,WANG Yang,HUANG Chao.Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Runoff Losses From Croplands With Different Planting Patterns in a Riverine Plain Area of Zhejiang Province,East China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(12):3211-3220.]
[3]张继宗,张维理,雷秋良,等.太湖平原农田区域地表水特征及对氮磷流失的影响[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(4):1497-1503.[ZHANG Ji-zong,ZHANG Wei-li,LEI Qiu-liang,et al.Surface Water Characteristics of Farmlands Area and the Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses From Farmland in Taihu Lake Region[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2009,18(4):1497-1503.]
[4]徐爱国,冀宏杰,张认连,等.太湖水网地区原位模拟降雨条件下不同农田类型氮素流失特征研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):809-816.[XU Ai-guo,JI Hong-jie,ZHANGRen-lian,et al.Nitrogen Losses Under Simulated Rainfall Conditions in Different Cropping Lands of Taihu Lake Region[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(4):809-816.]
[5]SCHILLING K E,LIBRA R D.The Relationship of Nitrate Concentrations in Streams to Row Crop Land Use in Lowa[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(6):1846-1951.
[6]CASTILLO M M,ALLAN J D,BRUNZELL S.Nutrient Concentrations and Discharges in a Midwestern Agricultural Catchment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(4):1142-1151.
[7]郭长城,喻国华,王国祥.湖滨带植物群落对挟沙水体氮、磷污染物的截留效果[J].生态环境,2007,16(3):866-870.[GUOChang-cheng,YU Guo-hua,WANG Guo-xiang.Removal of N and Pin Water Taking Sediment by Simulative Bank[J].Ecology and Environment,2007,16(3):866-870.]
[8]JONES K B,NEALE A C,NASH M S,et al.Predicting Nutrient and Sediment Loadings to Streams From Landscape Metrics:AMultiple Watershed Study From the United States Mid-Atlantic Region[J].Landscape Ecology,2001,16(4):301-312.
[9]陆海明,孙金华,邹鹰,等.农田排水沟渠的环境效应与生态功能综述[J].水科学进展,2010,21(5):719-725.[LU Hai-ming,SUN Jin-hua,ZOU Ying,et al.Review of Environmental Impact and Ecological Function of Agricultural Drainage Ditches[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(5):719-725.]
[10]陆琦,马克明,倪红伟.湿地农田渠系的生态环境影响研究综述[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):2118-2125.[LU Qi,MA Keming,NI Hong-wei.A Review on the Ecological and Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Ditch Systems in Wetlands[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(5):2118-2125.]
[11]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.[State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and Wastewater Monitoring and Analysis Methods[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.]
[12]沈连峰,苗蕾,韩敏,等.河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):77-80.[SHEN Lian-feng,MIAO Lei,HAN Min,et al.Characteristics A-nalysis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss About Different Land Use Types of Huaihe River Basin in Henan Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(4):77-80.]
[13]GB 3838-2002,地表水环境质量标准[S].[GB 3838-2002,Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water[S].]
[14]曹志洪,林先贵,杨林章,等.“稻田圈”在保护城乡生态环境中的功能Ⅱ:稻田土壤氮素养分的累积、迁移及其生态环境意义[J].土壤学报,2006,43(2):256-260.[CAO Zhi-hong,LINXian-gui,YANG Lin-zhang,et al.Ecological Function of"Paddy Field Ring"to Urban and Rural EnvironmentⅡ:Characteristics of Nitrogen Accumulation,Movement in Paddy Field Ecosystem and Its Relation to Environmental Protection[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(2):256-260.]
[15]王彩绒.太湖典型地区蔬菜地氮磷迁移与控制研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.[WANG Cai-rong.Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Movement and Control in Vegetable Fields in Taihu Lake Region[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2006.]
[16]何军,崔远来,王建鹏,等.不同尺度稻田氮磷排放规律试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):56-62.[HE Jun,CUI Yuanlai,WANG Jian-peng,et al.Experiments on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses From Paddy Fields Under Different Scales[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(10):56-62.]
[17]肖梦华,俞双恩,章云龙.控制排水条件下淹水稻田田面及地下水氮浓度变化[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(10):180-186.[XIAO Meng-hua,YU Shuang-en,ZHANG Yun-long.Changes of Nitrogen Concentration for Surface and Groundwater in Flooding Paddy Field Under Controlled Drainage[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(10):180-186.]
[18]高德才,张蕾,刘强,等.不同施肥模式对旱地土壤氮素径流流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):209-213.[GAO Decai,ZHANG Lei,LIU Qiang,et al.Effects of Different Fertilization Modes on Soil Nitrogen Runoff in Dryland Field[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):209-213.]
[19]李国栋,胡正义,杨林章,等.太湖典型菜地土壤氮磷向水体径流输出与生态草带拦截控制[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(8):905-910.[LI Guo-dong,HU Zheng-yi,YANG Lin-zhang,et al.Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses With Surface Runoff From Typical Vegetable Field of Taihu Lake Region and Their Control With Grass Buffer Strip[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):905-910.]
[20]胡宜刚,吴攀,赵洋,等.宁蒙引黄灌区农田排水沟渠水质特征[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(7):1730-1738.[HU Yi-gang,WUPan,ZHAO Yang,et al.Water Quality of Cropland Drainage Ditches in the Yellow River Irrigation Regions of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia,China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(7):1730-1738.]
[22]YANG J L,ZHANG G L,SHI X Z,et al.Dynamic Changes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in Ephemeral Runoff Processes by Typical Storm Events in Sichuan Basin,Southwest China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,105(2):292-299.
[23]HAN J G,LI Z B,LI P,et al.Nitrogen and Phosphorous Concentrations in Runoff From a Purple Soil in an Agricultural Watershed[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):757-762.
[24]KLEINMAN P J A,ALLEN A L,NEEDELMAN B A.Dynamics of Phosphorus Transfers From Heavily Manured Coastal Plain Soils to Drainage Ditches[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,62(4):225-235.
[25]汤秋香,任天志,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区不同轮作农田氮、磷流失特性研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(3):608-615.[TANG Qiu-xiang,REN Tian-zhi,LEI Bao-kun,et al.Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Various Crop Rotation Systems in Northern Watershed of Erhai Lake[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(3):608-615.]
[26]尹延震,储昭升,赵明,等.洱海湖滨带水质的时空变化规律[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1192-1196.[YIN Yan-zhen,CHU Zhao-sheng,ZHAO Ming,et al.Spatial and Temporal Changes in Water Quality in Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotone of Lake Erhai[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(7):1192-1196.]
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