河套灌区典型灌排单元农田耗水机制研究
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摘要
由于耕荒地交错分布、作物插花种植、地下水埋深浅等特点,河套灌区灌溉水利用情况极为复杂。该研究以灌区典型灌排单元(农渠尺度)为研究对象,基于2 a野外试验观测数据,对整个观测区及其内部的不同作物田块分别建立水平衡方程,推求研究区平均给水度和不同作物田块腾发量,继而对研究区灌溉水利用状况及盐分归趋进行了评价分析。结果表明,研究区给水度为0.062,而仅考虑地下水位变动带的给水度为0.037;该研究提出的经验方法"上升下降法"可以较好地估算不同作物田块的腾发量;2 a中农毛渠系统输水损失水量(包括渗漏和蒸发)约占引水量的18%,灌到田间的水量占76%,直接退走的水量占6%;通过不同土地类型间地下水的横向交换,农田不但全部利用了田间灌溉水量,还通过地下水侧向流入的方式利用了约12%的渠道渗漏量,荒地利用了约65%的渠道渗漏量,排沟排走了23%;最终研究区农田腾发消耗了总引水量的78%,积累了总引入盐分的39%,荒地腾发消耗了总引水量的11%,承纳了总引入盐分的40%。研究结果可为灌区水盐管理提供依据。
The Hetao Irrigation District(Hetao) located in the upper Yellow River basin represents a very typical arid agro-ecosystem in northern China. Due to complex cropping pattern and shallow groundwater table, the irrigation water use in Hetao is rather complicated. Clarifying the mechanism of irrigation water use and salt transportation in Hetao is of great significance to agricultural production and ecological sustainability in these areas. In this study, a typical irrigation and drainage system(Yangchang(a second-to-last order canal) canal area(YCA)) located in Hetao was selected as a case study area. Field experiments were conducted in it during the growing season(from April to September) in 2012 and 2013. Based on the 2-yr field observations, water balance model for the whole study area as well as the different crop fields within it were set up. For the field scale water balance model, to overcome the difficulties caused by lateral groundwater exchange among fields, the water balance calculations during groundwater level rising or declining period were conducted separately based on the water table fluctuation characteristics of Hetao. During the water level rising period, the FAO56 crop coefficient method was directly used to estimate actual evapotranspiration(ETa) as most of the fields were irrigated and the root zone had good salt and water conditions(almost no water/salt stress on vegetation). During the groundwater level declining period, a simple water balance equation was used to calculate ETa as the amount of lateral groundwater exchange could be neglected. This method for calculating field scale ETa was named "Up-Down Method". Thus the regional scale ET could be calculated by summing up all the field scale ETa with their area weight. Then the average specific yield of the study area could be calculated using the regional scale water balance equation during the groundwater level rising period. Based on this, the ETa of different crop fields and ET of the whole study area were calculated. At last, the irrigation water use, salt accumulation and redistribution were discussed through the water and salt balance calculation. Results showed that the specific yield for the groundwater level fluctuation zone was 0.037, while for the whole soil profile was 0.062. The ET of YCA from May to September was respectively 514 mm and 475 mm in 2012 and 2013. For the different crop fields in YCA, their evapotranspiration(ETa) was not so much different during the whole study period, however, that during the growing season of each crop varied a lot. The crops with longer growth period usually had a larger ETa during the growing season. The empirical method "Up-Down Method" can give a reasonable estimation of crop field ETa in Hetao comparing with model simulation. Analysis on the water and salt consumption and redistribution showed that during the growing season, the cropland ET consumed 78% of the total water diversion and accumulated 39% of the total salt introduced; while the natural patches consumed 11% of the total water diversion and accommodated 40% of the total salt introduced. This study provides a sound guidance to water and salt management in irrigation districts.
The Hetao Irrigation District(Hetao) located in the upper Yellow River basin represents a very typical arid agro-ecosystem in northern China. Due to complex cropping pattern and shallow groundwater table, the irrigation water use in Hetao is rather complicated. Clarifying the mechanism of irrigation water use and salt transportation in Hetao is of great significance to agricultural production and ecological sustainability in these areas. In this study, a typical irrigation and drainage system(Yangchang(a second-to-last order canal) canal area(YCA)) located in Hetao was selected as a case study area. Field experiments were conducted in it during the growing season(from April to September) in 2012 and 2013. Based on the 2-yr field observations, water balance model for the whole study area as well as the different crop fields within it were set up. For the field scale water balance model, to overcome the difficulties caused by lateral groundwater exchange among fields, the water balance calculations during groundwater level rising or declining period were conducted separately based on the water table fluctuation characteristics of Hetao. During the water level rising period, the FAO56 crop coefficient method was directly used to estimate actual evapotranspiration(ETa) as most of the fields were irrigated and the root zone had good salt and water conditions(almost no water/salt stress on vegetation). During the groundwater level declining period, a simple water balance equation was used to calculate ETa as the amount of lateral groundwater exchange could be neglected. This method for calculating field scale ETa was named "Up-Down Method". Thus the regional scale ET could be calculated by summing up all the field scale ETa with their area weight. Then the average specific yield of the study area could be calculated using the regional scale water balance equation during the groundwater level rising period. Based on this, the ETa of different crop fields and ET of the whole study area were calculated. At last, the irrigation water use, salt accumulation and redistribution were discussed through the water and salt balance calculation. Results showed that the specific yield for the groundwater level fluctuation zone was 0.037, while for the whole soil profile was 0.062. The ET of YCA from May to September was respectively 514 mm and 475 mm in 2012 and 2013. For the different crop fields in YCA, their evapotranspiration(ETa) was not so much different during the whole study period, however, that during the growing season of each crop varied a lot. The crops with longer growth period usually had a larger ETa during the growing season. The empirical method "Up-Down Method" can give a reasonable estimation of crop field ETa in Hetao comparing with model simulation. Analysis on the water and salt consumption and redistribution showed that during the growing season, the cropland ET consumed 78% of the total water diversion and accumulated 39% of the total salt introduced; while the natural patches consumed 11% of the total water diversion and accommodated 40% of the total salt introduced. This study provides a sound guidance to water and salt management in irrigation districts.
引文
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[2]Xu Xu,Huang Guanhua,Qu Zhongyi,et al.Using MODFLOW and GIS to assess changes in groundwater dynamics in response to water saving measures in irrigation districts of the upper Yellow River basin[J].Water Resources Management,2011,25(8):2035-2059.
[3]Feng Zhaozhong,Wang Xiaoke,Feng Zongwei.Soil N and salinity leaching after the autumn irrigation and its impact on groundwater in Hetao Irrigation District,China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,71(2):131-143.
[4]Xu Xu,Huang Guanhua,Qu Zhongyi,et al.Assessing the groundwater dynamics and impacts of water saving in the Hetao Irrigation District,Yellow River basin[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,98(2):301-313.
[5]Ren Dongyang,Xu Xu,Engel Bernard,et al.Growth responses of crops and natural vegetation to irrigation and water table changes in an agro-ecosystem of Hetao,upper Yellow River basin:Scenario analysis on maize,sunflower,watermelon and tamarisk[J].Agricultural Water Management,2018,199:93-104.
[6]Ren Dongyang,Xu Xu,Hao Yuanyuan,et al.Modeling and assessing field irrigation water use in a canal system of Hetao,upper Yellow River basin:Application to maize,sunflower and watermelon[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,532:122-139.
[7]李亮,史海滨,贾锦凤,等.内蒙古河套灌区荒地水盐运移规律模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(1):31-35.Li Liang,Shi Haibin,Jia Jinfeng,et al.Simulation of water and salt transport of uncultivated land in Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(1):31-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]王学全,高前兆,卢琦,等.内蒙古河套灌区水盐平衡与干排水脱盐分析[J].地理科学,2006,26(4):4455-4460.Wang Xuequan,Gao Qianzhao,Lu Qi,et al.Salt-water balance and dry drainage desalting in Hetao Irrigating Area,Inner Mongolia[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):4455-4460.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]贾书惠,岳卫峰,王金生,等.内蒙古义长灌域近20年地下水均衡分析[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2013,49(2/3):243-245.Jia Shuhui,Yue Weifeng,Wang Jinsheng,et al.Groundwater balance in the Yichang irrigation sub-district in Inner Mongolia in the past 20 years[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University:Natural Science,2013,49(2/3):243-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]岳卫峰,杨金忠,童菊秀,等.干旱地区灌区水盐运移及平衡分析[J].水利学报,2008,39(5):623-632.Yue Weifeng,Yang Jinzhong,Tong Juxiu,et al.Transfer and balance of water and salt in irrigation district of arid region[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2008,39(5):623-632.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]武夏宁,王修贵,胡铁松,等.河套灌区蒸散发分析及耗水机制研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(3):1-4.Wu Xianing,Wang Xiugui,Hu Tiesong,et al.Research on regional evapotranspiration and water consumption mechanism[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage,2006,25(3):1-4.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Ren Dongyang,Xu Xu,Huang Quanzhong,et al.Analyzing the role of shallow groundwater systems in the water use of different land-use types in arid irrigated regions[J/OL].Water,2018,10(5):634,doi.org/10.3390/w10050634.
[13]Xu Xu,Huang Guanhua,Sun Chen,et al.Assessing the effects of water table depth on water use,soil salinity and wheat yield:Searching for a target depth for irrigated areas in the upper Yellow River basin[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,125:46-60.
[14]Chen Hang,Liu Zhongyi,Huo Zailin,et al.Impacts of agricultural water saving practice on regional groundwater and water consumption in an arid region with shallow groundwater[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(16):1204,doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6071.
[15]武夏宁,胡铁松,王修贵,等.区域蒸散发分析及模型研究:以河套灌区义长灌域永联试验区为例[J].武汉大学学报工学版,2006,39(4):37-41.Wu Xianing,Hu Tiesong,Wang Xiugui,et al.Analysis and study of regional evapotranspiration:Taking Yonglian test area in Hetao Irrigation District for example[J].Engineering Journal of Wuhan University,2006,39(4):37-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Sophocleous M.The role of specific yield in ground‐water recharge estimations:A numerical study[J].Groundwater,1985,23(1):52-58.
[17]张蔚榛,张瑜芳.土壤的给水度和自由空隙率[J].灌溉排水,1983,2(2):1-16.Zhang Weizhen,Zhang Yufang.The specific yield and pore ratio of soils[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,1983,2(2):1-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]金光炎,汪家权,郑三元,等.地下水计算参数的测定与估计[J].水科学进展,1997,8(1):19-27.Jin Guangyan,Wang Jiaquan,Zheng Sanyuan,et al.Measurement and estimation of the parameters for groundwater resources computation[J].Advances in Water Science,1997,8(1):19-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Crosbie Russell,Binning Philip,Kalma Jetse.A time series approach to inferring groundwater recharge using the water table fluctuation method[J].Water Resources Research,2005,41(1):1-9.
[20]Wang Ping,Grinevsky Sergey,Pozdniakov Sergey,et al.Application of the water table fluctuation method for estimating evapotranspiration at two phreatophyte-dominated sites under hyper-arid environments[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:2289-2300.
[21]雷志栋,谢森传,杨诗秀,等.土壤给水度的初步研究[J].水利学报,1984(5):10-17.Lei Zhidong,Xie Senchuan,Yang Shixiu,et al.The preliminary investigation of the specific yield[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1984(5):10-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Fan Junliang,Oestergaard Kasper,Guyot Adrien,et al.Estimating groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration from water table fluctuations under three vegetation covers in a coastal sandy aquifer of subtropical Australia[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:1120-1129.
[23]李世忠,张英泉,龚士良.浅层粘性土给水度测试方法的对比研究[J].水利学报,1987(3):39-46.Li Shizhong,Zhang Yingquan,Gong Shiliang.A comparison of specific yield testing method under shallow clay soil[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1987(3):39-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]叶水庭,施鑫源,苗晓芳.用潜水蒸发经验公式计算给水度问题的分析[J].水文地质工程地质,1982,4(12):45-48.Ye Shuiting,Shi Xinyuan,Miao Xiaofang.The analysis to the yield of water by the phreatic evaporation empirical formula calculation[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1982,4(12):45-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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