天山雪岭云杉林粗木质残体储量特征
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摘要
粗木质残体(coarse woody debris,CWD)在天山雪岭云杉林生态系统中起着重要的结构性和生物地球化学作用,解释其储量特征是研究CWD的基础,但尚未有大尺度研究见诸报道。以天山雪岭云杉8 hm~2森林动态监测样地为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内试验以及数据分析相结合的方法,调查了样地内CWD的储量组成、径级以及分解等级分布格局等基本特征及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)天山雪岭云杉8 hm~2森林动态监测样地内共有直径≥10 cm的CWD 936株,CWD的密度、体积、储量分别为117株/hm~2,15.13 m~3/hm~2,4.52 t/hm~2;其中倒木是CWD的主要贡献者,占CWD总储量的52.21%;(2)样地内各径级CWD的数量呈典型的倒"J"型结构,直径<30 cm的CWD个体占全部CWD的83%;(3)样地内CWD总体上处于以Ⅱ、Ⅲ分解等级为主的中度分解状态,CWD径级越大,分解程度越高;(4)林分密度、郁闭度和海拔是影响天山雪岭云杉林CWD储量特征的主要因素。研究可为天山雪岭云杉林的可持续发展与经营提供科学依据。
Coarse woody debris(CWD) plays important structural and biogeochemical roles in Tianshan Picea schrenkiana forest ecosystem processes. Explaining its storage characteristics is the basis for studying CWD. However, on a large-scale no studies have yet been reported. Based on the combination of field investigation, laboratory test and data analysis, study objectives of this report were to examine storage estimate by composition, diameter and decay class distributions and its effect factors in P.schrenkiana forest of Tianshan Mountains. Results indicate that:(1) A substantial number(936) of CWD(≥10 cm diameter)exists in 8 hm~2 P. schrenkiana forest dynamics plot. Density, volume and storage of CWD in this plot averaged 117 N/hm~2,15.13 m~3/hm~2 and 4.52 t/hm~2. Logs were the main contributor and accounted for 52.21% of the total CWD storage, while the percentage of snags and stumps were 20.58% and 27.21%.(2) We found that CWD quantity in P. schrenkiana forest by diameter class was followed the inverse J-shaped. The diameter distribution of this population is highly skewed towards smaller-sized(﹤30 cm dia.) CWD, which accounted for 83% of total CWD quantity.(3) In the sample plot, snags and logs are mainly at the mid-low decomposition level, while stumps are concentrated at decay class III, IV, and V. The distribution of total CWD by decay class is skewed toward decay class Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Overall, the current decay class distribution of CWD in P. schrenkiana forest appears to follow a natural progression of CWD decay.(4) Our results also showed that the CWD diameter in the plot has a certain influence on the distribution of decay class. With the increase of the diameter, the degree of CWD decomposition continues to increase.(5) Stand density, canopy density and elevation are the main factors affecting the storage characteristics of CWD in P. schrenkiana forest of Tianshan Mountains. This study can provide a scientific evidence for the sustainable development and management of P. schrenkiana forest.
Coarse woody debris(CWD) plays important structural and biogeochemical roles in Tianshan Picea schrenkiana forest ecosystem processes. Explaining its storage characteristics is the basis for studying CWD. However, on a large-scale no studies have yet been reported. Based on the combination of field investigation, laboratory test and data analysis, study objectives of this report were to examine storage estimate by composition, diameter and decay class distributions and its effect factors in P.schrenkiana forest of Tianshan Mountains. Results indicate that:(1) A substantial number(936) of CWD(≥10 cm diameter)exists in 8 hm~2 P. schrenkiana forest dynamics plot. Density, volume and storage of CWD in this plot averaged 117 N/hm~2,15.13 m~3/hm~2 and 4.52 t/hm~2. Logs were the main contributor and accounted for 52.21% of the total CWD storage, while the percentage of snags and stumps were 20.58% and 27.21%.(2) We found that CWD quantity in P. schrenkiana forest by diameter class was followed the inverse J-shaped. The diameter distribution of this population is highly skewed towards smaller-sized(﹤30 cm dia.) CWD, which accounted for 83% of total CWD quantity.(3) In the sample plot, snags and logs are mainly at the mid-low decomposition level, while stumps are concentrated at decay class III, IV, and V. The distribution of total CWD by decay class is skewed toward decay class Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Overall, the current decay class distribution of CWD in P. schrenkiana forest appears to follow a natural progression of CWD decay.(4) Our results also showed that the CWD diameter in the plot has a certain influence on the distribution of decay class. With the increase of the diameter, the degree of CWD decomposition continues to increase.(5) Stand density, canopy density and elevation are the main factors affecting the storage characteristics of CWD in P. schrenkiana forest of Tianshan Mountains. This study can provide a scientific evidence for the sustainable development and management of P. schrenkiana forest.
引文
[1] Harmon M E,Franklin J F,Swanson F J,Sollins P,Gregory S V,Lattin J D,Anderson N H,Cline S P,Aumen N G,Sedell J R,Lienkaemper G W,Gromack Jr K,Cummins K W.Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems.Advances in Ecological Research,1986,15:133- 302.
[2] Franklin J F,Shugart H H,Harmon M E.Tree Death as an Ecological Process.Bioscience,1987,37(8):550- 556.
[3] Cindy E.Prescott,Kirsten Corrao,Anya M.Reid,Jenna M.Zukswert,Shalom D.Addo-Danso.Changes in mass,carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus in logs decomposing for 30 years in three Rocky Mountain coniferous forests.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2017,47(10).
[4] Lindenmayer D B,Noss R F.Salvage logging,ecosystem processes,and biodiversity conservation.Conservation Biology the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology,2006,20(4):949.
[5] Johnson C E,Siccama T G,Denny E G,Koppers MM,Vogt DJ.In situ decomposition of northern hardwood tree boles:decay rates and nutrient dynamics in wood and bark.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2014,44(12):1515- 1524.
[6] Iwashita D K,Litton C M,Giardina C P.Coarse woody debris carbon storage across a mean annual temperature gradient in tropical montane wet forest.Forest Ecology & Management,2013,291(2):336- 343.
[7] Yu F,Ando Y.Species effects of bryophyte colonies on tree seeding regeneration on coarse woody debris.Ecological Research,2018,33(1):191- 197.
[8] Christensen M,Hahn K,Mountford E P,ódor P,Standovár T,Rozenbergar D,Diaci j,Wijdeven S,Meyer P,Winter S,Vrska T.Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves.Forest Ecology & Management,2005,210(1):267- 282.
[9] 袁杰.秦岭火地塘林区主要森林类型粗木质残体研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2016.
[10] B?l?ni J,ódor P,ádám R,Keeton W S,Aszalós R.Quantity and dynamics of dead wood in managed and unmanaged dry-mesic oak forests in the Hungarian Carpathians.Forest Ecology & Management,2017,399:120- 131.
[11] 谷会岩,代力民,王顺忠,于大炮,周莉.人为干扰对长白山红松针阔叶混交林粗木质残体的影响.林业科学,2006(10):1- 5.
[12] 梁宏温,温琳华,温远光,梁家善,黄道京.特大冰雪灾害干扰下大明山常绿阔叶林木质残体的贮量特征.林业科学,2012,48(3):11- 16.
[13] 陈华,Harmon M E.温带森林生态系统粗死木质物动态研究——以中美两个温带天然林生态系统为例.应用生态学报,1992(02):99- 104.
[14] 肖洒,吴福忠,杨万勤,常晨晖,李俊,王滨,曹艺.高山峡谷区暗针叶林木质残体储量及其分布特征.生态学报,2016,36(05):1352- 1359.
[15] 刘翠玲,潘存德,梁瀛.鳞毛蕨天山云杉林粗死木质残体贮量及其分解动态.干旱区地理,2009,32(02):175- 182.
[16] 马现永.天山云杉粗木质残体生态功能特性研究[D].合肥市:安徽农业大学,2013..
[17] 王慧杰.天山雪岭云杉8 hm2森林动态监测样地的群落动态及其影响因素[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2016.
[18] Condit R,Hubbell S,Foster R.BCI 50 ha Plot 1982- 2005 Census Data.2006.
[19] 张毓涛,常顺利,芦建江,李翔,王智,师庆东,张新平.天山云杉森林8 hm2样地的建立及三维可视化管理.林业科学,2011,47(10):179- 183.
[20] Harmon M E,Sexton J.Guidelines for Measurements of Woody Detritus in Forest Ecosystems.Seattle WA:US LTER Network Office,1996.
[21] 闫恩荣,王希华,黄建军.森林粗死木质残体的概念及其分类.生态学报,2005(01):158- 167.
[22] Waddell K L.Sampling coarse woody debris for multiple attributes in extensive resource inventories.Ecological Indicators,2002,1(3):139- 153.
[23] Sweeney O F M,Martin R D,Irwin S,Kelly T C,O′Halloran J,Wilson M W,McEvoy P M.A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterises dead wood patterns in Irish forests.Forest Ecology & Management,2010,259(10):2056- 2064.
[24] 嚴赓雪,孙光庭.新疆雪岭云杉立木求积式及形数和形率关系式的论证.新疆农业科学,1959(11):33- 38.
[25] Boothroyd A,Carty H.Amount and distribution of coarse woody debris in pine ecosystems of north-western Spain,Russia and the United States.iforest Biogeosciences and Forestry,2014,7(1):53- 60.
[26] 刘妍妍,金光泽.小兴安岭阔叶红松林粗木质残体基础特征.林业科学,2010,46(4):8- 14.
[27] Yuan J,Jose S,Zheng X F,Cheng F,Hou L,Li J X,Zhang S X.Dynamics of Coarse Woody Debris Characteristics in the Qinling Mountain Forests in China.Forests,2017,8(10):403.
[28] Yan E R,Wang X H,Huang J J,Zeng F R,Gong L.Long-lasting legacy of forest succession and forest management:Characteristics of coarse woody debris in an evergreen broad-leaved forest of Eastern China.Forest Ecology & Management,2007,252(1):98- 107.
[29] 吴浩.亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林枯立木空间格局及树木死亡驱动因子研究——以八大公山25ha样地为例[D].武汉:中国科学院大学,2016.
[30] 刘万德,臧润国,丁易,张炜银,苏建荣,杨民.海南岛霸王岭热带季雨林树木的死亡率.植物生态学报,2010,34(8):946- 956.
[31] 索炎炎.长白山阔叶红松林槭属树种时空格局及其共存机制[D].中国科学院大学,2016.
[32] 王慧杰,常顺利,张毓涛,谢锦,何平,宋成程,孙雪娇.天山雪岭云杉森林群落的密度制约效应.生物多样性,2016,24(03):252- 261.
[33] 张毓涛,李吉玫,常顺利,李翔,芦建江.天山中部天山云杉种群空间分布格局及其与地形因子的关系.应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2799- 2806.
[34] 卢杰,郭其强,郑维列,徐阿生.藏东南高山松种群结构及动态特征.林业科学,2013,49(08):154- 160.
[35] Herrmann S,Kahl T,Bauhus J,Bauhus J.Decomposition dynamics of coarse woody debris of three important central European tree species.Forest Ecosystems,2015,2(04):339- 352.
[36] Yu F,Katsumata S,Mori A S,Osono T,Takeda H.Accumulation and decay dynamics of coarse woody debris in a Japanese old-growth subalpine coniferous forest.Ecological Research,2014,29(2):257- 269.
[37] Mayuko J,Yuji K,Masako D,Yoichi K.Spatial variation in respiration from coarse woody debris in a temperate secondary broad-leaved forest in Japan.Forest Ecology & Management,2008,255(1):149- 155.
[38] Siitonen J,Martikainen P,Punttila P,Rauh J.Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in southern Finland.Forest Ecology & Management,2000,128(3):211- 225.
[39] Mccoy M W,Gillooly J F.Predicting natural mortality rates of plants and animals // Ecology Letters.2008:710-716.
[2] Franklin J F,Shugart H H,Harmon M E.Tree Death as an Ecological Process.Bioscience,1987,37(8):550- 556.
[3] Cindy E.Prescott,Kirsten Corrao,Anya M.Reid,Jenna M.Zukswert,Shalom D.Addo-Danso.Changes in mass,carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus in logs decomposing for 30 years in three Rocky Mountain coniferous forests.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2017,47(10).
[4] Lindenmayer D B,Noss R F.Salvage logging,ecosystem processes,and biodiversity conservation.Conservation Biology the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology,2006,20(4):949.
[5] Johnson C E,Siccama T G,Denny E G,Koppers MM,Vogt DJ.In situ decomposition of northern hardwood tree boles:decay rates and nutrient dynamics in wood and bark.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2014,44(12):1515- 1524.
[6] Iwashita D K,Litton C M,Giardina C P.Coarse woody debris carbon storage across a mean annual temperature gradient in tropical montane wet forest.Forest Ecology & Management,2013,291(2):336- 343.
[7] Yu F,Ando Y.Species effects of bryophyte colonies on tree seeding regeneration on coarse woody debris.Ecological Research,2018,33(1):191- 197.
[8] Christensen M,Hahn K,Mountford E P,ódor P,Standovár T,Rozenbergar D,Diaci j,Wijdeven S,Meyer P,Winter S,Vrska T.Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves.Forest Ecology & Management,2005,210(1):267- 282.
[9] 袁杰.秦岭火地塘林区主要森林类型粗木质残体研究[D].西北农林科技大学,2016.
[10] B?l?ni J,ódor P,ádám R,Keeton W S,Aszalós R.Quantity and dynamics of dead wood in managed and unmanaged dry-mesic oak forests in the Hungarian Carpathians.Forest Ecology & Management,2017,399:120- 131.
[11] 谷会岩,代力民,王顺忠,于大炮,周莉.人为干扰对长白山红松针阔叶混交林粗木质残体的影响.林业科学,2006(10):1- 5.
[12] 梁宏温,温琳华,温远光,梁家善,黄道京.特大冰雪灾害干扰下大明山常绿阔叶林木质残体的贮量特征.林业科学,2012,48(3):11- 16.
[13] 陈华,Harmon M E.温带森林生态系统粗死木质物动态研究——以中美两个温带天然林生态系统为例.应用生态学报,1992(02):99- 104.
[14] 肖洒,吴福忠,杨万勤,常晨晖,李俊,王滨,曹艺.高山峡谷区暗针叶林木质残体储量及其分布特征.生态学报,2016,36(05):1352- 1359.
[15] 刘翠玲,潘存德,梁瀛.鳞毛蕨天山云杉林粗死木质残体贮量及其分解动态.干旱区地理,2009,32(02):175- 182.
[16] 马现永.天山云杉粗木质残体生态功能特性研究[D].合肥市:安徽农业大学,2013..
[17] 王慧杰.天山雪岭云杉8 hm2森林动态监测样地的群落动态及其影响因素[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2016.
[18] Condit R,Hubbell S,Foster R.BCI 50 ha Plot 1982- 2005 Census Data.2006.
[19] 张毓涛,常顺利,芦建江,李翔,王智,师庆东,张新平.天山云杉森林8 hm2样地的建立及三维可视化管理.林业科学,2011,47(10):179- 183.
[20] Harmon M E,Sexton J.Guidelines for Measurements of Woody Detritus in Forest Ecosystems.Seattle WA:US LTER Network Office,1996.
[21] 闫恩荣,王希华,黄建军.森林粗死木质残体的概念及其分类.生态学报,2005(01):158- 167.
[22] Waddell K L.Sampling coarse woody debris for multiple attributes in extensive resource inventories.Ecological Indicators,2002,1(3):139- 153.
[23] Sweeney O F M,Martin R D,Irwin S,Kelly T C,O′Halloran J,Wilson M W,McEvoy P M.A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterises dead wood patterns in Irish forests.Forest Ecology & Management,2010,259(10):2056- 2064.
[24] 嚴赓雪,孙光庭.新疆雪岭云杉立木求积式及形数和形率关系式的论证.新疆农业科学,1959(11):33- 38.
[25] Boothroyd A,Carty H.Amount and distribution of coarse woody debris in pine ecosystems of north-western Spain,Russia and the United States.iforest Biogeosciences and Forestry,2014,7(1):53- 60.
[26] 刘妍妍,金光泽.小兴安岭阔叶红松林粗木质残体基础特征.林业科学,2010,46(4):8- 14.
[27] Yuan J,Jose S,Zheng X F,Cheng F,Hou L,Li J X,Zhang S X.Dynamics of Coarse Woody Debris Characteristics in the Qinling Mountain Forests in China.Forests,2017,8(10):403.
[28] Yan E R,Wang X H,Huang J J,Zeng F R,Gong L.Long-lasting legacy of forest succession and forest management:Characteristics of coarse woody debris in an evergreen broad-leaved forest of Eastern China.Forest Ecology & Management,2007,252(1):98- 107.
[29] 吴浩.亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林枯立木空间格局及树木死亡驱动因子研究——以八大公山25ha样地为例[D].武汉:中国科学院大学,2016.
[30] 刘万德,臧润国,丁易,张炜银,苏建荣,杨民.海南岛霸王岭热带季雨林树木的死亡率.植物生态学报,2010,34(8):946- 956.
[31] 索炎炎.长白山阔叶红松林槭属树种时空格局及其共存机制[D].中国科学院大学,2016.
[32] 王慧杰,常顺利,张毓涛,谢锦,何平,宋成程,孙雪娇.天山雪岭云杉森林群落的密度制约效应.生物多样性,2016,24(03):252- 261.
[33] 张毓涛,李吉玫,常顺利,李翔,芦建江.天山中部天山云杉种群空间分布格局及其与地形因子的关系.应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2799- 2806.
[34] 卢杰,郭其强,郑维列,徐阿生.藏东南高山松种群结构及动态特征.林业科学,2013,49(08):154- 160.
[35] Herrmann S,Kahl T,Bauhus J,Bauhus J.Decomposition dynamics of coarse woody debris of three important central European tree species.Forest Ecosystems,2015,2(04):339- 352.
[36] Yu F,Katsumata S,Mori A S,Osono T,Takeda H.Accumulation and decay dynamics of coarse woody debris in a Japanese old-growth subalpine coniferous forest.Ecological Research,2014,29(2):257- 269.
[37] Mayuko J,Yuji K,Masako D,Yoichi K.Spatial variation in respiration from coarse woody debris in a temperate secondary broad-leaved forest in Japan.Forest Ecology & Management,2008,255(1):149- 155.
[38] Siitonen J,Martikainen P,Punttila P,Rauh J.Coarse woody debris and stand characteristics in mature managed and old-growth boreal mesic forests in southern Finland.Forest Ecology & Management,2000,128(3):211- 225.
[39] Mccoy M W,Gillooly J F.Predicting natural mortality rates of plants and animals // Ecology Letters.2008:710-716.