环境承载力概念辨析与测算
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摘要
对"环境承载力"的定义与理解,有狭义与广义之分。本文再定义和拓展了环境承载力的内涵。运用系统动力学方法可以有效地分析某一地区的环境容量与广义环境承载力的对应关系,将现实的排污-控污水平与达标的环境承载力水平的动态变化充分展示,有利于从多方面和不同阶段对污染源进行控制,也为生态环保制度的完善改进指出了合理的、明确的方向。当前有了新《环保法》及十类环境管理制度的基本框架,还需要对各种暴露出来的问题及本质原因进行梳理,妥善解决排污指标分配、监管、执法中存在的众多矛盾。不同时期、不同地区的环保制度应有不同的重点与表述;各地要因地制宜,妥善筹措环保资金;企业需要促进环保技术与产品不断完善。制度状态体现了社会与人民的意志与行动能力,决定环保水平。环保制度是环境承载力的重要组成部分,必须走环境法治道路,这是从根本上控制污染和防止生态退化的保证。
The concepts of environmental carrying capacity are divided into narrow and broad sense.In this paper,we defined and extended the concept.System dynamics method could be efficiently used to analyse the corresponding relationship between the environmental capacity and the broad environmental carrying capacity in a certain area.It substantially displays the dynamic situation of pollution control and environmental carrying capacity.By using the method,a reasonable and clear direction for the improvement of eco-environmental protection system is provided.Although the new edition of Environmental Protection Law and the basic framework of ten types of environmental management systems have been introduced,we still need to solve the faced problems and conflicts in the process of emission allocation,supervision and enforcement.Environmental protection systems in different periods and regions should have different content and expressions.Appropriate measures should have been taken by local governments to raise funds for environmental protection.Environmental protection technology and products are urgent to promote.The system reflects the will and action ability of the society and people.Environmental protection system is an important part of environmental carrying capacity and must follow environmental rules of law.
The concepts of environmental carrying capacity are divided into narrow and broad sense.In this paper,we defined and extended the concept.System dynamics method could be efficiently used to analyse the corresponding relationship between the environmental capacity and the broad environmental carrying capacity in a certain area.It substantially displays the dynamic situation of pollution control and environmental carrying capacity.By using the method,a reasonable and clear direction for the improvement of eco-environmental protection system is provided.Although the new edition of Environmental Protection Law and the basic framework of ten types of environmental management systems have been introduced,we still need to solve the faced problems and conflicts in the process of emission allocation,supervision and enforcement.Environmental protection systems in different periods and regions should have different content and expressions.Appropriate measures should have been taken by local governments to raise funds for environmental protection.Environmental protection technology and products are urgent to promote.The system reflects the will and action ability of the society and people.Environmental protection system is an important part of environmental carrying capacity and must follow environmental rules of law.
引文
[1]周敬宣,周业晶.生态环境规划编制中多目标规划模型与环境容量的研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2017,42(2):41-45.
[2]Zhou,Y.J.,Zhou,J.X.Urban atmospheric environmental capacity and atmospheric environmental carrying capacity constrained by GDP-PM2.5.Ecological Indicators,2017,73:637-652.
[3]Costanza R,d’Arge R,de Groot R S,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital [J].Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[4]Costanza R,Groot R,Sutton P,et al.Changes in the global value of ecosystem services [J].Global Environmental Change.2014,26:152-158.
[5]欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,等.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究[J].生态学报,2013,33(21):6747-6761.
[6]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资源的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
[7]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[8]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[9]李晓光,苗鸿,郑华,等.生态补偿标准确定的主要方法及其应用 [J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4431-4440.
[10]周业晶,周敬宣,陶涛,等.区域间生态补偿标准定量化研究—以鄂州市三区间补偿为例[J].环境与可持续发展,2017,42(3):143-150.
[11]Zhou Y J,Zhou J X,Liu H L,Xia M.Study on eco-compensation standard for adjacent administrative districts based on the maximum entropy production[J].Journal of Cleaner Production (in Press,accepted manuscript) DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.239.
[2]Zhou,Y.J.,Zhou,J.X.Urban atmospheric environmental capacity and atmospheric environmental carrying capacity constrained by GDP-PM2.5.Ecological Indicators,2017,73:637-652.
[3]Costanza R,d’Arge R,de Groot R S,et al.The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital [J].Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[4]Costanza R,Groot R,Sutton P,et al.Changes in the global value of ecosystem services [J].Global Environmental Change.2014,26:152-158.
[5]欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,等.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究[J].生态学报,2013,33(21):6747-6761.
[6]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资源的价值评估[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.
[7]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[8]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[9]李晓光,苗鸿,郑华,等.生态补偿标准确定的主要方法及其应用 [J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4431-4440.
[10]周业晶,周敬宣,陶涛,等.区域间生态补偿标准定量化研究—以鄂州市三区间补偿为例[J].环境与可持续发展,2017,42(3):143-150.
[11]Zhou Y J,Zhou J X,Liu H L,Xia M.Study on eco-compensation standard for adjacent administrative districts based on the maximum entropy production[J].Journal of Cleaner Production (in Press,accepted manuscript) DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.239.