丛枝菌根控制稻田氮排放研究进展
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摘要
氮肥过量施加促进了稻田的氮排放,从而加剧了水体污染和温室效应,这已成为各国可持续发展面临的共同难题。植物根系和丛枝菌根真菌形成的共生结构(丛枝菌根),不仅能够提高水稻的产量和品质,而且在控制稻田氮面源污染方面拥有巨大应用潜力。文章基于控制稻田氮排放的重大意义,指出了现有氮排放控制手段的效果和不足之处,围绕丛枝菌根的生理生态特性,总结了丛枝菌根在菜地、草地、农田、森林生态系统中的氮减排功能,预测了丛枝菌根应用于稻田氮减排的经济效益和环境效益,探讨了丛枝菌根削减稻田氮排放的植物学、微生物学和土壤学机制,并提出了目前研究面临的瓶颈问题、难点和解决方案,最终为丛枝菌根控制稻田氮排放的深入研究提供理论支撑。
Increase in nitrogen loss from paddy fields due to excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers exacerbates water pollution and greenhouse effects, becoming a common challenge for sustainable development in many countries. The arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis formed by plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, not only increases the quality and quantity of rice but also has great potential in controlling nitrogen loss from paddy fields. The effects and deficiencies of existing methods of controlling nitrogen emission were summarized. Based on the physiological and ecological characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhiza, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza on nitrogen loss from vegetable fields, grasslands, farmland and forest ecosystems were analyzed, and both economic and environmental benefits from arbuscular mycorrhiza in reducing nitrogen loss from paddy fields were predicted as well. The botanic, microbiological, and soil mechanics of arbuscular mycorrhiza of reducing nitrogen emissions from paddy fields were discussed. Difficulties faced by current research were summarized, followed by the corresponding solutions. The study would definitely provide theoretical support for further research of arbuscular mycorrhiza in controlling nitrogen pollution from paddy fields.
Increase in nitrogen loss from paddy fields due to excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers exacerbates water pollution and greenhouse effects, becoming a common challenge for sustainable development in many countries. The arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis formed by plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, not only increases the quality and quantity of rice but also has great potential in controlling nitrogen loss from paddy fields. The effects and deficiencies of existing methods of controlling nitrogen emission were summarized. Based on the physiological and ecological characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhiza, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza on nitrogen loss from vegetable fields, grasslands, farmland and forest ecosystems were analyzed, and both economic and environmental benefits from arbuscular mycorrhiza in reducing nitrogen loss from paddy fields were predicted as well. The botanic, microbiological, and soil mechanics of arbuscular mycorrhiza of reducing nitrogen emissions from paddy fields were discussed. Difficulties faced by current research were summarized, followed by the corresponding solutions. The study would definitely provide theoretical support for further research of arbuscular mycorrhiza in controlling nitrogen pollution from paddy fields.
引文
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[12]Wang H,Zhang Y,Chen A,et al.An optimal regional nitrogen application threshold for wheat in the North China Plain considering yield and environmental effects[J].Field Crops Research,2017,207:52-61.
[13]Cao Y,Yin B.Effects of integrated high-efficiency practice versus conventional practice on rice yield and N fate[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2015,202:1-7.
[14]Tan G,Wang H,Xu N,et al.Biochar amendment with fertilizers increases peanut N uptake,alleviates soil N2O emissions without affecting NH3volatilization in field experiments[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research:International,2018(5):1-10.
[15]Wang S,Shan J,Xia Y,et al.Different effects of biochar and a nitrification inhibitor application on paddy soil denitrification:a field experiment over two consecutive ricegrowing seasons[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,593/594(S):347-356.
[16]Sun H,Zhang H,Powlson D,et al.Rice production,nitrous oxide emission and ammonia volatilization as impacted by the nitrification inhibitor 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine[J].Field Crops Research,2015,173(9):1-7.
[17]Soares J R,Cantarella H,Mldc M.Ammonia volatilization losses from surface-applied urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2012,52(8):82-89.
[18]Zaman M,Blennerhassett J D,Saggar S.Effects of the different rates of urease and nitrification inhibitors on gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide,nitrate leaching and pasture production from urine patches in an intensive grazed pasture system[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2010,136(3/4):236-246.
[19]Coskun D,Britto D T,Shi W,et al.Nitrogen transformations in modern agriculture and the role of biological nitrification inhibition[J].Nature Plants,2017,3(6):1-10.
[20]张淑娟,王立,马放,等.丛枝菌根真菌与化肥共施对水稻品质的改善作用[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2015,47(2):19-24.Zhang Shujuan,Wang Li,Ma Fang,et al.Effect of interaction between inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fertilization on rice quality[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2015,47(2):19-24.
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[22]Zhang S J,Wang L,Ma F,et al.Reducing nitrogen runoff from paddy fields with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different fertilizer regimes[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,46(8):92-100.
[23]Zhang S J,Li W,Fang M,et al.Can arbuscular mycorrhiza and fertilizer management reduce phosphorus runoff from paddy fields[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,33(7):211-218.
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