旅游社区居民外迁影响因素研究——基于问卷和人口普查数据的鼓浪屿实证研究
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摘要
理解居民外迁现象对旅游社区可持续发展具有重要意义。现有文献对居民外迁现象主要从管理体制与社会调控的角度进行探索,主要基于单一数据源且以定性分析为主。该研究以鼓浪屿为例,基于微观问卷调研和人口普查数据,运用Logit模型,采取量化比对验证的方法探究旅游社区居民外迁影响因素。研究发现:(1)居民对于公共服务设施的满意程度显著影响外迁意愿,对公共服务设施满意度越低越倾向于外迁,工作地点和受教育程度也对居民外迁意愿产生一定影响;(2)居民受教育程度、婚姻状况显著影响其外迁行为,受过高等教育的居民较未受过高等教育的居民更趋向于外迁,已婚居民较未婚居民更倾向于外迁;(3)外迁居民迁入地人口集聚密度与商业、文化、医疗及教育指数成正比,外迁居民更倾向于选择搬到公共基础设施更齐全、资源更丰富的地方居住。
Due to the increase of tourists and tourism services in the community, there are many problems in the development of tourism community, such as the weakness of service function, overcommercialization and the hollowing of community culture. In the process of tourism development,how to protect the original community culture and balance the relationship between tourism development and residents' life had been becoming the focus of attention. The residents' relocation in tourism community is a special form of population flow and an important phenomenon in the contemporary tourism development process. Understanding the phenomenon of residents' relocation is of great significance to the sustainable development of tourism community. Studying the influencing factors of residents' relocation is the key to understand this phenomenon. The existing literatures mainly study this phenomenon from the perspectives of management system and social regulation. The research on the influencing factors of residents' relocation in tourism community is relatively few, and often uses a single data source. Starting from the relationship between the emigration place, the residents and the immigration place, this study takes residents' satisfaction with emigration infrastructure, residents' social and economic attributes and immigrations' built environment as the link. Residents' attributes include age, gender, ethnic, education, marriage, residence time, working place and house property. Immigrations' built environment is measured by five indicators: population density index, business index, cultural index, medical index and education index. Gulangyu is a typical tourism community. Due to the tourism development and the impact of relevant policies, the phenomenon of residents moving out has appeared, which is representative in empirical cases. Taking Gulangyu Island as an example, this paper uses Logit model to analyze the influencing factors of residents' willingness to emigrate and the choice of emigration. Logit model is suitable for explaining the probability of events, and can better study the relationship between population socio-economic information, choice intention and population mobility behavior, and the correlation between residents' behavior and built environment. The influencing factors of residents' willingness to emigrate were analyzed by questionnaire data, and the influencing factors of residents' choice to emigrate by census data. The internal consistency of the residents' willingness to emigrate and the choice of emigration is verified by comparing the two results. The study found that:(1) Residents' satisfaction with public service facilities significantly affects their willingness to move out, the lower the residents' satisfaction with local public service facilities, the more they tend to move out, and the workplace and education level also have a certain impact on their willingness of relocation.(2) Residents' educational level and marital status significantly affect their behavior to move out, residents with higher education are more likely to relocate than those without higher education, and married residents tend to move out more than unmarried residents.(3) The density of population agglomeration is proportional to the index of commerce, culture, medical treatment and education. The migrants prefer to move to places with more complete public infrastructure and abundant resources. Improving the quality of community infrastructure is an extremely important means to avoid or solve the residents' migration.
Due to the increase of tourists and tourism services in the community, there are many problems in the development of tourism community, such as the weakness of service function, overcommercialization and the hollowing of community culture. In the process of tourism development,how to protect the original community culture and balance the relationship between tourism development and residents' life had been becoming the focus of attention. The residents' relocation in tourism community is a special form of population flow and an important phenomenon in the contemporary tourism development process. Understanding the phenomenon of residents' relocation is of great significance to the sustainable development of tourism community. Studying the influencing factors of residents' relocation is the key to understand this phenomenon. The existing literatures mainly study this phenomenon from the perspectives of management system and social regulation. The research on the influencing factors of residents' relocation in tourism community is relatively few, and often uses a single data source. Starting from the relationship between the emigration place, the residents and the immigration place, this study takes residents' satisfaction with emigration infrastructure, residents' social and economic attributes and immigrations' built environment as the link. Residents' attributes include age, gender, ethnic, education, marriage, residence time, working place and house property. Immigrations' built environment is measured by five indicators: population density index, business index, cultural index, medical index and education index. Gulangyu is a typical tourism community. Due to the tourism development and the impact of relevant policies, the phenomenon of residents moving out has appeared, which is representative in empirical cases. Taking Gulangyu Island as an example, this paper uses Logit model to analyze the influencing factors of residents' willingness to emigrate and the choice of emigration. Logit model is suitable for explaining the probability of events, and can better study the relationship between population socio-economic information, choice intention and population mobility behavior, and the correlation between residents' behavior and built environment. The influencing factors of residents' willingness to emigrate were analyzed by questionnaire data, and the influencing factors of residents' choice to emigrate by census data. The internal consistency of the residents' willingness to emigrate and the choice of emigration is verified by comparing the two results. The study found that:(1) Residents' satisfaction with public service facilities significantly affects their willingness to move out, the lower the residents' satisfaction with local public service facilities, the more they tend to move out, and the workplace and education level also have a certain impact on their willingness of relocation.(2) Residents' educational level and marital status significantly affect their behavior to move out, residents with higher education are more likely to relocate than those without higher education, and married residents tend to move out more than unmarried residents.(3) The density of population agglomeration is proportional to the index of commerce, culture, medical treatment and education. The migrants prefer to move to places with more complete public infrastructure and abundant resources. Improving the quality of community infrastructure is an extremely important means to avoid or solve the residents' migration.
引文
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[2]MBAIWA J E,TOTOLO O,CHANDA R.The socio-economic and environmental impacts of tourism development on the Okavango Delta,north-western Botswana[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2003,54(2):447-467.
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[4]BAO Jigang,YANG Yun.On the local residents’changes of place attachment against the background of tourism commercialization:Cases from Yangshuo west street[J].Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities,2012,34(4):49-54.[保继刚,杨昀.旅游商业化背景下本地居民地方依恋的变迁研究--基于阳朔西街的案例分析[J].广西民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2012,34(4):49-54.]
[5]SUN Jiuxia,WANG Xinrui.The“nothing”and“something”during the cultural changes in Lijiang ancient town:A case study of Lijiang ancient town.s bars[J].Tourism Tribune,2012,27(9):73-83.[孙九霞,王心蕊.丽江大研古城文化变迁中的“虚无”与“实在”:以酒吧发展为例[J].旅游学刊,2012,27(9):73-83.]
[6]YU Yifeng.An analysis on the community-oriented rural tourism development based on game theory[J].Economic Geography,2008,28(3):519-522.[余意峰.社区主导型乡村旅游发展的博弈论--从个人理性到集体理性[J].经济地理,2008,28(3):519-522.]
[7]WANG Shufang.A research on the pattern of harmonious development of scenic areas and indigenous inhabitants in China[J].Human Geography,2010,25(3):139-143.[王淑芳.我国风景名胜区与原居民和谐发展模式探讨[J].人文地理,2010,25(3):139-143.]
[8]WU Chen,DING Ni.King.s cross central development planning and London urban regeneration[J].Beijing Planning Review,2017,(1):86-90.[吴晨,丁霓.国王十字中心区发展规划与伦敦城市复兴[J].北京规划建设,2017,(1):86-90.]
[9]GAO Genghe,LIU Qingzhen,QIAO Jiajun,et al.Research on expectant employment distance for farmer in rural area of central China:A case study for three sample villages in Henan Province[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(7):1159-1163.[高更和,刘清臻,乔家君,等.中部农区农民期望务工距离研究--以河南三个样本村为例[J].经济地理,2010,30(7):1159-1163.]
[10]ZHANG Li,LEI Jun,ZHANG Xiaolei,et al.Analysis of the urban social areas in Urumqi[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):817-828.[张利,雷军,张小雷,等.乌鲁木齐城市社会区分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(6):817-828.]
[11]YAO Huasong,XU Xueqiang,XUE Desheng.On spatial distribution and evolutive laws of floating population in Guangzhou[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(1):40-46.[姚华松,许学强,薛德升.广州流动人口空间分布变化特征及原因分析[J].经济地理,2010,30(1):40-46.]
[12]HAO Yuzhang,FENG Xiaotian.A research on the social adapt?25ability of migrants of Three Gorges and its influential factors:Based on an investigation into 227 outward migrants in Jiangsu province[J].Population and Development,2005,11(6):62-67.[郝玉章,风笑天.三峡外迁移民的社会适应性及其影响因素研究--对江苏227户移民的调查[J].人口与发展,2005,11(6):62-67.]
[13]DUAN Yuefang,SUN Yongping.Discussion on the resettlement strategies in Danjiangkou reservoir area of the Middle Route South-to-North Water Diversion Project[J].Journal of China Three Gorges University:Humanities&Social Sciences,2010,32(5):15-18.[段跃芳,孙永平.南水北调中线工程丹江口库区外迁移民安置策略探析[J].三峡大学学报:人文社会科学版,2010,32(5):15-18.]
[14]FEI Ximin,WANG Chengjun.Empirical study on the place of the employed farmers be willing to settle based on push and pull theory[J].Soft Science,2014,28(3):40-44.[费喜敏,王成军.基于推拉理论的农民工定居地选择意愿的实证研究[J].软科学,2014,28(3):40-44.]
[15]WANG Luo,LUO Yongju,WANG Shunke.Research on the social adaptation of rural emigrants from three gorges reservoir area:Based on empirical analysis of 983 emigrant samples from9 provinces[J].Areal Research and Development,2016,35(1):168-173.[王珞,骆永菊,王顺克.三峡库区外迁农村移民适应性研究--基于9个省份983户移民样本的实证分析[J].地域研究与开发,2016,35(1):168-173.]
[16]REN Xiao.A probe into community participation managerial mode of natural protection zones:A case study of Jiuzhaigou natural reserve zone[J].Tourism Science,2005,19(3):16-19.[任啸.自然保护区的社区参与管理模式探索--以九寨沟自然保护区为例[J].旅游科学,2005,19(3):16-19.]
[17]ZHANG Yangsheng,YAO Chunli.Discussion on the social adjustment and control of residents in super large scenic area:Acase study of the key national scenic area of Qinghai Lake[J].Human Geography,2005,20(2):114-118.[张阳生,姚春丽.特大型风景名胜区居民社会调控雏议--以青海湖国家重点风景名胜区为例[J].人文地理,2005,20(2):114-118.]
[18]HE Zhongyu,ZHAI Guofang.Employment location choice of Chinese college students and its determinants[J].Human Geography,2015,30(2):37-42.[何仲禹,翟国方.我国大学生就业城市选择意愿及其影响因素分析[J].人文地理,2015,30(2):37-42.]
[19]WEI Jianhua,WANG Erda.An evaluation method of tourism carrying capacity based on visitor experience utility[J].Tourism Tribune,2015,30(4):105-114.[韦健华,王尔大.基于游客体验效用的旅游承载力评价方法[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(4):105-114.]
[20]VANDERWAAL J.Foreign direct investment and international migration to Dutch cities[J].Urban Studies,2013,50(2):294-311.
[21]SANDERSON M R,KENTOR J.Foreign direct investment and international migration[J].International Sociology,2008,23(4):514-539.
[22]ZHOU Xiaokun,FENG Qin,LIAO Rong.Empirical study on the influencing factors of rural surplus labor.s transferring[J].Statistics&Decision,2010,(16):74-77.[周孝坤,冯钦,廖嵘.农村剩余劳动力转移影响因素的实证研究[J].统计与决策,2010,?12(16):74-77.]
[23]RAVENSTEIN E G.The laws of migration[J].Journal of the Statistic Society,1976,48(2):289-291.
[24]HARRIS J R,TODARO M P.Migration,unemployment and development:A two-sector analysis[J].American Economic Review,1970,60(1):126-142.
[25]LEWIS W A.Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour[J].Manchester School,1954,22(2):139-191.
[26]ZHU Huibin,LI Guicai.Shenzhen-Hong Kong cross-border cooperation research[J].Economic Geography,2013,33(7):9-14.[朱惠斌,李贵才.深港联合跨界合作与同城化协作研究[J].经济地理,2013,33(7):9-14.]
[27]HE Sheng,WANG Jufen.The analysis of economical pulling factors for migrants in Beijing,Shanghai and Guangzhou after reform and opening[J].Northwest Population,2007,28(3):8-11.[何圣,王菊芬.改革开放后北京、上海、广州对流动人口的经济拉力因素的分析[J].西北人口,2007,28(3):8-11.]
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