天然橡胶机械化采收锯切功耗影响因素试验
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摘要
锯切式割胶是天然橡胶机械化采收的重点研究方向之一,该文以锯切式割胶装置为研究对象,开展锯切功耗影响因素研究。该文设计了天然橡胶锯切功耗测量试验台,研究了锯片直径、锯片齿数、切割电机转速、进给速度对锯切式割胶装置切割功耗的影响。构建了以切割电机转速、进给速度及锯片齿数为因素,以切割功耗为指标的割胶刀具切割功耗影响因素模型,并进行了三因素三水平的正交试验。试验结果表明,各因素对切割功耗影响的主次顺序为锯片齿数、进给速度、电机转速、锯片直径;同时得到在给定因素水平下,切割参数最佳组合为进给速度为30 mm/s、电机转速为500 r/min、锯片齿数为10齿,此时电机切割功耗最小,功耗值为2.597 J。该研究可为天然橡胶机械化采收装置的设计提供参考。
Natural rubber(NR) is an important economic crop in tropical regions of China and is also an indispensable strategic resource which has excellent capability. With the growing shortage of tappers, mechanization of NR tapping becomes an inevitable trend. There are many studies on cutting characteristics of agricultural and forestry crops both at home and abroad. However, the study on the cutting power consumption of rubber mechanical harvesting is still blank, so it is necessary to carry out independent experiments on NR bark. The selection of cutting parameters is very important in mechanized harvesting. Cutting parameters will affect the cutting ability of the cutter. In order to reduce the power consumption of the NR mechanized harvesting sawing cutter and prolong the working time of the mechanical tapping equipment in the forest, the influence factors on sawing power consumption were studied. At first an experiment bench for NR tapping was developed based on the actual working conditions. The bench was mainly composed of a sawing cutter, a data acquisition module, a feeding motion module and a microcontroller. Sawing cutter was fixed on the ground, while cutting samples were mounted on feeding motion module which was able to supply cutting force. Saw blade could be replaced to change the diameter and the teeth number, and both the motor speed of the cutter and the speed of the feeding module could be adjusted through programming. The DC(direct current) stabilized voltage power supply was connected in series with the isolating transmitter and sawing cutter. The output of the isolation transmitter was connected with the microcontroller. And the microcontroller was used to collect the instantaneous current of sawing motor. Then the data were transmitted to the computer through the RS232 serial port and the computer could calculate cutter power of motor as an experiment evaluation index. All samples were taken from Xiqing Farm in Danzhou City, Hainan Province. The truncated tree was untapped and the tree bark was original. Meanwhile, all cutting samples with size of 50 mm × 30 mm × 5.5 mm(length × breadth × height) were cut from a same truncated tree and in order to simulate the actual cutting condition, the sample was pruned into trapezium. The cutting samples were tested within 2 h to prevent the biological characteristics of samples from changing. Then single factor experiments were conducted, and the effect of the diameter and the teeth number of saw blade on power consumption was tested by using different saw blades with different teeth numbers and diameters, while that of the motor speed of cutter and the feeding speed of samples was tested through changing programs. And the results showed that the diameter of saw blade had no significant influence on power consumption, and the teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed had significant influence on power consumption. Power consumption decreased with the decrease of teeth number and motor speed, while it increased with the decrease of feeding speed. Finally an orthogonal experiment with 3 factors(teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed) and 3 levels was carried out based on the single factor experiments. And the results indicated that the significant level order of the effect of different factors on power consumption from high to low was teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed. Moreover, the optimal sawing parameters for NR mechanical tapping were obtained as follows: Teeth number was 10 teeth, feeding speed was 30 mm/s, and motor speed was 500 r/min, and under the optimal condition the cutter power of motor was 2.597 J. As the selection of cutting parameters is essential for NR mechanical tapping devices, which significantly affects the working ability of the tapping devices, this study can provide a reference for the device design of NR mechanized tapping.
Natural rubber(NR) is an important economic crop in tropical regions of China and is also an indispensable strategic resource which has excellent capability. With the growing shortage of tappers, mechanization of NR tapping becomes an inevitable trend. There are many studies on cutting characteristics of agricultural and forestry crops both at home and abroad. However, the study on the cutting power consumption of rubber mechanical harvesting is still blank, so it is necessary to carry out independent experiments on NR bark. The selection of cutting parameters is very important in mechanized harvesting. Cutting parameters will affect the cutting ability of the cutter. In order to reduce the power consumption of the NR mechanized harvesting sawing cutter and prolong the working time of the mechanical tapping equipment in the forest, the influence factors on sawing power consumption were studied. At first an experiment bench for NR tapping was developed based on the actual working conditions. The bench was mainly composed of a sawing cutter, a data acquisition module, a feeding motion module and a microcontroller. Sawing cutter was fixed on the ground, while cutting samples were mounted on feeding motion module which was able to supply cutting force. Saw blade could be replaced to change the diameter and the teeth number, and both the motor speed of the cutter and the speed of the feeding module could be adjusted through programming. The DC(direct current) stabilized voltage power supply was connected in series with the isolating transmitter and sawing cutter. The output of the isolation transmitter was connected with the microcontroller. And the microcontroller was used to collect the instantaneous current of sawing motor. Then the data were transmitted to the computer through the RS232 serial port and the computer could calculate cutter power of motor as an experiment evaluation index. All samples were taken from Xiqing Farm in Danzhou City, Hainan Province. The truncated tree was untapped and the tree bark was original. Meanwhile, all cutting samples with size of 50 mm × 30 mm × 5.5 mm(length × breadth × height) were cut from a same truncated tree and in order to simulate the actual cutting condition, the sample was pruned into trapezium. The cutting samples were tested within 2 h to prevent the biological characteristics of samples from changing. Then single factor experiments were conducted, and the effect of the diameter and the teeth number of saw blade on power consumption was tested by using different saw blades with different teeth numbers and diameters, while that of the motor speed of cutter and the feeding speed of samples was tested through changing programs. And the results showed that the diameter of saw blade had no significant influence on power consumption, and the teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed had significant influence on power consumption. Power consumption decreased with the decrease of teeth number and motor speed, while it increased with the decrease of feeding speed. Finally an orthogonal experiment with 3 factors(teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed) and 3 levels was carried out based on the single factor experiments. And the results indicated that the significant level order of the effect of different factors on power consumption from high to low was teeth number, feeding speed and motor speed. Moreover, the optimal sawing parameters for NR mechanical tapping were obtained as follows: Teeth number was 10 teeth, feeding speed was 30 mm/s, and motor speed was 500 r/min, and under the optimal condition the cutter power of motor was 2.597 J. As the selection of cutting parameters is essential for NR mechanical tapping devices, which significantly affects the working ability of the tapping devices, this study can provide a reference for the device design of NR mechanized tapping.
引文
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[16]郭莹洁,杨永福.铣削参数对毛竹表面粗糙度影响的研究[J].林产工业,2009,36(4):21-23.Guo Yingjie,Yang Yongfu.Study on the effects of milling parameters for moso bamboo on its surface roughness[J].China Forest Products Industry,2009,36(4):21-23.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]郭莹洁,杨永福,白雪.铣削参数对毛竹超前劈裂的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(增刊1):193-196.Guo Yingjie,Yang Yongxue,Bai Xue.Effects of milling parameters for Moso bamboo on its advance splitting[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2009,31(Supp.1):193-196.
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[19]马永康,张振国,边胤.柠条收割机切割器的设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(7):202-204.
[20]赵湛,李耀明,徐立章,等.超级稻单茎秆切割力学性能试验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(10):72-75.Zhao Zhan,Li Yaoming,Xu Lizhang,et al.Experiment on cutting mechanical property of single super rice stalk[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(10):72-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘庆庭,区颖刚,卿上乐,等.甘蔗茎秆在光刃刀片切割下根茬破坏试验[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(3):103-107.Liu Qingting,Qu Yinggang,Qing Shangle,et al.Stubble damage of sugarcane stalks in cutting test by smooth-edge blade[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(3):103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]田昆鹏,李显旺,沈成,等.天牛仿生大麻收割机切割刀片设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):56-61.Tian Kunpeng,Li Xianwang,Shen Cheng,et al.Design and test of cutting blade of cannabis harvester based on longicorn bionic principle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(5):56-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]苏工兵,刘俭英,王树才,等.苎麻茎秆木质部力学性能试验[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(5):62-65.Su Gongbing,Liu Jianying,Wang Shucai,et al.Study on mechanical properties of xylem of ramie stalk[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(5):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]邬备,王德成,王光辉,等.割草机切割压扁装置运行参数优化与试验[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(10):76-83.Wu Bei,Wang Decheng,Wang Guanghui,et al.Optimization and experiments of cut-condition device working parameter on mower conditioner[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(10):76-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]吴良军,杨洲,洪添胜,等.荔枝树枝力学特性的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):68-73.Wu Liangjun,Yang Zhou,Hong Tiansheng,et al.Experimental study on mechanical properties of litehi branches[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(16):68-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]李黎.木材切削原理与刀具[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008.
[27]张万桢,黄慧德.橡胶割胶工[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2014.
[2]金华斌,田维敏,史敏晶.我国天然橡胶产业发展概况及现状分析[J].热带农业科学,2017,37(5):98-104.Jin Huabin,Tian Weimin,Shi Minjing.Current situation and industrial development of natural rubber in China[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2017,37(5):98-104.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]刘少军,张京红,蔡大鑫,等.海南岛天然橡胶主要气象灾害风险区划[J].自然灾害学报,2015,24(3):177-183.Liu Shaojun,Zhang Jinghong,Cai Daxin,et al.Risk zoning of main meteorological disasters of natural rubber in Hainan Island[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2015,24(3):177-183.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]陈明文.我国天然橡胶产业发展形势与因应策略[J].农业经济问题,2016,37(10):91-94.
[5]罗富晟,张德生.我国农垦胶工老龄化原因与影响[J].热带农业科技,2012,35(2):42-45.Luo Fusheng,Zhang Desheng.Aging problem of rubber tapping workers in China state-farm and its affect[J].Tropical Agricultural Science&Technology,2012,35(2):42-45.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]闫喜强,廖宇兰.橡胶树割胶技术的探索[C]//三亚,第三届全国地方机械工程学会学术年会暨海峡两岸机械科技论坛,2013:4.
[7]Zhong Xue,Zhang Jin,Zhang Yanlin,et al.Test and analysis on the mechanical properties of cassava stalks[J].Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences,2015,25(Supp.1):59-67.
[8]Igathinathane C,Pordesimo L O,Schilling M W,et al.Fast and simple measurement of energy requirements for plant stalk cutting[C]//Providence:American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2008.
[9]Igathinathane C,Pordesimo L O,Schilling M W,et al.Fast and simple measurement of cutting energy requirement of plant stalk and prediction model development[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2011,33(2):518-523.
[10]Chandio F A,Yi C,TAg Ar A A,et al.Effect of loading rate on mechanical characteristics of wheat and rice straw[J].Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science,2013,19(6):1452-1458.
[11]Zhao Jiale,Huang Dongyan,Jia Honglei,et al.Analysis and experiment on cutting performances of high-stubble maize stalks[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2017,10(1):40-52.
[12]Ghahraei O,Ahmad D,Khalina A,et al.Cutting tests of kenaf stems[J].Transactions of the ASABE,54(1):51-56.
[13]杨永福.竹材切削加工性能研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2005.Yang Yongfu.Studuy on the Cutting Performance of Bamboo[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2005.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]杨永福,习宝田,李黎.切削参数对竹材切削力影响的研究[J].木材加工机械,2005(3):13-15.Yang Yongfu,Xi Baotian,Li Li.Study on effects of cutting parameters for bamboo on cutting forces[J].Wood Processing Machinery,2005(3):13-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]杨永福,习宝田,李黎.毛竹切削力的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(4):17-21.Yang Yongfu,Xi Baotian,Li Li.Cutting forces of moso bamboo[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(4):17-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]郭莹洁,杨永福.铣削参数对毛竹表面粗糙度影响的研究[J].林产工业,2009,36(4):21-23.Guo Yingjie,Yang Yongfu.Study on the effects of milling parameters for moso bamboo on its surface roughness[J].China Forest Products Industry,2009,36(4):21-23.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]郭莹洁,杨永福,白雪.铣削参数对毛竹超前劈裂的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(增刊1):193-196.Guo Yingjie,Yang Yongxue,Bai Xue.Effects of milling parameters for Moso bamboo on its advance splitting[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2009,31(Supp.1):193-196.
[18]郭莹洁.铣削参数对竹材铣削质量与单位切削功的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2009.Guo Yingjie,Effects of Milling Parameters for Bamboo on its Milling Qualities and Unit Cutting Work[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2009.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]马永康,张振国,边胤.柠条收割机切割器的设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(7):202-204.
[20]赵湛,李耀明,徐立章,等.超级稻单茎秆切割力学性能试验[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(10):72-75.Zhao Zhan,Li Yaoming,Xu Lizhang,et al.Experiment on cutting mechanical property of single super rice stalk[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(10):72-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]刘庆庭,区颖刚,卿上乐,等.甘蔗茎秆在光刃刀片切割下根茬破坏试验[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(3):103-107.Liu Qingting,Qu Yinggang,Qing Shangle,et al.Stubble damage of sugarcane stalks in cutting test by smooth-edge blade[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(3):103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]田昆鹏,李显旺,沈成,等.天牛仿生大麻收割机切割刀片设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(5):56-61.Tian Kunpeng,Li Xianwang,Shen Cheng,et al.Design and test of cutting blade of cannabis harvester based on longicorn bionic principle[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(5):56-61.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]苏工兵,刘俭英,王树才,等.苎麻茎秆木质部力学性能试验[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(5):62-65.Su Gongbing,Liu Jianying,Wang Shucai,et al.Study on mechanical properties of xylem of ramie stalk[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(5):62-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]邬备,王德成,王光辉,等.割草机切割压扁装置运行参数优化与试验[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(10):76-83.Wu Bei,Wang Decheng,Wang Guanghui,et al.Optimization and experiments of cut-condition device working parameter on mower conditioner[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(10):76-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]吴良军,杨洲,洪添胜,等.荔枝树枝力学特性的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):68-73.Wu Liangjun,Yang Zhou,Hong Tiansheng,et al.Experimental study on mechanical properties of litehi branches[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(16):68-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]李黎.木材切削原理与刀具[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008.
[27]张万桢,黄慧德.橡胶割胶工[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2014.