下伏隧道层状岩质边坡地震响应特性的大型振动台试验研究
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摘要
针对下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡,设计并完成比尺1∶10的大型振动台试验。试验选取汶川波、Kobe波和大瑞人工波作为台面输入地震波,研究下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡的加速度和动位移响应变化规律及地震动参数对边坡动力响应特性的影响。研究表明:在地震荷载作用下,下伏隧道水平层状岩质边坡的加速度响应随着地震波类型、激振强度、激振方向、岩层相对位置等因素呈现出非线性变化特征;在X向或Z向单向激振下,边坡主要在地震波激振方向上产生动力响应;边坡的竖直加速度放大系数沿坡高呈"U"型变化,最小值出现在软弱夹层与上部弱风化岩层的分界面处,软弱夹层对边坡的竖向加速度响应有较大影响。边坡的动位移响应整体上表现为:对于不同类型地震波,Kobe波双向激振下最大、大瑞波次之、汶川波最小;对于同一种地震波,双向激振时较强、单向激振时较弱。边坡软弱夹层与上部弱风化岩层的分界面在耦合地震作用下易发生剪出破坏,应采取相应的预加固措施。
A large scale shaking table experiment with a scale of 1:10 is designed and completed for a horizontal layered rock slope under a tunnel. A series of tests are performed with different seismic waves including Wenchuan, Darui and Kobe. The dynamic acceleration and dynamic displacement response of a horizontal layered rock slope in a submerged tunnel are studied, and the influence of ground motion parameters on the dynamic response characteristics of the slope is studied. Results show that the dynamic response of seismic acceleration presents obvious nonlinearity amplification trend with seismic waveform, earthquake amplitudes, excitation direction and the transducer locations. With the unidirectional seismic wave excitation, the dynamic response of rock slope is mainly generated from the same direction of inputted seismic wave. The vertical acceleration amplification coefficient of rock slope evolves with the trend as a type of "U" along the foot to the top of slope and becomes the minimum at the separatrix of weak rock and upper weakly weathered rock.The soft rock has a significant effect on the vertical acceleration response of rock slope. As a whole, the seismic displacement response amplitude of rock slope is K-XZ > DR-XZ > WC-XZ and bidirectional excitation is stronger than unidirectional. The position near the separatrix of weak rock and upper weakly weathered rock is easy to generate a shear failure under the coupled excitation. The interface between soft slope and upper weak weathered rock is prone to shear failure under coupled seismic actions, so the corresponding pre-reinforcement measures should be adopted.
A large scale shaking table experiment with a scale of 1:10 is designed and completed for a horizontal layered rock slope under a tunnel. A series of tests are performed with different seismic waves including Wenchuan, Darui and Kobe. The dynamic acceleration and dynamic displacement response of a horizontal layered rock slope in a submerged tunnel are studied, and the influence of ground motion parameters on the dynamic response characteristics of the slope is studied. Results show that the dynamic response of seismic acceleration presents obvious nonlinearity amplification trend with seismic waveform, earthquake amplitudes, excitation direction and the transducer locations. With the unidirectional seismic wave excitation, the dynamic response of rock slope is mainly generated from the same direction of inputted seismic wave. The vertical acceleration amplification coefficient of rock slope evolves with the trend as a type of "U" along the foot to the top of slope and becomes the minimum at the separatrix of weak rock and upper weakly weathered rock.The soft rock has a significant effect on the vertical acceleration response of rock slope. As a whole, the seismic displacement response amplitude of rock slope is K-XZ > DR-XZ > WC-XZ and bidirectional excitation is stronger than unidirectional. The position near the separatrix of weak rock and upper weakly weathered rock is easy to generate a shear failure under the coupled excitation. The interface between soft slope and upper weak weathered rock is prone to shear failure under coupled seismic actions, so the corresponding pre-reinforcement measures should be adopted.
引文
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[2]吴冲龙.中国西部及邻区大地震时空特征、地质背景及发展趋势分析[J].地学前缘,2010,17(5):193-205.(WU Chonglong.Temporal and spatial characteristics,geological background and development trend of the earthquake in western China and its adjacent fields[J].Earth science frontiers,2010,17(5):193-205(in Chinese)).
[3]江学良,祝中林,杨慧,等.含隧道岩石边坡在地震作用下动力响应特性研究[J].自然灾害学报,2016,25(2):94-102.(JIANG Xueliang,ZHU Zhonglin,YANG Hui,et al.Study on dynamic response characteristics of rock slope with tunnel under earthquake[J].Journal of natural disasters,2016,25(2):94-102(in Chinese)).
[4]LU L,WANG Z J,SONG M L,et al.Stability analysis of slopes with ground water during earthquakes[J].Engineering geology,2015,193:288-296.
[5]李书兵,苏骏,毕辉.岩质边坡在地震荷载作用下的动力响应分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2012,8(1):212-216.(LI Shubing,SU Jun,BI Hui.Dynamical response analysis of rock slopes under earthquake load[J].Chinese journal of underground space and engineering,2012,8(1):212-216(in Chinese)).
[6]刘汉香,许强,邹威,等.层状岩质斜坡竖向动力响应特性的振动台试验研究[J].振动与冲击,2012,31(22):13-20.(LIU Hanxiang,XU Qiang,ZOU Wei,et al.Shaking table test for vertical dynamic response behavior of layered rock slopes[J].Journal of vibration and shock,2012,31(22):13-20(in Chinese)).
[7]LIU H X,XU Q,LI Y R.Effect of lithology and structure on seismic response of steep slope in a shaking table test[J].Journal of mountain science,2014,11(2):371-383.
[8]LATHA G M,VARMAN A M N.Shaking table studies on geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes[J].International journal of geotechnical engineering,2014,8(3):299-306.
[9]吴冬,高波,申玉生,等.隧道仰坡地震动力响应特性振动台模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(7):1921-1928.(WU Dong,GAO Bo,SHEN Yusheng,et al.Shaking table test study of seismic dynamic response of tunnel entrance slope[J].Rock and soil mechanics,2014,35(7):1921-1928(in Chinese)).
[10]王帅帅,高波,周裕,等.隧道洞口含软弱夹层仰坡振动台试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增刊1):2699-2705.(WANG Shuaishuai,GAO Bo,ZHOU Yu,et al.Shaking table test on tunnel front slope with weak intercalation[J].Chinese journal of rock mechanics and engineering,2015,34(S1):2669-2705(in Chinese)).
[11]江学良,牛家永,连鹏远,等.含小净距隧道岩石边坡地震动力特性的大型振动台试验研究[J].工程力学,2017,34(5):132-147.(JIANG Xueliang,NIU Jiayong,LIAN Pengyuan,et al.Large-scale shaking table test study on seismic response characteristics of rock slope with small spacing tunnel[J].Engineering mechanics,2017,34(5):132-147(in Chinese)).
[12]MEYMAND P J.Shaking table scale model tests of nonlinear soilpile-superstructure interaction in soft clay[D].Berkeley:University of California,Berkeley,1998.
[13]IAI S.Similitude for shaking table tests on soil structure-fluid model in 1-g gravitational field[J].Soils and foundations,1989,29(1):105-118.
[14]熊仲民,王社良.土木工程结构试验[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.(XIONG Zhongmin,WANG Sheliang.Civil engineering structural tests[M].Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2006(in Chinese)).
[15]LOUIS B.The Pi theorem of dimensional analysis[J].Archive for rational mechanics and analysis,1957,1(1):35-45.
[16]陈之毅,李月阳.模型箱设计中的边界变形研究[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2015,37(5):106-112.(CHEN Zhiyi,LI Yueyang.Boundary deformation of model container design[J].Earthquake resistant engineering and retrofitting,2015,37(5):106-112(in Chinese)).
[17]YUAN Y Q,JIANG X L,ZHU Z L,et al.Experimental study on the compressive strength of cement mortar[J].Applied mechanics and materials,2015,711:422-425.
[18]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.公路隧道设计规范:JTG D70-2004[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People’s Republic of China.Code for design of road tunnel:JTG D70-2004[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,2004(in Chinese)).
[19]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.建筑抗震设计规范:GB50011-2010[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2011.(The National Standards Compilation Group of People’s Republic of China.Code for seismic design of buildings:GB50011-2010[S].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2011(in Chinese)).