基于自我控制的产品创新性决策
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摘要
基于诱惑与自我控制理论,纳入外部环境诱惑引致的自我控制成本,通过协调具有不同时间偏好的"发展者"与"生存者"对同一现金流不同价值的判断,建立了产品创新性决策模型。研究表明:①产品创新性决策由企业实施自我控制的成本与其相应的收益之间的权衡决定,其本质是不同时间偏好作用下的同一投资收益流的价值折中;②现金流引入的随机性与创新性决策计划性的增强,均导致企业倾向于选择更高的产品创新性,当决策者面临着凸性的自我控制成本时,其对产品创新性的选择会表现出动态不一致性;③外部控制的增强,也将诱导企业倾向于选择更高的产品创新性,并且外部控制与自我控制存在着相互替代的关系;④政府补贴行为通过降低企业自我控制成本,以增大创新回报,从而刺激其研发的投入与支出,并诱导企业选择更高的产品创新性。
This study,synthesizing the constraint theorem of financing cost regarding product innovation and incorporating self-control cost induced by external temptation,establishes an enterprise's choice of product innovativeness model by coordinating different value estimations concerning the same cash flow by developers and survivors who have a dissimilar preference for time.The research demonstrates that①the decision-making of product innovation is determined by the trade-off between the cost of self-control and the corresponding income in a firm,which is in essence a compromise between values for an identical investment-return flow under the action of unlike time preferences;②bringing in cash flow randomicity and strengthening innovation decision plan can induce enterprises to tend to select a more novel commodity and decision makers' behaviors represent dynamic inconsistency in the case of convex self-control cost;③reinforcing external regulation serves luring companies to be inclined to a higher innovation of product,and there is a mutual substitution between external control and self-control;④by stimulating enterprises' R&D input,government subsidies can decline its selfcontrol cost and increase its rewards to induce enterprises to consider the higher innovation of products.
This study,synthesizing the constraint theorem of financing cost regarding product innovation and incorporating self-control cost induced by external temptation,establishes an enterprise's choice of product innovativeness model by coordinating different value estimations concerning the same cash flow by developers and survivors who have a dissimilar preference for time.The research demonstrates that①the decision-making of product innovation is determined by the trade-off between the cost of self-control and the corresponding income in a firm,which is in essence a compromise between values for an identical investment-return flow under the action of unlike time preferences;②bringing in cash flow randomicity and strengthening innovation decision plan can induce enterprises to tend to select a more novel commodity and decision makers' behaviors represent dynamic inconsistency in the case of convex self-control cost;③reinforcing external regulation serves luring companies to be inclined to a higher innovation of product,and there is a mutual substitution between external control and self-control;④by stimulating enterprises' R&D input,government subsidies can decline its selfcontrol cost and increase its rewards to induce enterprises to consider the higher innovation of products.
引文
[1]谢洪明,张颖,程聪,等.网络嵌入对技术创新绩效的影响:学习能力的视角[J].科研管理,2014,35(12):1-8.
[2]宋晶,陈菊红,孙永磊.双元战略导向对合作创新绩效的影响研究——网络嵌入性的调节作用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(6):102-109.
[3]魏江,黄学,刘洋.基于组织模块化与技术模块化“同构/异构”协同的跨边界研发网络架构[J].中国工业经济,2014,32(4):148-160.
[4]张玉利,李乾文.公司创业导向、双元能力与组织绩效[J].管理科学学报,2009,12(1):137-152.
[5]阳银娟,陈劲.开放式创新中市场导向对创新绩效的影响研究[J].科研管理,2015,36(3):103-110.
[6]张军,许庆瑞,张素平.动态环境中企业知识管理与创新能力关系研究[J].科研管理,2014,35(4):59-67.
[7]杨菲,安立仁,史贝贝,等.知识积累与双元创新能力动态反馈关系研究[J].管理学报,2017,14(11):66-76.
[8]尚航标,黄培伦.管理认知与动态环境下企业竞争优势:万和集团案例研究[J].南开管理评论,2010,13(3):70-79.
[9]张平,黄智文,高小平.企业政治关联与创业企业创新能力的研究——高层管理团队特征的影响[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(3):117-125.
[10]罗瑾琏,管建世,钟竞,等.基于团队双元行为中介作用的双元领导与团队创新绩效关系研究[J].管理学报,2017,14(6):31-39.
[11]STOCK R,TOTZAUE F R,ZACHARIAS N.ACloser Look at Cross-Functional R&D Cooperation for Innovativeness:Innovation-Oriented Leadership and Human Resource Practices as Driving Forces[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2014,31(5):924-938.
[12]王念新,仲伟俊,梅姝娥.信息技术战略价值及实现机制的实证研究[J].管理科学学报,2011,14(7):55-70.
[13]AGHION P,HOWITT P.A Model of Growth Creative Destruction[J].Econometrica,1992,60(2):323-351.
[14]SHIBATA T,NISHIHARA M.Investment Timing under Debt Issuance Constraint[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,2012,36(4):981-991.
[15]BECCHETTI L,CASTELLI A.Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities,Credit Rationing and Financing Constraints in Small and Medium-Sized Firms[J].Small Business Economics,2010,35(4):467-497.
[16]BROWN J,MARTINSSON G,PETERSEN B.Law,Stock Markets,and Innovation[J].Journal of Finance,2013,68(4):1 517-1 549.
[17]成力为,孙玮.市场化程度对自主创新配置效率的影响——基于Cost-Malmquist指数的高技术产业行业面板数据分析[J].中国软科学,2012(5):128-137.
[18]周艳菊,邹飞,王宗润.盈利能力、技术创新能力与资本结构——基于高新技术企业的实证分析[J].科研管理,2014,35(1):48-57.
[19]银路,李天柱,程跃,等.“山寨”现象的一般规律及其政策建议[J].科学学研究,2010,28(3):321-327.
[20]李玲,陶厚永.山寨模式形成动力机制及其对国产品牌的启示[J].科研管理,2013,34(2):112-119.
[21]DENICOLò V,ZANCHETTIN P.Competition,Market Selection and Growth[J].Economic Journal,2010,120(5):761-785.
[22]ETHIRAJ S,RAMASUBBU N,KRISHNAN M.Does Complexity Deter Customer-Focus?[J].Strategic Management Journal,2012,33(2):137-161.
[23]MCNALLY R,CAVUSGIL C,CALANTONE R.Product Innovativeness Dimensions and Their Relationships with Product Advantage,Product Financial Performance,and Project Protocol[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2010,27(7):991-1 006.
[24]SHAPIRO C.Premiums for High Quality Products as Returns to Reputations[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1983,98(4):659-679.
[25]NOE T,REBELL M,RIETZ T.Product Market Efficiency:The Bright Side of Myopic,Uninformed,and Passive External Finance[J].Management Science,2012,58(11):2 019-2 036.
[26]FEENSTRA R,ROMALIS J.International Prices and Endogenous Quality[J].Quarterly Journal of E-conomics,2014,129(2):477-527.
[27]HALLAK J,SCHOTT P.Estimating Cross-Country Differences in Product Quality[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2011,126(1):417-474.
[28]蒋军锋,屈霞.个体行为与自我控制:一个理论综述[J].经济研究,2016(9):162-174.
[29]ROLAND B,TIRLE J.Willpower and Personal Rules[J].Journal of Political Economy,2004,112(4):848-886.
[30]PEYSAKHOVICH A.How to Commit(If You Must):Commitment Contracts and the Dual-Self Model[J].Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,2014,101(1):100-112.
(1)创新性测度T在经验意义上不是均匀的,创新性提高的难度会随着自身的提高而更高,由此,创新性测度T仅在定序意义上与通常的创新性含义相同。
(1)自2017年中国正式加入ICH(人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会)与国际高技术标准相对接以来,政府对医药行业的整改规制逐渐频繁。国家食品药品监督总局(CFDA)陆续展开加强对药品审评审批制度(《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》)、药品注册标准(《关于调整进口药品注册管理有关事项的决定(国家食品药品监督管理总局令第35号)》),药品安全质量(《“十三五”国家药品安全规划》,《关于仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价工作有关事项的公告(2017年第100号)》)及药品流通采购环节(“两票制”、国务院“13号文”、医药电商资质取消)等方面的监督和整治。旨在提高药品生产质量和注册审批标准,加强对创新药品和仿制药品的质量监管,并规制不必要的流通环节改善药价虚高问题,促进药品市场流通透明化。
(2)从式(3)可知,S(T;T′0)=S(T;T0)-S(T′0;T0),由于S(T′0;T0)>0,所以S(T;T′0) (3)不同创新性产品获取均衡利率回报意味着企业在不同创新性产品间的选择无差异。在诱惑为T0情形下,产品T′0必须使得CS(S(T;T′0))=-P(T;T′0)成立,注意到-P(T;T0)=(-P(T′*0;T0)-P(T;T′)),由于凸性成本假设下存在C″S()>0,则必然存在CS(S(T;T0))-CS(S(T;T′0))>CS(S(T;T′0))。
[2]宋晶,陈菊红,孙永磊.双元战略导向对合作创新绩效的影响研究——网络嵌入性的调节作用[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(6):102-109.
[3]魏江,黄学,刘洋.基于组织模块化与技术模块化“同构/异构”协同的跨边界研发网络架构[J].中国工业经济,2014,32(4):148-160.
[4]张玉利,李乾文.公司创业导向、双元能力与组织绩效[J].管理科学学报,2009,12(1):137-152.
[5]阳银娟,陈劲.开放式创新中市场导向对创新绩效的影响研究[J].科研管理,2015,36(3):103-110.
[6]张军,许庆瑞,张素平.动态环境中企业知识管理与创新能力关系研究[J].科研管理,2014,35(4):59-67.
[7]杨菲,安立仁,史贝贝,等.知识积累与双元创新能力动态反馈关系研究[J].管理学报,2017,14(11):66-76.
[8]尚航标,黄培伦.管理认知与动态环境下企业竞争优势:万和集团案例研究[J].南开管理评论,2010,13(3):70-79.
[9]张平,黄智文,高小平.企业政治关联与创业企业创新能力的研究——高层管理团队特征的影响[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2014,35(3):117-125.
[10]罗瑾琏,管建世,钟竞,等.基于团队双元行为中介作用的双元领导与团队创新绩效关系研究[J].管理学报,2017,14(6):31-39.
[11]STOCK R,TOTZAUE F R,ZACHARIAS N.ACloser Look at Cross-Functional R&D Cooperation for Innovativeness:Innovation-Oriented Leadership and Human Resource Practices as Driving Forces[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2014,31(5):924-938.
[12]王念新,仲伟俊,梅姝娥.信息技术战略价值及实现机制的实证研究[J].管理科学学报,2011,14(7):55-70.
[13]AGHION P,HOWITT P.A Model of Growth Creative Destruction[J].Econometrica,1992,60(2):323-351.
[14]SHIBATA T,NISHIHARA M.Investment Timing under Debt Issuance Constraint[J].Journal of Banking and Finance,2012,36(4):981-991.
[15]BECCHETTI L,CASTELLI A.Investment-Cash Flow Sensitivities,Credit Rationing and Financing Constraints in Small and Medium-Sized Firms[J].Small Business Economics,2010,35(4):467-497.
[16]BROWN J,MARTINSSON G,PETERSEN B.Law,Stock Markets,and Innovation[J].Journal of Finance,2013,68(4):1 517-1 549.
[17]成力为,孙玮.市场化程度对自主创新配置效率的影响——基于Cost-Malmquist指数的高技术产业行业面板数据分析[J].中国软科学,2012(5):128-137.
[18]周艳菊,邹飞,王宗润.盈利能力、技术创新能力与资本结构——基于高新技术企业的实证分析[J].科研管理,2014,35(1):48-57.
[19]银路,李天柱,程跃,等.“山寨”现象的一般规律及其政策建议[J].科学学研究,2010,28(3):321-327.
[20]李玲,陶厚永.山寨模式形成动力机制及其对国产品牌的启示[J].科研管理,2013,34(2):112-119.
[21]DENICOLò V,ZANCHETTIN P.Competition,Market Selection and Growth[J].Economic Journal,2010,120(5):761-785.
[22]ETHIRAJ S,RAMASUBBU N,KRISHNAN M.Does Complexity Deter Customer-Focus?[J].Strategic Management Journal,2012,33(2):137-161.
[23]MCNALLY R,CAVUSGIL C,CALANTONE R.Product Innovativeness Dimensions and Their Relationships with Product Advantage,Product Financial Performance,and Project Protocol[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management,2010,27(7):991-1 006.
[24]SHAPIRO C.Premiums for High Quality Products as Returns to Reputations[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1983,98(4):659-679.
[25]NOE T,REBELL M,RIETZ T.Product Market Efficiency:The Bright Side of Myopic,Uninformed,and Passive External Finance[J].Management Science,2012,58(11):2 019-2 036.
[26]FEENSTRA R,ROMALIS J.International Prices and Endogenous Quality[J].Quarterly Journal of E-conomics,2014,129(2):477-527.
[27]HALLAK J,SCHOTT P.Estimating Cross-Country Differences in Product Quality[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2011,126(1):417-474.
[28]蒋军锋,屈霞.个体行为与自我控制:一个理论综述[J].经济研究,2016(9):162-174.
[29]ROLAND B,TIRLE J.Willpower and Personal Rules[J].Journal of Political Economy,2004,112(4):848-886.
[30]PEYSAKHOVICH A.How to Commit(If You Must):Commitment Contracts and the Dual-Self Model[J].Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,2014,101(1):100-112.
(1)创新性测度T在经验意义上不是均匀的,创新性提高的难度会随着自身的提高而更高,由此,创新性测度T仅在定序意义上与通常的创新性含义相同。
(1)自2017年中国正式加入ICH(人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会)与国际高技术标准相对接以来,政府对医药行业的整改规制逐渐频繁。国家食品药品监督总局(CFDA)陆续展开加强对药品审评审批制度(《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》)、药品注册标准(《关于调整进口药品注册管理有关事项的决定(国家食品药品监督管理总局令第35号)》),药品安全质量(《“十三五”国家药品安全规划》,《关于仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价工作有关事项的公告(2017年第100号)》)及药品流通采购环节(“两票制”、国务院“13号文”、医药电商资质取消)等方面的监督和整治。旨在提高药品生产质量和注册审批标准,加强对创新药品和仿制药品的质量监管,并规制不必要的流通环节改善药价虚高问题,促进药品市场流通透明化。
(2)从式(3)可知,S(T;T′0)=S(T;T0)-S(T′0;T0),由于S(T′0;T0)>0,所以S(T;T′0)