城市独生子女低龄老年父母的家庭代际支持研究——基于与多子女家庭的比较
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摘要
文章利用中国老年社会追踪调查数据,对中国城市独生子女低龄老年父母家庭的代际支持进行比较深入的研究,发现如下特点:(1)在代际经济支持上,子女给父母钱的比例和数量均超过老年父母给他们钱的比例和数量,独生子女与老年父母之间的代际经济支持比多子女更加均衡;(2)在家务代际支持上,独生子女及老年父母对对方的支持都比多子女多,但独生子女及老年父母间的交换更加均衡;(3)在精神慰藉方面,独生子女老年父母感到子女亲近的比例高于多子女老年父母;(4)独生子女内部,在经济和精神支持上,独生子和独生女间都没有显著差异,但代际劳务支持上有显著差异;(5)独生子女老年父母家庭代际支持受独生子女状况和代际关系的显著影响。
At present, the intergenerational support of the younger ageing parents in the only-child families in urban China has the following Characteristics: On the intergenerational economic support, the proportion and quantity of money children giving to their parents exceeds what the elderly parents giving to them. The intergenerational economic support in the only child families is more balanced than in the multiple children families. On the intergenerational support in housework, there is more support in the only child families than in the multiple children families, but again the former is more balanced. In terms of spiritual support, the proportion of the ageing parents of only children feeling closer is higher than that in multiple children families. Between the only sons and the only daughters, there is no significant difference between the economic support and the spiritual support, but the support in housework is significantly different. The intergenerational support of the younger ageing parents in the only child families is mainly influenced by the status of their only child and the intergenerational relationship.
At present, the intergenerational support of the younger ageing parents in the only-child families in urban China has the following Characteristics: On the intergenerational economic support, the proportion and quantity of money children giving to their parents exceeds what the elderly parents giving to them. The intergenerational economic support in the only child families is more balanced than in the multiple children families. On the intergenerational support in housework, there is more support in the only child families than in the multiple children families, but again the former is more balanced. In terms of spiritual support, the proportion of the ageing parents of only children feeling closer is higher than that in multiple children families. Between the only sons and the only daughters, there is no significant difference between the economic support and the spiritual support, but the support in housework is significantly different. The intergenerational support of the younger ageing parents in the only child families is mainly influenced by the status of their only child and the intergenerational relationship.
引文
1 丁志宏,王莉莉.我国居家养老中社区为老服务的均等化研究.社会保障研究,2011;3:10-15Ding Zhihong and Wang Lili. 2011. A Study on the Equity of the Service for the Aged in Community in Home-based Care Service for the Elderly. Social Security Studies 3:10-15.
2 王跃生.中国家庭代际关系的理论分析.人口研究,2008;4:13-21 Wang Yuesheng. 2008.Theoretical Analysis of the Intergenerational Relationships in Chinese Families. Population Research 4:13-21.
3 风笑天.浅谈独生子女在家庭中的角色特点.福建论坛(经济社会版),1991;5:59-61 Feng Xiaotian. 1991. The Role of the Only Child in the Family. Fujian Forum(Economic and social version) 5: 59-61.
4 王苹.第一代独生子女家庭养老观念的研究.人口与发展,2008(增刊):418-421 Wang Ping. 2008.On Support Concept of The First Generation Only-one Families. Population and Development(Supplement) 418-421.
5 原新.独生子女家庭的养老支持——从人口学视角的分析.人口研究,2004;5:48-54 Yuan Xin.2004.The Endowment Support in the Only-Child Families: Analysis from the Perspective of Demography. Population Research 5:48-54.
6 桂世勋.银色浪潮中的一个重大社会问题——关于独生子女父母年老后生活照顾问题的对策与建议.社会科学,1992;2:58-61 Gui Shixun.1992. A Major Social Problem in the Silver Wave: Countermeasures and Suggestions on the Problem of the Life Care for the Only Child's Parents. Social Science 2: 58-61.
7 风笑天.从“依赖养老”到“独立养老”——独生子女家庭养老观念的重要转变.河北学刊,2006;3:83-87Feng Xiaotian. 2006. From “Dependent” Support to “Independent ” Support : An Important Shift in the Concept of the Support for Single-child Families. Hebei Academic Journal 3: 83-87.
8 乐章,陈璇,风笑天.城市独生子女家庭养老问题.青年研究,2000;3:16-19 Yue Zhang, Chen Xuan and Feng Xiaotian. 2000. The Problem of Family Support for Only Children in Cities. Youth Studies 3:16-19.
9 柳玉芝,蔡文媚.中国城市独生子女问题.人口研究,1997;2:1-6 Liu Yuzhi and Cai Wenmei.1997. The Only Child Problem in Chinese Cities. Population Research 2:1-6.
10 刘鸿雁,柳玉芝.独生子女及其未来婚姻结构.中国人口科学,1996;3:33-37 Liu Hongyan and Liu Yuzhi.1996. The Only Child and Their Future Marriage Structure. Chinese Journal of Population Science 3: 33-37.
11 《人口研究》编辑部.对成年独生子女意外伤亡家庭问题的深层思考.人口研究,2004;1:28-37Editorial Board of Population Research. 2004. Deep thinking on the Family Problem of the Accidental Casualties of the Adult Only Children. Population Research 1:28-37.
12 王广州.中国独生子女总量结构及未来发展趋势估计.人口研究,2009;1:10-16 Wang Guangzhou.2009. Estimation of the Total Structure and the Future Development Trend of the Only Children in China. Population Research 1:10-16.
13 费孝通,家庭结构变动中的老年赡养问题——再论中国家庭结构的变动.费孝通社会学文集.天津人民出版社,1985:86Fei Xiaotong.1985.The Problem of the Old-age Support in the Change of Family Structure: Re-discussion on the Change of the Chinese Family Structure. Fei Xiaotong's Collection of Sociology. Tianjin People's Publishing House:86.
14 Caldwell J. C. 1976. Toward a Restatement of Demographic Transition Theory. Population and Development Review: 3/4:321-366.
15 Becker G.S.1974. A Theory of Social Interactions. Journal of Political Economy 6:1063-1093.
16 Lee Y.J., W.L. Parish and R. J.Willis. 1994. Sons, Daughters and Intergenerational Support in Taiwan. American Journal of Sociology 99:1010-1041.
17 Zimmer Z.& J.Kwong. 2003.Family Size and Support of Older Adults in Urban and Rural China: Current Effects and Future Implications. Demography 1 : 23-44.
18 郝静. 城市第一代独生子女家庭代际互动关系研究——基于2015年5省市调查数据.山东社会科学,2017;3: 76-80 Hao Jing. 2017. Intergenerational Interaction of the First Generation Only-child Families in Urban China: Based on the Survey Data of the Five Provinces and Cities in 2015. Shandong Social Sciences 3: 76-80.
19 王跃生.城市第一代独生子女家庭代际功能关系及特征分析.开放时代,2017;3:27-59,5-6 Wang Yuesheng. 2017. An Analysis of the Intergenerational Functional Relationship and Features of the Families of the First Generation Only Children in Urban China.Open Times 3:27-59,5-6.
20 宋健,黄菲.中国第一代独生子女与其父母的代际互动——与非独生子女的比较研究.人口研究,2011;3:3-16 Song Jian and Huang Fei. 2011.Intergenerational Interaction Between the First Generation Only Children and Their Parents in China: A Comparative Study with Multiple Children Families. Population Research 3: 3-16.
21 穆光宗.独生女子女家庭本质上是风险家庭.人口研究,2004;1:33-37Mu Guangzong.2004. An Only Child Family is Essentially a Risky Family. Population Research 1:33-37.
22 宋健,范文婷.中国城市家庭的代际情感交流——基于独生子女生命历程视角的实证分析.南方人口,2016;2:26-35,80 Song Jian and Fan Wenting. 2016. Emotional Relation Between Generations in Chinese Urban Families: An Empirical Study in the Perspective of the Only Child's Life Course. South China Population 2:26-35,80.
23 张文娟,李树茁.农村老年人家庭代际支持研究——运用指数混合模型验证合作群体理论.统计研究,2004;5:33-37 Zhang Wenjuan and Li Shuzhu. 2004. A Study on Intergenerational Support of the Elderly in Rural Chinese Families. Statistical Research 5: 33-37.
2 王跃生.中国家庭代际关系的理论分析.人口研究,2008;4:13-21 Wang Yuesheng. 2008.Theoretical Analysis of the Intergenerational Relationships in Chinese Families. Population Research 4:13-21.
3 风笑天.浅谈独生子女在家庭中的角色特点.福建论坛(经济社会版),1991;5:59-61 Feng Xiaotian. 1991. The Role of the Only Child in the Family. Fujian Forum(Economic and social version) 5: 59-61.
4 王苹.第一代独生子女家庭养老观念的研究.人口与发展,2008(增刊):418-421 Wang Ping. 2008.On Support Concept of The First Generation Only-one Families. Population and Development(Supplement) 418-421.
5 原新.独生子女家庭的养老支持——从人口学视角的分析.人口研究,2004;5:48-54 Yuan Xin.2004.The Endowment Support in the Only-Child Families: Analysis from the Perspective of Demography. Population Research 5:48-54.
6 桂世勋.银色浪潮中的一个重大社会问题——关于独生子女父母年老后生活照顾问题的对策与建议.社会科学,1992;2:58-61 Gui Shixun.1992. A Major Social Problem in the Silver Wave: Countermeasures and Suggestions on the Problem of the Life Care for the Only Child's Parents. Social Science 2: 58-61.
7 风笑天.从“依赖养老”到“独立养老”——独生子女家庭养老观念的重要转变.河北学刊,2006;3:83-87Feng Xiaotian. 2006. From “Dependent” Support to “Independent ” Support : An Important Shift in the Concept of the Support for Single-child Families. Hebei Academic Journal 3: 83-87.
8 乐章,陈璇,风笑天.城市独生子女家庭养老问题.青年研究,2000;3:16-19 Yue Zhang, Chen Xuan and Feng Xiaotian. 2000. The Problem of Family Support for Only Children in Cities. Youth Studies 3:16-19.
9 柳玉芝,蔡文媚.中国城市独生子女问题.人口研究,1997;2:1-6 Liu Yuzhi and Cai Wenmei.1997. The Only Child Problem in Chinese Cities. Population Research 2:1-6.
10 刘鸿雁,柳玉芝.独生子女及其未来婚姻结构.中国人口科学,1996;3:33-37 Liu Hongyan and Liu Yuzhi.1996. The Only Child and Their Future Marriage Structure. Chinese Journal of Population Science 3: 33-37.
11 《人口研究》编辑部.对成年独生子女意外伤亡家庭问题的深层思考.人口研究,2004;1:28-37Editorial Board of Population Research. 2004. Deep thinking on the Family Problem of the Accidental Casualties of the Adult Only Children. Population Research 1:28-37.
12 王广州.中国独生子女总量结构及未来发展趋势估计.人口研究,2009;1:10-16 Wang Guangzhou.2009. Estimation of the Total Structure and the Future Development Trend of the Only Children in China. Population Research 1:10-16.
13 费孝通,家庭结构变动中的老年赡养问题——再论中国家庭结构的变动.费孝通社会学文集.天津人民出版社,1985:86Fei Xiaotong.1985.The Problem of the Old-age Support in the Change of Family Structure: Re-discussion on the Change of the Chinese Family Structure. Fei Xiaotong's Collection of Sociology. Tianjin People's Publishing House:86.
14 Caldwell J. C. 1976. Toward a Restatement of Demographic Transition Theory. Population and Development Review: 3/4:321-366.
15 Becker G.S.1974. A Theory of Social Interactions. Journal of Political Economy 6:1063-1093.
16 Lee Y.J., W.L. Parish and R. J.Willis. 1994. Sons, Daughters and Intergenerational Support in Taiwan. American Journal of Sociology 99:1010-1041.
17 Zimmer Z.& J.Kwong. 2003.Family Size and Support of Older Adults in Urban and Rural China: Current Effects and Future Implications. Demography 1 : 23-44.
18 郝静. 城市第一代独生子女家庭代际互动关系研究——基于2015年5省市调查数据.山东社会科学,2017;3: 76-80 Hao Jing. 2017. Intergenerational Interaction of the First Generation Only-child Families in Urban China: Based on the Survey Data of the Five Provinces and Cities in 2015. Shandong Social Sciences 3: 76-80.
19 王跃生.城市第一代独生子女家庭代际功能关系及特征分析.开放时代,2017;3:27-59,5-6 Wang Yuesheng. 2017. An Analysis of the Intergenerational Functional Relationship and Features of the Families of the First Generation Only Children in Urban China.Open Times 3:27-59,5-6.
20 宋健,黄菲.中国第一代独生子女与其父母的代际互动——与非独生子女的比较研究.人口研究,2011;3:3-16 Song Jian and Huang Fei. 2011.Intergenerational Interaction Between the First Generation Only Children and Their Parents in China: A Comparative Study with Multiple Children Families. Population Research 3: 3-16.
21 穆光宗.独生女子女家庭本质上是风险家庭.人口研究,2004;1:33-37Mu Guangzong.2004. An Only Child Family is Essentially a Risky Family. Population Research 1:33-37.
22 宋健,范文婷.中国城市家庭的代际情感交流——基于独生子女生命历程视角的实证分析.南方人口,2016;2:26-35,80 Song Jian and Fan Wenting. 2016. Emotional Relation Between Generations in Chinese Urban Families: An Empirical Study in the Perspective of the Only Child's Life Course. South China Population 2:26-35,80.
23 张文娟,李树茁.农村老年人家庭代际支持研究——运用指数混合模型验证合作群体理论.统计研究,2004;5:33-37 Zhang Wenjuan and Li Shuzhu. 2004. A Study on Intergenerational Support of the Elderly in Rural Chinese Families. Statistical Research 5: 33-37.
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