独生子女与非独生子女家庭老年人养老意愿及其影响因素研究
|
摘要
本研究利用2014年"中国老年社会追踪调查"数据分别考察独生子女家庭和非独生子女家庭老年人的养老观念和养老意愿,重点分析两类老年人养老意愿的影响因素及其差异。结果表明大部分老年人仍然认同"养儿防老"的观念,认为养老责任主要应由子女承担,在家庭中养老仍是最为老年人接受的方式。与非独生子女家庭老年人相比,独生子女家庭老年人更偏好独立居住,对子女养老责任的期待更低,但对子女精神支持的需求更高,同时更加企盼来自政府和制度的养老支持。个人因素和家庭因素共同塑造了老年人的养老意愿,但对两类老年人的影响不同。从个人因素看,受教育程度的高低会更为显著地影响非独生子女家庭老年人的养老意愿,特别是影响其对机构养老的态度。从家庭特征看,对独生子女家庭老年人而言,配偶发挥的作用似乎超过了子女,对其养老意愿产生了更为重要的影响,"夫妻健全"的独生子女父母更偏好独立养老。"养儿"对两类老年人均有影响,但意义不同。对于非独生子女家庭老年人而言,有无儿子显著影响的是"在自己家还是子女家养老"的家庭内部决策;对于独生子女家庭老年人而言,有无儿子则显著影响了其养老地点在家庭和社会之间的抉择。
Using data from China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey in 2014,this study examines the differences of the concept and intention for old-age support of Chinese elderly among one-child families and multiple children families,mainly focusing on the determinants of their intention. Results show that:Firstly,the majority of the elderly still agree with the concept of"bring up sons to support parents in their old age",laying responsibilities of old-age support on their children. For them,family support is still the most acceptable way. Nevertheless,there are differences between the elderly from one-child and multiple children families. Compared with the elderly of multiple children families,those who come from one-child families prefer to live independently. They have lower expectation of their children's pension obligations,higher demand for spiritual support from their children and higher expectation of the support from government and society. Secondly,individual-level and family-level factors both influence the intention for old-age support,while they play different roles in different families. Educational level has a more significant impact on the elderly of multiple children families,especially on their attitude toward institutional care. For the elderly of one-child families,the role of spouse seems more important than that of children. Older adults with spouse prefer to live independently. Having a son or not has a totally different meaning for these two types of elderly:For the elderly of multiple children families,it significantly influences inside-family decision,i.e. raising a son encourages them to live with their offspring;for the elderly of one-child families,it affects the choice between family and society.
Using data from China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey in 2014,this study examines the differences of the concept and intention for old-age support of Chinese elderly among one-child families and multiple children families,mainly focusing on the determinants of their intention. Results show that:Firstly,the majority of the elderly still agree with the concept of"bring up sons to support parents in their old age",laying responsibilities of old-age support on their children. For them,family support is still the most acceptable way. Nevertheless,there are differences between the elderly from one-child and multiple children families. Compared with the elderly of multiple children families,those who come from one-child families prefer to live independently. They have lower expectation of their children's pension obligations,higher demand for spiritual support from their children and higher expectation of the support from government and society. Secondly,individual-level and family-level factors both influence the intention for old-age support,while they play different roles in different families. Educational level has a more significant impact on the elderly of multiple children families,especially on their attitude toward institutional care. For the elderly of one-child families,the role of spouse seems more important than that of children. Older adults with spouse prefer to live independently. Having a son or not has a totally different meaning for these two types of elderly:For the elderly of multiple children families,it significantly influences inside-family decision,i.e. raising a son encourages them to live with their offspring;for the elderly of one-child families,it affects the choice between family and society.
引文
[1]任德新,楚永生.伦理文化变迁与传统家庭养老模式的嬗变创新[J].江苏社会科学,2014,(5):11-16.
[2]宋健.“四二一”结构家庭的养老能力与养老风险——兼论家庭安全与和谐社会构建[J].中国人民大学学报,2013,(5):94-102.
[3]杜鹏,孙鹃娟,张文娟,王雪辉.中国老年人的养老需求及家庭和社会养老资源现状——基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查的分析[J].人口研究,2016,(6):49-61.
[4]陈建兰.空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素——基于苏州的实证研究[J].人口与发展,2010,(2):67-75.
[5]伍海霞,王广州.独生子女家庭亲子居住特征研究[J].中国人口科学,2016,(5):66-77.
[6]曾毅,王正联.中国家庭与老年人居住安排的变化[J].中国人口科学,2004,(5):2-8.
[7]张丽萍.老年人口居住安排与居住意愿研究[J].人口学刊,2012,(6):25-33.
[8]张文娟,魏蒙.城市老年人的机构养老意愿及影响因素研究——以北京市西城区为例[J].人口与经济,2014,(6):22-34.
[9]张争艳,王化波.珠海市老年人口养老意愿及影响因素分析[J].人口学刊,2016,(1):88-94.
[10]褚湜婧,孙鹃娟.影响城市老年人养老意愿诸因素分析[J].南京人口管理干部学院学报,2010,(2):43-46.
[11]纪竞垚.只有一孩,靠谁养老?——独生子女父母养老意愿及影响因素分析[J].老龄科学研究,2015,(8):35-44.
[12]任强,唐启明.中国老年人的居住安排与情感健康研究[J].中国人口科学,2014,(4):82-91.
[13]曲嘉瑶,孙陆军.中国老年人的居住安排与变化:2000~2006[J].人口学刊,2011,(2):40-45.
[14]王跃生.城市第一代独生子女家庭亲子居住方式分析[J].中国人口科学,2016,(5):49-65.
(1)在所有独生子女家庭老年人中,85岁以下的老年人占比为97.69%,在所有非独生子女家庭老年人中,85岁以下的占比为94.03%,即两类老年人的年龄都集中于85岁以下,因此85岁应是一个较好的划分标准;此外,对于超过85岁的高龄老年人而言,其未来的养老安排很可能就是当前养老模式的延续,改变当前养老方式的可能性并不大。
(2)2014年7月,《国务院关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见》出台,指出要建立城乡统一的户口登记制度。取消农业户口与非农业户口性质区分和由此衍生的蓝印户口等户口类型,统一登记为居民户口。由于在CLASS调查进行期间,此项政策逐渐开展起来,问卷中将户口类型分为“农业户口”、“非农业户口”和“统一居民户口”三类,但并没有区分受访者是由何种户口类型转为“统一居民户口”。本研究在区分城乡属性时,将统一居民户口与非农业户口归为一类,为“城市户口”,农业户口的样本保持不变。
(1)根据问卷设置,这里同吃同住的人员不仅包括子女,还包括老年人的配偶、父母、子女的配偶、兄弟姐妹、孙子女及其配偶、保姆等。
(1)由于问卷设置问题的限制,我们无法进一步识别出非独生子女家庭的老年人未来想在哪个子女家居住。但这一结果至少说明有儿子的老年人会更倾向于获取子女的养老支持。
[2]宋健.“四二一”结构家庭的养老能力与养老风险——兼论家庭安全与和谐社会构建[J].中国人民大学学报,2013,(5):94-102.
[3]杜鹏,孙鹃娟,张文娟,王雪辉.中国老年人的养老需求及家庭和社会养老资源现状——基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查的分析[J].人口研究,2016,(6):49-61.
[4]陈建兰.空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素——基于苏州的实证研究[J].人口与发展,2010,(2):67-75.
[5]伍海霞,王广州.独生子女家庭亲子居住特征研究[J].中国人口科学,2016,(5):66-77.
[6]曾毅,王正联.中国家庭与老年人居住安排的变化[J].中国人口科学,2004,(5):2-8.
[7]张丽萍.老年人口居住安排与居住意愿研究[J].人口学刊,2012,(6):25-33.
[8]张文娟,魏蒙.城市老年人的机构养老意愿及影响因素研究——以北京市西城区为例[J].人口与经济,2014,(6):22-34.
[9]张争艳,王化波.珠海市老年人口养老意愿及影响因素分析[J].人口学刊,2016,(1):88-94.
[10]褚湜婧,孙鹃娟.影响城市老年人养老意愿诸因素分析[J].南京人口管理干部学院学报,2010,(2):43-46.
[11]纪竞垚.只有一孩,靠谁养老?——独生子女父母养老意愿及影响因素分析[J].老龄科学研究,2015,(8):35-44.
[12]任强,唐启明.中国老年人的居住安排与情感健康研究[J].中国人口科学,2014,(4):82-91.
[13]曲嘉瑶,孙陆军.中国老年人的居住安排与变化:2000~2006[J].人口学刊,2011,(2):40-45.
[14]王跃生.城市第一代独生子女家庭亲子居住方式分析[J].中国人口科学,2016,(5):49-65.
(1)在所有独生子女家庭老年人中,85岁以下的老年人占比为97.69%,在所有非独生子女家庭老年人中,85岁以下的占比为94.03%,即两类老年人的年龄都集中于85岁以下,因此85岁应是一个较好的划分标准;此外,对于超过85岁的高龄老年人而言,其未来的养老安排很可能就是当前养老模式的延续,改变当前养老方式的可能性并不大。
(2)2014年7月,《国务院关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见》出台,指出要建立城乡统一的户口登记制度。取消农业户口与非农业户口性质区分和由此衍生的蓝印户口等户口类型,统一登记为居民户口。由于在CLASS调查进行期间,此项政策逐渐开展起来,问卷中将户口类型分为“农业户口”、“非农业户口”和“统一居民户口”三类,但并没有区分受访者是由何种户口类型转为“统一居民户口”。本研究在区分城乡属性时,将统一居民户口与非农业户口归为一类,为“城市户口”,农业户口的样本保持不变。
(1)根据问卷设置,这里同吃同住的人员不仅包括子女,还包括老年人的配偶、父母、子女的配偶、兄弟姐妹、孙子女及其配偶、保姆等。
(1)由于问卷设置问题的限制,我们无法进一步识别出非独生子女家庭的老年人未来想在哪个子女家居住。但这一结果至少说明有儿子的老年人会更倾向于获取子女的养老支持。
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |