页岩气开发环境保护实践及环境监管思考——以中国石油集团为例
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摘要
首先从水资源消耗、地表水环境、大气环境、温室气体排放、土壤资源和环境等方面对美国页岩气商业开发进行了系统性研究,同时也以四川长宁-威远国家级页岩气示范区为例,探讨了中国石油集团在页岩气开发过程中的"三废"和噪声的管理控制措施。在借鉴美国先进经验的同时,结合我国页岩气开发的实际情况,深入分析了我国目前页岩气环境监管政策的现状和不足,并就压裂返排液的处理和成分公开、噪声厂界控制标准、油泥资源化利用等问题提出了建议。
The shale gas reserves in China leads the world and its exploitation is of strategic and practical significance to China's energy security,economic growth,energy conservation and emission reduction. However,the exploitation of shale gas has aroused a lasting controversy over its environmental issues while it has brought huge social and economic benefits. Therefore,environmental impacts and risks should be fully considered in the exploitation process. This paper carried out a systematic summary of recent studies on environmental impacts of shale gas exploitation covering water resource consumption,surface water environment,atmospheric environment,greenhouse gas emission,soil resources,etc. Meanwhile,it also introduced the management and control measures on the wastes and noise adopted by China National Petroleum Corporation( CNPC) in Sichuan Changning-Weiyuan National Shale Gas Demonstration Area. By combining the advanced experience in the US and China's reality,the authors analyzed the current situations and shortcomings of China's shale gas environmental supervision policies and has made recommendations on the flowback water treatment,the disclosure of the fracturing fluid formula,the standards for the factory bound noise control,and the utilization of the oil-based drilling wastes.
The shale gas reserves in China leads the world and its exploitation is of strategic and practical significance to China's energy security,economic growth,energy conservation and emission reduction. However,the exploitation of shale gas has aroused a lasting controversy over its environmental issues while it has brought huge social and economic benefits. Therefore,environmental impacts and risks should be fully considered in the exploitation process. This paper carried out a systematic summary of recent studies on environmental impacts of shale gas exploitation covering water resource consumption,surface water environment,atmospheric environment,greenhouse gas emission,soil resources,etc. Meanwhile,it also introduced the management and control measures on the wastes and noise adopted by China National Petroleum Corporation( CNPC) in Sichuan Changning-Weiyuan National Shale Gas Demonstration Area. By combining the advanced experience in the US and China's reality,the authors analyzed the current situations and shortcomings of China's shale gas environmental supervision policies and has made recommendations on the flowback water treatment,the disclosure of the fracturing fluid formula,the standards for the factory bound noise control,and the utilization of the oil-based drilling wastes.
引文
[1]中国地质调查局.中国页岩气资源调查报告(2016)[R].2017.
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[6] Cohen H A,Parratt T,Andrews C B. Potential Contaminant Pathways from Hydraulically Fractured Shale to Aquifers[J].Groundwater,2012,50(6):872.
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[9] Goodwin S, Carlson K H, Knox K, et al. Water intensity assessment of shale gas resources in the Wattenberg field in northeastern Colorado.[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(10):5991-5995.
[10] Zeng G,Chen M,Zeng Z. Shale gas:Surface water also at risk[J]. Nature,2013,499(7457):154.
[11] Bunch A G,Perry C S,Abraham L,et al. Evaluation of impact of shale gas operations in the Barnett Shale region on volatile organic compounds in air and potential human health risks[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2014(468/469):832-842.
[12] National Energy Technology Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy. Environmental impacts of unconventional natural gas development and production[Z]. 2014.
[2] Saba T,Orzechowski M. Lack of data to support a relationship between methane contamination of drinking water wells and hydraulic fracturing[J]. PNAS,2011,108(37):E663.
[3] Schon S C. Hydraulic fracturing not responsible for methane migration[J]. PNAS,2011,108(37):E664.
[4] Davies R J. Methane contamination of drinking water caused by hydraulic fracturing remains unproven[J]. PNAS,2011,108(43):E871.
[5] Vidic R D,Brantley S L,Vandenbossche J M,et al. Impact of Shale Gas Development on Regional Water Quality[J]. Science,2013,340(6134):826.
[6] Cohen H A,Parratt T,Andrews C B. Potential Contaminant Pathways from Hydraulically Fractured Shale to Aquifers[J].Groundwater,2012,50(6):872.
[7] Engelder T,Cathles L M,Bryndzia L T. The fate of residual treatment water in gas shale[J]. Journal of Unconventional Oil&Gas Resources,2014,7:33-48.
[8] Nicot J P,Scanlon B R. Water Use for Shale-Gas Production in Texas,U. S.[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(6):3580.
[9] Goodwin S, Carlson K H, Knox K, et al. Water intensity assessment of shale gas resources in the Wattenberg field in northeastern Colorado.[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(10):5991-5995.
[10] Zeng G,Chen M,Zeng Z. Shale gas:Surface water also at risk[J]. Nature,2013,499(7457):154.
[11] Bunch A G,Perry C S,Abraham L,et al. Evaluation of impact of shale gas operations in the Barnett Shale region on volatile organic compounds in air and potential human health risks[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2014(468/469):832-842.
[12] National Energy Technology Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy. Environmental impacts of unconventional natural gas development and production[Z]. 2014.