泡沫去除含水层硝基苯微观过程及其稳定化机理
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摘要
为了研究泡沫在地层多孔介质中的微观渗流行为、去除污染物的过程和机理,以及纳米SiO_2颗粒对泡沫稳定性能的影响,制作了真实砂岩微观模型并利用硬脂酸钠对纳米SiO_2颗粒进行了改性以稳定泡沫.结果表明,泡沫在多孔介质中的生成、破灭和运移是同时发生的,其生成方式与注入气流速度有关,破灭与气体扩散有关,运移则是以大部分被孔道所捕集而少部分以气泡链的形式进行;泡沫去除污染物硝基苯的方式包括乳化增溶、剥离携带和封堵作用,其中封堵作用是主要方式;疏水改性的纳米SiO_2颗粒对泡沫的稳定性有极大的提升,添加的纳米颗粒浓度越大,稳定性越强;纳米SiO_2颗粒稳定的泡沫在模拟中迁移时仍具有较强的稳定性,随着泡沫注入体积的增大,注入压力及阻力因子增大,封堵效应增强.
In order to study the microscopic percolation of foam, the process and mechanism of removing organic solvents, and the effect of nano-silica particles on the foam properties in the porous media, sandstone micromodel was made and nano-silica particles was modified with sodium stearate. The results showed that the formation, breakdown and migration of foam in porous media were simultaneous. The formation was related to the velocity of injection flow, the breakdown was related to the gas diffusion; A small portion of foam was carried out in the form of a bubble chain while most foam was trapped by pore. The removal of pollutants included emulsification, foam stripping and plugging, and plugging was the main way. Modified nano-silica particles can improve the stability of foam obviously, and there was a positive correlation between concentration and stability. The foam stabled by nano-silica particles still has strong stability when the foam was migrated in the simulation column. With the increase of the foam injection volume, the injection pressure and resistance factor increased, and the blocking effect is enhanced.
In order to study the microscopic percolation of foam, the process and mechanism of removing organic solvents, and the effect of nano-silica particles on the foam properties in the porous media, sandstone micromodel was made and nano-silica particles was modified with sodium stearate. The results showed that the formation, breakdown and migration of foam in porous media were simultaneous. The formation was related to the velocity of injection flow, the breakdown was related to the gas diffusion; A small portion of foam was carried out in the form of a bubble chain while most foam was trapped by pore. The removal of pollutants included emulsification, foam stripping and plugging, and plugging was the main way. Modified nano-silica particles can improve the stability of foam obviously, and there was a positive correlation between concentration and stability. The foam stabled by nano-silica particles still has strong stability when the foam was migrated in the simulation column. With the increase of the foam injection volume, the injection pressure and resistance factor increased, and the blocking effect is enhanced.
引文
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[3]Couto H J B,Massarani G,Biscaia E C,et al.Remediation of sandy soils using surfactant solutions and foams[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(2/3):1325-1334.
[4]Khan F I,Husain T,Hejazi R,An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2004,71(2):95-122.
[5]Laha S,Tansel B,Ussawarujikulchai A.Surfactant-soil interactions during surfactant-amended remediation of contaminated soils by hydrophobic organic compounds:A review[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2008,90(1):95-100.
[6]Yan Y L,Deng Q,He F,et al.Remediation of DNAPL-contaminated aquifers using density modification method with colloidal liquid aphrons[J].Colloids&Surfaces A:Physicochemical&Engineering Aspects,2011,385:219-228.
[7]Wang H,Chen J.A study on the permeability and flow behavior of surfactant foam in unconsolidated media[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68:567-576.
[8]Zhong L R,Szecsody J E,Zhang F.],et al.Foam delivery of amendments for vadose zone remediation:propagation performance in unsaturated sediments[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2010,9:757-767.
[9]Afsharpoor A,LeeG S,Kam S I,Mechanistic simulation of continuous gas injection period during surfactant-alternating-gas(SAG)processes using foam catastrophe theory[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2010,65:3615-3631.
[10]Chowdiah P,Misra B R,Ii J J K,Srivastava V J,et al.Foam propagation through soils for enhanced in-situ remediation[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1998,62:265-280.
[11]Roy D,Kongara S,Valsaraj K T.Application of surfactant solutions and colloidal gas aphron suspensions in flushing naphthalene from a contaminated soil matrix[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,42:247-263.
[12]李宾飞,李兆敏,刘祖鹏,等.多相泡沫体系调驱试验[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2010,34(4):93-98.Li Bin-fei,Li Zhao-min,Liu Zu-peng,et al.Experiment on profile control and flooding by multiphase foam system[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2010,34(4):93-98.
[13]赵化廷.新型抗盐抗温泡沫复合体系的研究与性能评价[D].西南石油学院,2005.Zhao Hua-ting.Preparation of Salt and Oil Resistant Foaming System and Evaluation on Oil-Displacement Ability[D].Southwest Petroleum University,2005.
[14]茹冕,常志东,罗文利,等.疏水型二氧化硅粒子对泡沫体系稳定性的影响[J].化工学报,2012,63:1943-1950.Ru Mian,Chang Zhi-dong,Luo Wen-li,et al.Influence of hydrophobically modified silicon dioxide particles on stability of EORflooding foam[J].CIESC Journal,2012,63:1943-1950.
[15]樊泽霞,李玉英,丁长灿,等.聚合物对泡沫稳定性的影响研究[J],特种油气藏,2013,20:102-104.Fan Ze-xia,Li Yu-ying,Ding Chang-can,et al.Effects of Polymer on Foam Stability[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2013,20:102-104.
[16]李兆敏,王鹏,李松岩,等.纳米颗粒提高二氧化碳泡沫稳定性的研究进展[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36:155-161.Li Zhao-min,Wang Peng,Li Song-yan,et al.Advances of Researches on Improving the Stability of CO2 Foams by Nanoparticles[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2014,36:155-161.
[17]王增林,王其伟.强化泡沫驱油体系性能研究[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28:49-51.Wang Zeng-lin,Wang Qi-wei.Performance of foam in the forced foam flooding system[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2004,28:49-51.
[18]Espinoza D A,Caldelas F M,Johnston K P,et al.NanoparticleStabilized Supercritical CO2 Foams for Potential Mobility Control Applications.2010.
[19]Longpré-Girard M,R Martel,T Robert,et al.2D sandbox experiments of surfactant foams for mobility control and enhanced LNAPLrecovery in layered soils[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2016,193:63-73.
[20]Osei-Bonsu K,Grassia P,Shokri N.Relationship between bulk foam stability,surfactant formulation and oil displacement efficiency in porous media[J].Fuel,2017,203:403-410.
[21]Osei-Bonsu K,Grassia P,Shokri N.Investigation of foam flow in a3D printed porous medium in the presence of oil[J].Journal Colloid Interface Science,2017,490:850-858.