生物炭对塿土土壤容重和团聚体的影响
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摘要
通过比较生物炭施入土壤2 a和5 a的试验结果,研究随年限的增长生物炭的添加对塿土容重和土壤团聚体含量及稳定性的影响.采用田间定位试验和室内分析,试验设生物炭用量为0 t·hm~(-2)(B0)、20 t·hm~(-2)(B20)、40 t·hm~(-2)(B40)、60t·hm~(-2)(B60)和80 t·hm~(-2)(B80)这5个处理,将果树树干、枝条生物炭(450℃、限氧条件下)施入土壤,与耕层土壤混匀.经过5 a,分3层测定0～30 cm土层(即0～10、10～20和20～30 cm)的土壤容重、团聚体及有机碳含量.结果表明:①生物炭施入土壤5 a与施入2 a的结果相比,其对0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层团聚体影响相对减弱,对20～30 cm土层土壤容重和团聚体的影响显著增强.②随着年限的增长,在0～10 cm土层,生物炭施用量为40 t·hm~(-2)时,> 0. 25 mm团聚体的含量及团聚体稳定性显著增强,容重显著减小;在10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层,生物炭施用量为60～80 t·hm~(-2)时,> 0. 25 mm团聚体的含量及团聚体稳定性显著增强,容重显著减小.③当生物炭施用量为60 t·hm~(-2)时,对土壤有机碳的增加效果表现最优.说明生物炭对土壤团聚体的影响是一个渐进的过程.生物炭施入土壤5 a,其对深层土壤的影响更为显著,20～30 cm土层的土壤容重显著降低,> 0. 25 mm团聚体的含量及团聚体稳定性显著增强.从经济效益和改善效果综合考虑,在耕层土壤施入40～60 t·hm~(-2)的生物炭最适.
The effect of biochar on the bulk density and aggregate stability of Lou soil was evaluated and compared after biochar was applied for 2 years and 5 years through a field-positioning experiment. Five biochar amounts were applied in this study,as follows: 0 t·hm~(-2)( B0),20 t·hm~(-2)( B20),40 t·hm~(-2)( B40),60 t·hm~(-2)( B60),and 80 t·hm~(-2)( B80). The biochar was produced by pyrolysis of stems and branches from fruit trees at the temperature of 450℃ with limited oxygen apply. At the beginning of the study,biochar was mixed thoroughly with the surface soil( 0-20 cm). After 5 years,the soil bulk density and aggregate stability of 0-30 cm soil layers( 0-10,10-20,and 20-30 cm) were measured and compared with the results obtained after 2 years with the purpose of observing the long-term and persist effects of biochar application. The results showed that: ① compared with the results after 2 years of application,the effect of biochar on the aggregates at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm after 5 years were less distinct,and the effect on soil aggregates at depths of 20-30 cm was significantly enhanced; ② compared with the 2 year application,the aggregate stability and the content of the > 0. 25 mm aggregate size fraction were significantly increased at 0-10 cm depths after 5 years of biochar application at a rate of 40 t·hm~(-2),while bulk density was significantly decreased; at 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths,the stability of aggregates and the content of the > 0. 25 mm aggregate size fraction was significantly increased,while the bulk density was significantly decreased after 5 years of biochar application at a rate of 60-80 t·hm~(-2); ③ when the biochar application rate was 60 t·hm~(-2),the increase in soil organic carbon was the highest after 5 years. After biochar was applied for 5 years,its effect was more significant lower in the soil profile; the soil bulk density was significantly reduced,and aggregate stability and the content of > 0. 25 mm aggregates were significantly increased at depths of 20-30 cm. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the improvement effects and economic benefits,the most suitable biochar application rate was found to be 40-60 t·hm~(-2). It was further concluded that the effect of biochar on soil aggregates was gradual and sustainable.
The effect of biochar on the bulk density and aggregate stability of Lou soil was evaluated and compared after biochar was applied for 2 years and 5 years through a field-positioning experiment. Five biochar amounts were applied in this study,as follows: 0 t·hm~(-2)( B0),20 t·hm~(-2)( B20),40 t·hm~(-2)( B40),60 t·hm~(-2)( B60),and 80 t·hm~(-2)( B80). The biochar was produced by pyrolysis of stems and branches from fruit trees at the temperature of 450℃ with limited oxygen apply. At the beginning of the study,biochar was mixed thoroughly with the surface soil( 0-20 cm). After 5 years,the soil bulk density and aggregate stability of 0-30 cm soil layers( 0-10,10-20,and 20-30 cm) were measured and compared with the results obtained after 2 years with the purpose of observing the long-term and persist effects of biochar application. The results showed that: ① compared with the results after 2 years of application,the effect of biochar on the aggregates at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm after 5 years were less distinct,and the effect on soil aggregates at depths of 20-30 cm was significantly enhanced; ② compared with the 2 year application,the aggregate stability and the content of the > 0. 25 mm aggregate size fraction were significantly increased at 0-10 cm depths after 5 years of biochar application at a rate of 40 t·hm~(-2),while bulk density was significantly decreased; at 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths,the stability of aggregates and the content of the > 0. 25 mm aggregate size fraction was significantly increased,while the bulk density was significantly decreased after 5 years of biochar application at a rate of 60-80 t·hm~(-2); ③ when the biochar application rate was 60 t·hm~(-2),the increase in soil organic carbon was the highest after 5 years. After biochar was applied for 5 years,its effect was more significant lower in the soil profile; the soil bulk density was significantly reduced,and aggregate stability and the content of > 0. 25 mm aggregates were significantly increased at depths of 20-30 cm. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the improvement effects and economic benefits,the most suitable biochar application rate was found to be 40-60 t·hm~(-2). It was further concluded that the effect of biochar on soil aggregates was gradual and sustainable.
引文
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[5]邱晓蕾,宗良纲,刘一凡,等.不同种植模式对土壤团聚体及有机碳组分的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):1045-1052.Qiu X L, Zong L G, Liu Y F, et al. Effects of different cultivation patterns on soil aggregates and organic carbon fractions[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(3):1045-1052.
[6]安艳,姬强,赵世翔,等.生物质炭对果园土壤团聚体分布及保水性的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):293-300.An Y,Ji Q,Zhao S X,et al. Effect of biochar application on soil aggregates distribution and moisture retention in orchard soil[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):293-300.
[7]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(16):3324-3333.Chen W F,Zhang W M,Meng J. Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(16):3324-3333.
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[9] Gul S,Whalen J K,Thomas B W,et al. Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils:Mechanisms and future directions[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015,206:46-59.
[10]尚杰,耿增超,王月玲,等.施用生物炭对土微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(6):1142-1151.Shang J, Geng Z C, Wang Y L, et al. Effect of biochar amendment on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activity in Tier Soils[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(6):1142-1151.
[11]尚杰,耿增超,赵军,等.生物炭对塿土水热特性及团聚体稳定性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(7):1969-1976.Shang J,Geng Z C,Zhao J,et al. Effects of biochar on water thermal properties and aggregate stability of Lou soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(7):1969-1976.
[12]田冬,高明,黄容,等.油菜/玉米轮作农田土壤呼吸和异养呼吸对秸秆与生物炭还田的响应[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2988-2999.Tian D,Gao M,Huang R,et al. Response of soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration to returning of straw and biochar in rape-maize rotation systems[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2988-2999.
[13]潘全良,陈坤,宋涛,等.生物炭及炭基肥对棕壤持水能力的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(1):115-121.Pan Q L,Chen K,Song T,et al. Influences of biochar and biochar-based compound fertilizer on soil water retention in brown soil[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(1):115-121.
[14]赵占辉,张丛志,蔡太义,等.不同稳定性有机物料对砂姜黑土理化性质及玉米产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(10):1228-1235.Zhao Z H,Zhang C Z,Cai T Y,et al. Effects of different stable organic matters on physicochemical properties of lime concretion black soil and maize yield[J]. Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2015,23(10):1228-1235.
[15]李江舟,代快,张立猛,等.施用生物炭对云南烟区红壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(6):2114-2120.Li J Z,Dai K,Zhang L M,et al. Effects of biochar application on soil organic carbon distribution and soil aggregate composition of red soils in Yunnan tobacco planting area[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(6):2114-2120.
[16]叶丽丽,王翠红,周虎,等.添加生物质黑炭对红壤结构稳定性的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(1):62-66.Ye L L,Wang C H,Zhou H,et al. Effects of rice straw-derived biochar addition on soil structure stability of an ultisol[J]. Soils,2012,44(1):62-66.
[17]王月玲,耿增超,王强,等.生物炭对塿土土壤温室气体及土壤理化性质的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3634-3641.Wang Y L,Geng Z C,Wang Q,et al. Influence of biochar on greenhouse gases emissions and physico-chemical properties of loess soil[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3634-3641.
[18]徐国鑫,王子芳,高明,等.秸秆与生物炭还田对土壤团聚体及固碳特征的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):355-362.Xu G X,Wang Z F,Gao M,et al. Effects of straw and biochar return in soil on soil aggregate and carbon sequestration[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):355-362.
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