贵州东汉巴郡守丞鎏金铜印的扫描电镜分析
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摘要
本文利用扫描电子显微分析-微区化学成分分析(SEM-EDS)研究了贵州交乐汉墓出土的"巴郡守丞"鎏金铜印,通过显微形貌观察和成分分析判断鎏金铜印的材质和制作工艺。结果表明鎏金铜印底座表面的纹饰是用呈"∨"形的尖锐工具刻画而成,鎏金层脱落部分有灰白色腐蚀产物;鎏金铜印的基体组成是Cu-Sn-Pb三元合金,鎏金层表面含有Hg,说明铜印是以青铜为基体,表面采用汞鎏金的方式制作;用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对基体锈蚀处的灰白色粉末进行表征,物质结构为SnO_2,其形成原因是青铜基体在环境介质中Cu离子迁移至器物表面,造成锡在原地沉积富集。
The "Bajunshoucheng" gilding bronze seal unearthed from Jiaole tomb of Han dynasty in Guizhou is characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS), to investigate the texture and craftsmanship of the gilding bronze seal by micromorphology and chemical composition. The analysis suggests that pattern on the bottom surface of gilding seal is carved by "∨"shaped point tool. Gray-white corrosion products appear on the surface of gilding layer. The chemical composition of the matrix is Cu-Sn-Pb and the gilding layer contains mercury. It indicates that the raw material of gilding procedure is amalgam and the gray-white corrosion powder products contain tin and oxygen. The phase analysis by X-ray diffraction(XRD) shows that the chemical structure is SnO_2,since Cu migrates from matrix to surface in environment medium, which leads to Sn remain rich in the corrosion layer.
The "Bajunshoucheng" gilding bronze seal unearthed from Jiaole tomb of Han dynasty in Guizhou is characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS), to investigate the texture and craftsmanship of the gilding bronze seal by micromorphology and chemical composition. The analysis suggests that pattern on the bottom surface of gilding seal is carved by "∨"shaped point tool. Gray-white corrosion products appear on the surface of gilding layer. The chemical composition of the matrix is Cu-Sn-Pb and the gilding layer contains mercury. It indicates that the raw material of gilding procedure is amalgam and the gray-white corrosion powder products contain tin and oxygen. The phase analysis by X-ray diffraction(XRD) shows that the chemical structure is SnO_2,since Cu migrates from matrix to surface in environment medium, which leads to Sn remain rich in the corrosion layer.
引文
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[11] 刘美梅, 钱翔英. 空心SnO2@G复合材料的结构表征及其储锂性能研究[J]. 电子显微学报, 2018, 37 (1): 15-19.
[12] 凡小盼, 赵雄伟, 赵卓, 等. 云阳丝栗包遗址出土汉代青铜耳杯锈蚀的扫描电镜分析[J]. 电子显微学报, 2017, 36 (3): 258-263.
[13] ROBBIOLA L, TRAN T T M, DUBOT P, et al. Characterisation of anodic layers on Cu-10Sn bronze (RDE) in aerated NaCl solution[J]. Corrosion Science, 2008, 50: 2205-2215.
[14] 张晓梅, 原思训. 周原遗址及■国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究[J]. 文物保护与考古科学, 1999, 11 (2): 7-18.
[15] 王菊琳, 许淳淳, 吕国诚. 三元青铜/环境界面上物质转移的化学行为[J]. 材料研究学报, 2004, 18 (2): 244-250.
[16] 汤琪, 王菊琳, 马菁毓. 土壤腐蚀过程中高锡青铜的形貌变化和元素迁移[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2011, 21 (12): 3175-3181.
[2] 宋先世. 贵州兴仁汉墓出土“巨王千万”与“巴郡守丞”印[J]. 四川文物, 1991 (6): 29-33.
[3] 李飞. 贵州兴仁县交乐十九号汉墓[J]. 考古, 2004 (3): 51-58.
[4] 史继忠. 兴仁交乐汉墓群[J]. 当代贵州, 2007 (5): 55.
[5] 王海文. 鎏金工艺考[J]. 故宫博物院院刊, 1984 (2): 50-58+84.
[6] 赵匡华. 我国古代“抽砂炼汞”的演进及其化学成就[J]. 自然科学史研究, 1984, 3 (1): 11-23.
[7] 吴坤仪. 鎏金[J]. 中国科技史料,1981 (1): 90-94.
[8] 梁宏刚, 孙淑云, 何志国. 四川绵阳双包山汉墓出土金汞合金实物的研究[J]. 文物, 2006 (4): 90-93.
[9] 齐东方. 中国早期金银器研究[J]. 华夏考古, 1999 (4): 68-85.
[10] 杨小刚, 金普军, 黄伟, 等. 重庆云阳李家坝遗址出土汉代鎏金青铜器的扫描电镜分析[J]. 电子显微学报, 2010, 29 (4): 350-353.
[11] 刘美梅, 钱翔英. 空心SnO2@G复合材料的结构表征及其储锂性能研究[J]. 电子显微学报, 2018, 37 (1): 15-19.
[12] 凡小盼, 赵雄伟, 赵卓, 等. 云阳丝栗包遗址出土汉代青铜耳杯锈蚀的扫描电镜分析[J]. 电子显微学报, 2017, 36 (3): 258-263.
[13] ROBBIOLA L, TRAN T T M, DUBOT P, et al. Characterisation of anodic layers on Cu-10Sn bronze (RDE) in aerated NaCl solution[J]. Corrosion Science, 2008, 50: 2205-2215.
[14] 张晓梅, 原思训. 周原遗址及■国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究[J]. 文物保护与考古科学, 1999, 11 (2): 7-18.
[15] 王菊琳, 许淳淳, 吕国诚. 三元青铜/环境界面上物质转移的化学行为[J]. 材料研究学报, 2004, 18 (2): 244-250.
[16] 汤琪, 王菊琳, 马菁毓. 土壤腐蚀过程中高锡青铜的形貌变化和元素迁移[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2011, 21 (12): 3175-3181.