秦王川盆地土壤重金属来源、分布及污染评价
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摘要
为探究秦王川盆地土壤重金属的来源、分布及污染情况,测定了研究区51个表层土壤样品的8种重金属(Cr、Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cd)总量和p H值;采用多元统计、地质统计方法和GIS技术对重金属的来源、空间变异结构和分布进行了研究,利用污染指数法和模糊综合评判法对重金属污染进行了评价.结果表明:Zn、Ni含量均值大于当地背景值,其余重金属含量均值都低于背景值;Cd属于强变异,其余均为中等变异,Zn、Cr服从对数正态分布,其余均服从正态分布;Cr、Cu、As、Pb、Mn主要为成土母质等自然来源,Cd、Ni主要来源于工业、交通污染,Zn主要来源于农业生产;Zn、As、Ni、Cd的空间分布呈岛状,Cu、Mn呈带状分布,Cr、Pb呈岛状和带状分布相结合的特点;污染指数评价结果为Cr、Cu、Pb处在警戒线,As、Mn、Ni属于轻度污染,Cd为中度污染,Zn为重度污染;模糊综合评判得出1个土样为轻度污染,2个为警戒程度,其余为安全;土壤质量标准是反映土壤质量的依据,总体看,研究区土壤重金属环境质量良好,均未超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准.
The total contents of eight soil heavy metals(Cr, Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cd) and p H of 51 surface soil samples in the study area were measured to explore the source, distribution and pollution degree of the soil heavy metals in the Qinwangchuan Basin. The multivariate statistics, geostatistical methods and GIS technique were used to investigate the sources, spatial variability and distribution of soil heavy metals, while the pollution index and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods were applied to evaluate the soil heavy metal pollution. Results indicate that the average concentrations of Zn and Ni were greater than the local background values, while the others were lower than the background values. The variability of Cd was significant, whereas others were medium; the concentrations of Zn and Cr conformed to lognormal distribution, and the rest followed the normal distribution; Cr, Cu, As, Pb and Mn were the natural sources of soil matrix, Cd and Ni were mainly sourced from industrial and traffic pollution, while Zn was mainly sourced from agricultural production activities. The concentration profiles of Zn, As, Ni and Cd were island-like, and the Cu and Mn were banded, while the Cr and Pb are the mixed pattern of island-like and band-like. The the pollution index evaluation results show that Cr, Cu and Pb were on alert, As, Mn and Ni were lightly polluted, Cd was moderately polluted, and Zn was highly polluted. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation showed that only one soil sample was mildly contaminated and two were in alert level, and the rest were within the safety scope. The soil environmental quality standards were the basis for soil quality evaluation. It can be observed that the soil quality of all the samples were within the national secondary standards and the environmental quality of soil heavy metal in the study area was generally good.
The total contents of eight soil heavy metals(Cr, Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cd) and p H of 51 surface soil samples in the study area were measured to explore the source, distribution and pollution degree of the soil heavy metals in the Qinwangchuan Basin. The multivariate statistics, geostatistical methods and GIS technique were used to investigate the sources, spatial variability and distribution of soil heavy metals, while the pollution index and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods were applied to evaluate the soil heavy metal pollution. Results indicate that the average concentrations of Zn and Ni were greater than the local background values, while the others were lower than the background values. The variability of Cd was significant, whereas others were medium; the concentrations of Zn and Cr conformed to lognormal distribution, and the rest followed the normal distribution; Cr, Cu, As, Pb and Mn were the natural sources of soil matrix, Cd and Ni were mainly sourced from industrial and traffic pollution, while Zn was mainly sourced from agricultural production activities. The concentration profiles of Zn, As, Ni and Cd were island-like, and the Cu and Mn were banded, while the Cr and Pb are the mixed pattern of island-like and band-like. The the pollution index evaluation results show that Cr, Cu and Pb were on alert, As, Mn and Ni were lightly polluted, Cd was moderately polluted, and Zn was highly polluted. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation showed that only one soil sample was mildly contaminated and two were in alert level, and the rest were within the safety scope. The soil environmental quality standards were the basis for soil quality evaluation. It can be observed that the soil quality of all the samples were within the national secondary standards and the environmental quality of soil heavy metal in the study area was generally good.
引文
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[4]Sharma R K,Agrawal M,Marshall F.Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi,India[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2007,66(2):258-266.
[5]Lv J,Liu Y,Zhang Z,et al.Multivariate geostatistical analyses of heavy metals in soils:Spatial multi-scale variations in Wulian,Eastern China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,107:140-147.
[6]朱爱萍,陈建耀,江涛,等.北江流域横石河-翁江沿岸土壤重金属污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):506-515.
[7]Lin Y P,Teng T P,Chang T K.Multivariate analysis of soil heavy metal pollution and landscape pattern in Changhua county in Taiwan[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2002,62(1):19-35.
[8]董騄睿,胡文友,黄标,等.基于正定矩阵因子分析模型的城郊农田土壤重金属源解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2103-2111.
[9]Imperato M,Adamo P,Naimo D,et al.Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city(Italy).[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,124(2):247-256.
[10]I?igo V,Andrades M,Alonso-Martirena J I,et al.Multivariate Statistical and GIS-Based Approach for the Identification of Mn and Ni Concentrations and Spatial Variability in Soils of a Humid Mediterranean Environment:La Rioja,Spain[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,2011,222(1-4):271-284.
[11]韩培培,谢俭,王剑,等.丹江口水库新增淹没区农田土壤重金属源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2437-2443.
[12]张乃明,李保国,胡克林.太原污灌区土壤重金属和盐分含量的空间变异特征[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(3):349-353.
[13]李艳利,肖春燕,王守全,等.焦作市城区土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(3):271-276.
[14]单文盼,黄满红,李晓纯,等.CNFM的制备及其协同电动技术修复土壤重金属的研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2722-2729.
[15]GB/T 21010-2017土地利用现状分类[S].
[16]Yang P,Mao R,Shao H,et al.The spatial variability of heavy metal distribution in the suburban farmland of Taihang Piedmont Plain,China[J].Comptes Rendus Biologies,2009,332(6):558-566.
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[18]杨一鸣,王彦斌,曾亮,等.半干旱区菜地土壤与蔬菜中铁、锰含量及健康风险评估--以甘肃省榆中县为例[J].广东微量元素科学,2015,22(1):28-35.
[19]何乱水,马炳祥,杜文奎,等.西北黄土高原干旱半干旱条件下城市污染特点--以西北某城市为例[J].中国地质,2003,30(4):442-448.
[20]Gallardo K,Job C,Groot S P,et al.Proteomic analysis of arabidopsis seed germination and priming.[J].Plant Physiology,2001,126(2):835-848.
[21]海米提·依米提,祖皮艳木·买买提,李建涛,等.焉耆盆地土壤重金属的污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1523-1530.
[22]李春芳,王菲,曹文涛,等.龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1018-1027.
[23]杨磊磊,卢文喜,黄鹤,等.改进内梅罗污染指数法和模糊综合法在水质评价中的应用[J].水电能源科学,2012,30(6):41-44.
[24]张敏,袁辉.拉依达(Pau Ta)准则与异常值剔除[J].郑州工业大学学报,1997,18(1):87-91.
[25]HJ/T 166-2004土壤环境监测技术规范[S].
[26]GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量标准[S].
[27]Bai Y,Wang Y.Spatial variability of soil chemical properties in a Jujube Slope on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soilence,2011,176(10):550-558.
[28]杜强,贾丽艳.SPSS统计分析:从入门到精通[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2013:126-128.
[29]Lu A,Wang J,Qin X,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China.[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425(1):66-74.
[30]Manta D S,Angelone M,Bellanca A,et al.Heavy metals in urban soils:A case study from the city of Palermo(Sicily),Italy[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,300(1-3):229-243.
[31]Chen T,Liu X,Zhu M,et al.Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urban-rural transitional area of Hangzhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,151(1):67-78.
[32]李勇,周永章,窦磊,等.基于多元统计和傅立叶和谱分析的土壤重金属的来源解析及其风险评价[J].地学前缘,2010,17(4):253-261.
[33]Sun C,Liu J,Wang Y,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui,Northeast China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(5):517-523.
[34]黄玉溢,陈桂芬,刘斌,等.广西集约化养殖猪饲料Cu和Zn含量及粪便Cu和Zn残留特性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(17):9280-9281,9284.
[35]Pazgonzalez A,Taboada Castro M T,Vieira S R.Geostatistical analysis of heavy metals in a one-hectare plot under natural vegetation in a serpentine area.[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2001,81(4):469-479.
[36]Yasrebi J,Saffari M,Fathi H,et al.Evaluation and comparison of Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting methods for prediction of spatial variability of some soil chemical parameters.[J].Research Journal of Biological Sciences,2009,4(1):385-394.
[37]高智群,张美剑,赵科理,等.土壤-水稻系统重金属空间异质性研究--以浙江省嵊州市为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):215-224.
[38]吕建树,张祖陆,刘洋,等.日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价[J].地理学报,2012,67(7):971-984.
[39]Bor?vka L,Vacek O,Jehli?ka J.Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soils[J].Geoderma,2005,128(3):289-300.
[40]Chen M,Ma L Q,Hoogeweg C G,et al.Arsenic Background Concentrations in Florida,U.S.A.Surface Soils:Determination and Interpretation[J].Environmental Forensics,2001,2(2):117-126.
[41]Loska K,Wiechu?a D.Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir.[J].Chemosphere,2003,51(8):723-733.
[42]郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(5):889-896.
[2]Bocher P,Caurant F,Miramand P,et al.Influence of the diet on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in zooplankton-eating petrels at Kerguelen archipelago,Southern Indian Ocean[J].Polar Biology,2003,26(12):759-767.
[3]刘洋,付强,高军,等.江苏盐城地区水产品重金属含量与安全评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(10):4081-4089.
[4]Sharma R K,Agrawal M,Marshall F.Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi,India[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2007,66(2):258-266.
[5]Lv J,Liu Y,Zhang Z,et al.Multivariate geostatistical analyses of heavy metals in soils:Spatial multi-scale variations in Wulian,Eastern China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,107:140-147.
[6]朱爱萍,陈建耀,江涛,等.北江流域横石河-翁江沿岸土壤重金属污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):506-515.
[7]Lin Y P,Teng T P,Chang T K.Multivariate analysis of soil heavy metal pollution and landscape pattern in Changhua county in Taiwan[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2002,62(1):19-35.
[8]董騄睿,胡文友,黄标,等.基于正定矩阵因子分析模型的城郊农田土壤重金属源解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2103-2111.
[9]Imperato M,Adamo P,Naimo D,et al.Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city(Italy).[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,124(2):247-256.
[10]I?igo V,Andrades M,Alonso-Martirena J I,et al.Multivariate Statistical and GIS-Based Approach for the Identification of Mn and Ni Concentrations and Spatial Variability in Soils of a Humid Mediterranean Environment:La Rioja,Spain[J].Water Air&Soil Pollution,2011,222(1-4):271-284.
[11]韩培培,谢俭,王剑,等.丹江口水库新增淹没区农田土壤重金属源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2437-2443.
[12]张乃明,李保国,胡克林.太原污灌区土壤重金属和盐分含量的空间变异特征[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(3):349-353.
[13]李艳利,肖春燕,王守全,等.焦作市城区土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(3):271-276.
[14]单文盼,黄满红,李晓纯,等.CNFM的制备及其协同电动技术修复土壤重金属的研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2722-2729.
[15]GB/T 21010-2017土地利用现状分类[S].
[16]Yang P,Mao R,Shao H,et al.The spatial variability of heavy metal distribution in the suburban farmland of Taihang Piedmont Plain,China[J].Comptes Rendus Biologies,2009,332(6):558-566.
[17]谢小进,康建成,闫国东,等.黄浦江中上游地区农用土壤重金属含量特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(8):1110-1117.
[18]杨一鸣,王彦斌,曾亮,等.半干旱区菜地土壤与蔬菜中铁、锰含量及健康风险评估--以甘肃省榆中县为例[J].广东微量元素科学,2015,22(1):28-35.
[19]何乱水,马炳祥,杜文奎,等.西北黄土高原干旱半干旱条件下城市污染特点--以西北某城市为例[J].中国地质,2003,30(4):442-448.
[20]Gallardo K,Job C,Groot S P,et al.Proteomic analysis of arabidopsis seed germination and priming.[J].Plant Physiology,2001,126(2):835-848.
[21]海米提·依米提,祖皮艳木·买买提,李建涛,等.焉耆盆地土壤重金属的污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1523-1530.
[22]李春芳,王菲,曹文涛,等.龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1018-1027.
[23]杨磊磊,卢文喜,黄鹤,等.改进内梅罗污染指数法和模糊综合法在水质评价中的应用[J].水电能源科学,2012,30(6):41-44.
[24]张敏,袁辉.拉依达(Pau Ta)准则与异常值剔除[J].郑州工业大学学报,1997,18(1):87-91.
[25]HJ/T 166-2004土壤环境监测技术规范[S].
[26]GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量标准[S].
[27]Bai Y,Wang Y.Spatial variability of soil chemical properties in a Jujube Slope on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soilence,2011,176(10):550-558.
[28]杜强,贾丽艳.SPSS统计分析:从入门到精通[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2013:126-128.
[29]Lu A,Wang J,Qin X,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China.[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425(1):66-74.
[30]Manta D S,Angelone M,Bellanca A,et al.Heavy metals in urban soils:A case study from the city of Palermo(Sicily),Italy[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,300(1-3):229-243.
[31]Chen T,Liu X,Zhu M,et al.Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urban-rural transitional area of Hangzhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,151(1):67-78.
[32]李勇,周永章,窦磊,等.基于多元统计和傅立叶和谱分析的土壤重金属的来源解析及其风险评价[J].地学前缘,2010,17(4):253-261.
[33]Sun C,Liu J,Wang Y,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui,Northeast China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(5):517-523.
[34]黄玉溢,陈桂芬,刘斌,等.广西集约化养殖猪饲料Cu和Zn含量及粪便Cu和Zn残留特性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(17):9280-9281,9284.
[35]Pazgonzalez A,Taboada Castro M T,Vieira S R.Geostatistical analysis of heavy metals in a one-hectare plot under natural vegetation in a serpentine area.[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2001,81(4):469-479.
[36]Yasrebi J,Saffari M,Fathi H,et al.Evaluation and comparison of Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting methods for prediction of spatial variability of some soil chemical parameters.[J].Research Journal of Biological Sciences,2009,4(1):385-394.
[37]高智群,张美剑,赵科理,等.土壤-水稻系统重金属空间异质性研究--以浙江省嵊州市为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(1):215-224.
[38]吕建树,张祖陆,刘洋,等.日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价[J].地理学报,2012,67(7):971-984.
[39]Bor?vka L,Vacek O,Jehli?ka J.Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soils[J].Geoderma,2005,128(3):289-300.
[40]Chen M,Ma L Q,Hoogeweg C G,et al.Arsenic Background Concentrations in Florida,U.S.A.Surface Soils:Determination and Interpretation[J].Environmental Forensics,2001,2(2):117-126.
[41]Loska K,Wiechu?a D.Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir.[J].Chemosphere,2003,51(8):723-733.
[42]郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(5):889-896.