老年人主观福利的年龄效应与队列差异——对“老化悖论”的检验与解释
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摘要
掌握老年人福利状况的变化趋势与特点对提高居民养老保障水平具有重要价值。基于中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查数据(CLHLS),采用分层增长曲线模型检验了老年人主观福利的年龄效应及队列差异。研究发现:第一,老年人主观福利与年龄的关系呈"U"型曲线分布,老年人在逐渐"失去"躯体健康以及社会与家庭角色的同时,也"获得"了更强的情绪调节能力。第二,老年人主观福利存在明显的队列差异,出生队列处于动乱与饥荒时期的老年人精神健康水平与生活满意度更低,且随年龄变化的速度更快。第三,老年人主观福利的年龄效应存在性别与城乡差异,随着年岁的增加,老年人主观福利的性别与城乡差距有扩大的趋势。最后,积极的生活方式、与家人同住的居住模式、子女代际支持、社会经济支持以及社区养老服务均有助于改善老年人的主观福利。
Mastering the changing trend and characteristics of the well-being of the elderly is of great value to improve the level of residents' old-age security. Based on the data of Chinese Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey(CLHLS), this paper makes use of the hierarchical growth curve model to test the age effect and cohort differences of subjective well-being of the elderly. The results show that, firstly, the relationship between the age and subjective well-being of the elderly presents a"U"shape curve distribution, while the elderly are gradually"losing"their health and social and family roles, they are"gaining"stronger emotional regulation ability; secondly, there exists a significant cohort difference in the subjective well-being of the elderly, the elderly would have a lower mental health level and life satisfaction if their birth cohort is during the ages of turmoil and famine; thirdly,there exist gender differences and urban-rural differences in the age effects of subjective well-being of the elderly, along with the increase of age, the gender differences and urban-rural differences in the subjective well-being of the elderly have a trend of widening. Finally, such factors as positive lifestyles, living with other family members, intergenerational support from children, socio-economic support and community-based care services will all contribute to the improvement of the subjective well-being of the elderly.
Mastering the changing trend and characteristics of the well-being of the elderly is of great value to improve the level of residents' old-age security. Based on the data of Chinese Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey(CLHLS), this paper makes use of the hierarchical growth curve model to test the age effect and cohort differences of subjective well-being of the elderly. The results show that, firstly, the relationship between the age and subjective well-being of the elderly presents a"U"shape curve distribution, while the elderly are gradually"losing"their health and social and family roles, they are"gaining"stronger emotional regulation ability; secondly, there exists a significant cohort difference in the subjective well-being of the elderly, the elderly would have a lower mental health level and life satisfaction if their birth cohort is during the ages of turmoil and famine; thirdly,there exist gender differences and urban-rural differences in the age effects of subjective well-being of the elderly, along with the increase of age, the gender differences and urban-rural differences in the subjective well-being of the elderly have a trend of widening. Finally, such factors as positive lifestyles, living with other family members, intergenerational support from children, socio-economic support and community-based care services will all contribute to the improvement of the subjective well-being of the elderly.
引文
[1]Beekman A. T. F., Penninx B., Deeg D. J. H., Ormel J., Braam A. W., Van T. W.. Depression and physical Health in Later Life:Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam(LASA)[J]. Journal of Affective Disorders,1997, 46(3):219-231.
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[9]Feinson M. C.. Aging and Mental Health:Distinguishing Myth from Reality[J]. Research on Aging, 1985, 7(2):155-174.
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[11]Zarit S. H., Zarit J. M.. Mental Disorders in Older Adults:Fundamentals of Assessment and Treatment[M]. New York:Guilford Press, 2011.
[12]Yang Y., George L. K.. Functional Disability, Disability Transitions, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Life[J]. Journal of Aging and Health, 2005, 17(3):263-292.
[13]Lee G. R., Ishii-Kuntz M.. Social Interaction, Loneliness, and Emotional Well-being Among the Elderly[J]. Research on Aging,1987, 9(4):459-482.
[14]Mirowsky J., Ross C. E.. Age and The Effect of Economic Hardship on Depression[J]. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2001, 42(2):132-150.
[15]Rodin J.. Aging and Health:Effects of the Sense of Control[J]. Science,1986, 233(4770):1271-1276.
[16]Yang Y.. Is Old Age Depressing? Growth Trajectories and Cohort Variations in Late-Life Depression[J]. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,2007, 48(1):16-32.
[17]Zaninotto P., Falaschetti E., Sacker A.. Age Trajectories of Quality of Life Among Older Adults:Results from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing[J]. Quality of Life Research,2009, 18(10):1301-1309.
[18]Huang C., Phillips M. R., Zhang Y., Shi Q., Song Z., Ding Z., Pang S., Martorell R.. Malnutrition in Early Life and Adult Mental Health:Evidence from a Natural Experiment[J]. Social Science&Medicine,2013, 97:259-266.
[19]李婷,张闫龙.出生队列效应下老年人健康指标的生长曲线及其城乡差异[J].人口研究,2014, 38(2):18-35.
[20]杨磊,王延涛.中国老年人虚弱指数与死亡风险及队列差异[J].人口与经济,2016,(2):48-57.
[21]骆为祥,李建新.老年人生活满意度年龄差异研究[J].人口研究,2011, 35(6):51-61.
[22]Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E., Smith H. L.. Subjective Well-Being:Three Decades of Progress[J]. Psychological Bulletin,1999, 125(2):276-302.
[23]Layard R.. Measuring Subjective Well-Being[J]. Science,2010, 327(5965):534-535.
[24]Li D., Wu T. C. Z.. An Exploration of the Subjective Well-Being of the Chinese Oldest-old[J]. Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2008,(20):347-356.
[25]Yi Z.. Reliability of Age Reporting Among the Chinese Oldest-Old in the CLHLS Datasets[J]. Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2008,(20):61-78.
[26]Katz S.. Assessing Self-Maintenance:Activities of Daily Living, Mobility, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living[J]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,1983, 31(12):721-727.
(1)本研究同时也尝试在模型的第二层加入队列二次项,发现结果在统计上并不显著,因此最终模型未纳入队列二次项。
(2)本研究也尝试检验了其他一些因素(不随时间明显变化)与年龄的交互作用,发现交互效应并不明显。
[2]Wiggins R. D., Higgs P. F., Hyde M., Blane D. B.. Quality of Life in the Third Age:Key Predictors of the CASP-19 measure[J]. Ageing&Society,2004, 24(5):693-708.
[3]Chen C.. Aging and Life Satisfaction[J]. Social Indicators Research,2001, 54(1):57-79.
[4]Inglehart R.. Gender, Aging and Subjective Well-being[J]. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 2002, 43(3-5):391-408.
[5]Kunzmann U., Little T. D., Smith J.. Is Age-Related Stability of Subjective Well-being a Paradox? Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from the Berlin Aging Study[J]. Psychology and Aging,2000, 15(3):511-526.
[6]熊跃根.我国城市居家老年人晚年生活满意程度研究———对一项调查结果的分析[J].人口与经济,1999,(4):49-53.
[7]Zhou M., Qian Z.. Social Support and Self-Reported Quality of Life China’s Oldest Old[J]. Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2008,(20):357-376.
[8]Carstensen L. L.. Growing Old or Living Long:Take Your Pick[J]. Issues in Science and Technology. 2007, 23(2):41-50.
[9]Feinson M. C.. Aging and Mental Health:Distinguishing Myth from Reality[J]. Research on Aging, 1985, 7(2):155-174.
[10]Campbell A.. Subjective Measures of Well-being[J]. American Psychologist,1976, 31(2):117.
[11]Zarit S. H., Zarit J. M.. Mental Disorders in Older Adults:Fundamentals of Assessment and Treatment[M]. New York:Guilford Press, 2011.
[12]Yang Y., George L. K.. Functional Disability, Disability Transitions, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Life[J]. Journal of Aging and Health, 2005, 17(3):263-292.
[13]Lee G. R., Ishii-Kuntz M.. Social Interaction, Loneliness, and Emotional Well-being Among the Elderly[J]. Research on Aging,1987, 9(4):459-482.
[14]Mirowsky J., Ross C. E.. Age and The Effect of Economic Hardship on Depression[J]. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2001, 42(2):132-150.
[15]Rodin J.. Aging and Health:Effects of the Sense of Control[J]. Science,1986, 233(4770):1271-1276.
[16]Yang Y.. Is Old Age Depressing? Growth Trajectories and Cohort Variations in Late-Life Depression[J]. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,2007, 48(1):16-32.
[17]Zaninotto P., Falaschetti E., Sacker A.. Age Trajectories of Quality of Life Among Older Adults:Results from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing[J]. Quality of Life Research,2009, 18(10):1301-1309.
[18]Huang C., Phillips M. R., Zhang Y., Shi Q., Song Z., Ding Z., Pang S., Martorell R.. Malnutrition in Early Life and Adult Mental Health:Evidence from a Natural Experiment[J]. Social Science&Medicine,2013, 97:259-266.
[19]李婷,张闫龙.出生队列效应下老年人健康指标的生长曲线及其城乡差异[J].人口研究,2014, 38(2):18-35.
[20]杨磊,王延涛.中国老年人虚弱指数与死亡风险及队列差异[J].人口与经济,2016,(2):48-57.
[21]骆为祥,李建新.老年人生活满意度年龄差异研究[J].人口研究,2011, 35(6):51-61.
[22]Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E., Smith H. L.. Subjective Well-Being:Three Decades of Progress[J]. Psychological Bulletin,1999, 125(2):276-302.
[23]Layard R.. Measuring Subjective Well-Being[J]. Science,2010, 327(5965):534-535.
[24]Li D., Wu T. C. Z.. An Exploration of the Subjective Well-Being of the Chinese Oldest-old[J]. Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2008,(20):347-356.
[25]Yi Z.. Reliability of Age Reporting Among the Chinese Oldest-Old in the CLHLS Datasets[J]. Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 2008,(20):61-78.
[26]Katz S.. Assessing Self-Maintenance:Activities of Daily Living, Mobility, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living[J]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,1983, 31(12):721-727.
(1)本研究同时也尝试在模型的第二层加入队列二次项,发现结果在统计上并不显著,因此最终模型未纳入队列二次项。
(2)本研究也尝试检验了其他一些因素(不随时间明显变化)与年龄的交互作用,发现交互效应并不明显。
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