River bank protection from ship-induced waves and river flow
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摘要
A new equation is proposed for the design of armor units on protected river banks under the combined action of ship-induced waves and river flow.Existing observed field and experimental data in the literature have been examined and a valuable database has been developed.Different conditions,including the river water depth,flow velocity,river bank slope,Froude number,wave height,wave period,and wave obliquity have been considered.Results from an empirical equation(Bhowmik,1978)that only considers the maximum wave height and river bank slope have been compared with the results calculated by the newly developed equation.Calculated results have also been verified against field data.Results show that not only the maximum wave height and river bank slope but also the water depth,flow velocity,wave length,wave obliquity,and wave period are important parameters for predicting the mean diameter of the armor units,highlighting the multivariate behavior of protecting the river bank in the presence of ship-induced waves and river flow velocity.
A new equation is proposed for the design of armor units on protected river banks under the combined action of ship-induced waves and river flow.Existing observed field and experimental data in the literature have been examined and a valuable database has been developed.Different conditions,including the river water depth,flow velocity,river bank slope,Froude number,wave height,wave period,and wave obliquity have been considered.Results from an empirical equation(Bhowmik,1978)that only considers the maximum wave height and river bank slope have been compared with the results calculated by the newly developed equation.Calculated results have also been verified against field data.Results show that not only the maximum wave height and river bank slope but also the water depth,flow velocity,wave length,wave obliquity,and wave period are important parameters for predicting the mean diameter of the armor units,highlighting the multivariate behavior of protecting the river bank in the presence of ship-induced waves and river flow velocity.
A new equation is proposed for the design of armor units on protected river banks under the combined action of ship-induced waves and river flow.Existing observed field and experimental data in the literature have been examined and a valuable database has been developed.Different conditions,including the river water depth,flow velocity,river bank slope,Froude number,wave height,wave period,and wave obliquity have been considered.Results from an empirical equation(Bhowmik,1978)that only considers the maximum wave height and river bank slope have been compared with the results calculated by the newly developed equation.Calculated results have also been verified against field data.Results show that not only the maximum wave height and river bank slope but also the water depth,flow velocity,wave length,wave obliquity,and wave period are important parameters for predicting the mean diameter of the armor units,highlighting the multivariate behavior of protecting the river bank in the presence of ship-induced waves and river flow velocity.
引文
Barenblatt,G.I.,1987.Dimensional Analysis.Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,New York.
Bellafiore,D.,Zaggia,L.,Broglia,R.,Ferrarin,C.,Barbariol,F.,Zaghi,S.,Lorenzetti,G.,Manfe,G.,De Pascalis,F.,Benetazzo,A.,2018.Modeling ship-induced waves in shallow water systems:The Venice experiment.Ocean Eng.155,227-239.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.02.039.
Bhowmik,N.G.,1978.Lake shore protection against wind-generated waves.Water Resour.Bull.14(5),1064-1079.
Bhowmik,N.G.,Schicht,R.J.,1980.Bank Erosion of the Illinois River.Report of Investigation,No.92.Illinois Institute of Natural Resources,Urbana.
Bhowmik,N.G.,Demissie,M.,Guo,C.Y.,1982.Waves Generated by River Traffic and Wind on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers.WRC Research Report,No.167.University of Illinois,Urbana.
Birkhoff,G.,Korvin-Kroukovsky,B.V.,Kotik,J.,1954.Theory of wave resistance of ships.Transactions 62,359-384.
D'Angremond,K.,Van den Berg,E.J.F.,De Jager,J.H.,1992.Use and behavior of gabions in coastal protection.Coast.Eng.Proc.23(133),1748-1757.
De Roo,S.,Vanhaute,L.,Troch,P.,2012.Impact of ship waves on the sediment transport in a nature friendly bank protection.In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics.San Jose,Costa Rica,pp.1309-1316.
De Roo,S.,Troch,P.,2013.Field monitoring of ship wave action on environmentally friendly bank protection in a confined waterway.J.Waterw.Port.Coast.Ocean Eng.139(6),527-534.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000202.
Dey,S.,2014.Fluvial Hydrodynamics.Springer,Berlin.https://doi.org/10.1007/97 8-3-642-19062-9.
Gelencser,G.J.,1977.Drawdown surge and slope protection,experimental results.In:Proceedings of the 24th International Navigation Congress.Permanent International Association for the Navigation Congresses(PIANC),Leningrad,pp.21-40.
Gisonni,C.,Hager,W.H.,2006.Riprap design for spur protection.In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics(River Flow 2006).Lisbon,pp.1673-1682.
Goransson,G.,Larson,M.,Althage,J.,2014.Ship-generated waves and induced turbidity in the Gota Alv River in Sweden.J.Waterw.Port.Coast.Ocean Eng.140(3),04014004.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000224.
Havelock,T.H.,1908.The propagation of groups of waves in dispersive media,with application to waves on water produced by a travelling disturbance.Proc.R.Soc.Lond.Series A 81(549),398-430.
He,J.,Zhang,C.,Zhu,Y.,Wu,H.,Yang,C.,Noblesse,F.,Gu,X.,Li,W.,2015.Comparison of three simple models of Kelvin's ship wake.Eur.J.Mech.B Fluid 49,12-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2014.07.006.
Herbich,J.,Schiller Jr.,R.,1984.Surges and waves generated by ships in a constricted channel.In:Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Coastal Engineering.ASCE,Houston,pp.3213-3226.
Hochstein,A.B.,Adams,C.E.,1989.Influence of vessel movements on stability of restricted channels.J.Waterw.Port.Coast.Ocean Eng.115(4),444-465.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-95 0X(1989)115:4(444).
Huesig,A.,Linke,T.,Zimmermann,C.,1999.Hydraulic and environmental impacts of high speed cargo ships on inland waterways.In:Proceedings of the First European Inland Waterway Navigation Conference.European Court of Auditors,BalatonfLured.
Ji,S.,Ouahsine,A.,Smaoui,H.,Sergent,P.,2014.3D numerical modeling of sediment resuspension induced by the compounding effects of shipgenerated waves and the ship propeller.J.Eng.Mech.140(6),04014034.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000739.
Johnson,J.W.,1957.Ship waves in navigation channels.In:Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Coastal Engineering,Gainesville,pp.666-690.https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v6.40.
Kelvin,L.,1887.On ship waves.In:Proceedings of Institute of Mechanical Engineers,pp.409-433.
Lunde,J.K.,1951.On the linearized theory of wave resistance for displacement of ships in steady and accelerated motion.Transactions 59,25-76.
Macfarlane,G.J.,EXuffy,J.T.,Bose,N.,2014.Rapid assessment of boatgenerated waves within sheltered waterways.Aust.J.Civ.Eng.12(1),31-40.https://doi.org/10.715 8/1448 83 53.2014.11463 997.
Maynord,S.T.,Abt,S.R.,1989.Riprap design.J.Hydraul.Eng.111(3),520-538.
Nanson,G.C.,Von Krusenstierna,A.,Bryant,E.A.,Renilson,M.R.,1994.Experimental measurements of river-bank erosion caused by boatgenerated waves on the Gordon River,Tasmania.River Res.Appl.9(1),1-14.https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450090102.
Pagliara,S.,Kurdistani,S.M.,2015.Clear water scour at J-Hook Vanes in channel bends for stream restorations.Ecol.Eng.83,3 86-393.https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.ecoleng.2015.07.003.
Schuttrumpf,H.,2006.Hydraulic influence of a deepened navigation channel on flood defence structures.In:Proceedings of the 31st PIANC Congress.Estoril.
Shafai-Bajestan,M.,Albertson,M.L.,1993.Riprap criteria below pipe outlet.J.Hydraul.Eng.119(2),181-200.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1993)119:2(181).
Sorensen,R.M.,Weggel,J.R.,1984.Development of ship wave design information.Coast.Eng.Proc.19(260),3227-3243.
Soulsby,R.,1997.Dynamics of Marine Sands:A Manual for Practical Applications.Thomas Telford Publications,Thomas Telford Services Ltd.,London.
Tomasicchio,U.,2011.Manuale di Ingegneria Portuale e Costiera.Hoepli,Milan(in Italian).
United States Army Corps of Engineers(USACE),1984.Shore Protection Manual,Volume 1.Coastal Engineering Research Center,Waterways Experiment Station,US Army Corps of Engineers,Vicksburg.
Van der Meer,J.W.,1988.Rock Slopes and Gravel Beaches under Wave Attack.Delft Hydraulics Laboratory.
Wang,S.Y.,Shen,H.W.,1985.Incipient sediment motion and riprap design.J.Hydraul.Eng.111(3),520-538.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:3(520).
Bellafiore,D.,Zaggia,L.,Broglia,R.,Ferrarin,C.,Barbariol,F.,Zaghi,S.,Lorenzetti,G.,Manfe,G.,De Pascalis,F.,Benetazzo,A.,2018.Modeling ship-induced waves in shallow water systems:The Venice experiment.Ocean Eng.155,227-239.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.02.039.
Bhowmik,N.G.,1978.Lake shore protection against wind-generated waves.Water Resour.Bull.14(5),1064-1079.
Bhowmik,N.G.,Schicht,R.J.,1980.Bank Erosion of the Illinois River.Report of Investigation,No.92.Illinois Institute of Natural Resources,Urbana.
Bhowmik,N.G.,Demissie,M.,Guo,C.Y.,1982.Waves Generated by River Traffic and Wind on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers.WRC Research Report,No.167.University of Illinois,Urbana.
Birkhoff,G.,Korvin-Kroukovsky,B.V.,Kotik,J.,1954.Theory of wave resistance of ships.Transactions 62,359-384.
D'Angremond,K.,Van den Berg,E.J.F.,De Jager,J.H.,1992.Use and behavior of gabions in coastal protection.Coast.Eng.Proc.23(133),1748-1757.
De Roo,S.,Vanhaute,L.,Troch,P.,2012.Impact of ship waves on the sediment transport in a nature friendly bank protection.In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics.San Jose,Costa Rica,pp.1309-1316.
De Roo,S.,Troch,P.,2013.Field monitoring of ship wave action on environmentally friendly bank protection in a confined waterway.J.Waterw.Port.Coast.Ocean Eng.139(6),527-534.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000202.
Dey,S.,2014.Fluvial Hydrodynamics.Springer,Berlin.https://doi.org/10.1007/97 8-3-642-19062-9.
Gelencser,G.J.,1977.Drawdown surge and slope protection,experimental results.In:Proceedings of the 24th International Navigation Congress.Permanent International Association for the Navigation Congresses(PIANC),Leningrad,pp.21-40.
Gisonni,C.,Hager,W.H.,2006.Riprap design for spur protection.In:Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics(River Flow 2006).Lisbon,pp.1673-1682.
Goransson,G.,Larson,M.,Althage,J.,2014.Ship-generated waves and induced turbidity in the Gota Alv River in Sweden.J.Waterw.Port.Coast.Ocean Eng.140(3),04014004.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000224.
Havelock,T.H.,1908.The propagation of groups of waves in dispersive media,with application to waves on water produced by a travelling disturbance.Proc.R.Soc.Lond.Series A 81(549),398-430.
He,J.,Zhang,C.,Zhu,Y.,Wu,H.,Yang,C.,Noblesse,F.,Gu,X.,Li,W.,2015.Comparison of three simple models of Kelvin's ship wake.Eur.J.Mech.B Fluid 49,12-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2014.07.006.
Herbich,J.,Schiller Jr.,R.,1984.Surges and waves generated by ships in a constricted channel.In:Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Coastal Engineering.ASCE,Houston,pp.3213-3226.
Hochstein,A.B.,Adams,C.E.,1989.Influence of vessel movements on stability of restricted channels.J.Waterw.Port.Coast.Ocean Eng.115(4),444-465.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-95 0X(1989)115:4(444).
Huesig,A.,Linke,T.,Zimmermann,C.,1999.Hydraulic and environmental impacts of high speed cargo ships on inland waterways.In:Proceedings of the First European Inland Waterway Navigation Conference.European Court of Auditors,BalatonfLured.
Ji,S.,Ouahsine,A.,Smaoui,H.,Sergent,P.,2014.3D numerical modeling of sediment resuspension induced by the compounding effects of shipgenerated waves and the ship propeller.J.Eng.Mech.140(6),04014034.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000739.
Johnson,J.W.,1957.Ship waves in navigation channels.In:Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Coastal Engineering,Gainesville,pp.666-690.https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v6.40.
Kelvin,L.,1887.On ship waves.In:Proceedings of Institute of Mechanical Engineers,pp.409-433.
Lunde,J.K.,1951.On the linearized theory of wave resistance for displacement of ships in steady and accelerated motion.Transactions 59,25-76.
Macfarlane,G.J.,EXuffy,J.T.,Bose,N.,2014.Rapid assessment of boatgenerated waves within sheltered waterways.Aust.J.Civ.Eng.12(1),31-40.https://doi.org/10.715 8/1448 83 53.2014.11463 997.
Maynord,S.T.,Abt,S.R.,1989.Riprap design.J.Hydraul.Eng.111(3),520-538.
Nanson,G.C.,Von Krusenstierna,A.,Bryant,E.A.,Renilson,M.R.,1994.Experimental measurements of river-bank erosion caused by boatgenerated waves on the Gordon River,Tasmania.River Res.Appl.9(1),1-14.https://doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450090102.
Pagliara,S.,Kurdistani,S.M.,2015.Clear water scour at J-Hook Vanes in channel bends for stream restorations.Ecol.Eng.83,3 86-393.https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.ecoleng.2015.07.003.
Schuttrumpf,H.,2006.Hydraulic influence of a deepened navigation channel on flood defence structures.In:Proceedings of the 31st PIANC Congress.Estoril.
Shafai-Bajestan,M.,Albertson,M.L.,1993.Riprap criteria below pipe outlet.J.Hydraul.Eng.119(2),181-200.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1993)119:2(181).
Sorensen,R.M.,Weggel,J.R.,1984.Development of ship wave design information.Coast.Eng.Proc.19(260),3227-3243.
Soulsby,R.,1997.Dynamics of Marine Sands:A Manual for Practical Applications.Thomas Telford Publications,Thomas Telford Services Ltd.,London.
Tomasicchio,U.,2011.Manuale di Ingegneria Portuale e Costiera.Hoepli,Milan(in Italian).
United States Army Corps of Engineers(USACE),1984.Shore Protection Manual,Volume 1.Coastal Engineering Research Center,Waterways Experiment Station,US Army Corps of Engineers,Vicksburg.
Van der Meer,J.W.,1988.Rock Slopes and Gravel Beaches under Wave Attack.Delft Hydraulics Laboratory.
Wang,S.Y.,Shen,H.W.,1985.Incipient sediment motion and riprap design.J.Hydraul.Eng.111(3),520-538.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:3(520).