基于误差分布的震源区波速比反演及其应用:乳山震群源区介质性质变化研究
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摘要
本文利用误差分布和概率统计分析改进了波速比计算方法.对于震源位置相对集中的震群活动,对台站震相到时进行两次差分,通过对差分后的震相数据对进行二维高斯分布拟合,可以稳健地估计震群活动震源区波速比.该方法充分利用了不同台站Pg、Sg到时差的所有信息,其优势是不需要地震事件的震源位置,并且不依赖震源区以外的速度变化,有效消除了震源区到台站的传播路径效应的影响;相对于传统的平均波速比,本文方法得到的震源区波速比,更能真实地反映震源区介质的性质.我们将该方法应用到2013—2016年的乳山震群,结果显示:震源区波速比的变化与震群活动过程密切相关,波速比的变化反映了序列活动的阶段性特征.
We improve the velocity ratio estimating method for compact earthquake clusters by using error distribution and probability statistical analysis.Similar to double difference technique in relative earthquake location,we also use differential P and S phase times of each pair of events.Furthermore,the multivariate Gaussian distribution fitting method is adopted to estimate VP/VSratios robustly in source areas.Our method takes full information from Pg and Sg times over all stations.Its advantages are that precise focal positions are not needed,and it no longer relies on velocity information outside the source area.The ray-path effect is remarkably eliminated in this method.Comparing with the traditional average velocity ratio,the velocity ratio obtained by our method can reflect better properties of media in the source area.This method is applied to the Rushan earthquake swarm which occurred from 2013 to 2016.Results show that variations of VP/VSratio in the source area are closely related to seismic activities and reflect some stage characteristics of the swarm.
We improve the velocity ratio estimating method for compact earthquake clusters by using error distribution and probability statistical analysis.Similar to double difference technique in relative earthquake location,we also use differential P and S phase times of each pair of events.Furthermore,the multivariate Gaussian distribution fitting method is adopted to estimate VP/VSratios robustly in source areas.Our method takes full information from Pg and Sg times over all stations.Its advantages are that precise focal positions are not needed,and it no longer relies on velocity information outside the source area.The ray-path effect is remarkably eliminated in this method.Comparing with the traditional average velocity ratio,the velocity ratio obtained by our method can reflect better properties of media in the source area.This method is applied to the Rushan earthquake swarm which occurred from 2013 to 2016.Results show that variations of VP/VSratio in the source area are closely related to seismic activities and reflect some stage characteristics of the swarm.
引文
Akuhara T,Mochizuki K,Nakahigashi K,et al.2013.Segmentation of the VP/VSratio and low-frequency earthquake distribution around the fault boundary of the Tonankai and Nankai earthquakes.Geophysical Research Letters,40(7):1306-1310.
Audet P,Bostock M G,Christensen N I,et al.2009.Seismic evidence for overpressured subducted oceanic crust and megathrust fault sealing.Nature,457(7225):76-78.
Bachura M,Fischer T.2016.Detailed velocity ratio mapping during the aftershock sequence as a tool to monitor the fluid activity within the fault plane.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,453:215-222,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.017.
Bezacier L,Reynard B,Bass J D,et al.2010.Elasticity of antigorite,seismic detection of serpentinites,and anisotropy in subduction zones.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,289(1-2):198-208.
Bhakta T,LandrM.2014.Estimation of pressure-saturation changes for unconsolidated reservoir rocks with high VP/VS ratio.Geophysics,79(5):M35-M54.
Brenguier F,Campillo M,Hadziioannou C,et al.2008.Postseismic relaxation along the San Andreas fault at Parkfield from continuous seismological observations.Science,321(5895):1478-1481.
Cai J G.2000.Nondeterministic factors in calculation of VP/VSratio and their application to earthquake prediction.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),23(1):51-56.
Catchings R D,Rymer M J,Goldman M R,et al.2014.A method and example of seismically imaging near-surface fault zones in geologically complex areas using VP,VS,and their ratios.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,104(4):1989-2006.
Christensen N I.1996.Poisson′s ratio and crustal seismology.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,101(B2):3139-3156.
Dahm T,Fischer T.2014.Velocity ratio variations in the source region of earthquake swarms in NW Bohemia obtained from arrival time double-differences.Geophysical Journal International,196(2):957-970.
Doi I,Noda S,Iio Y,et al.2013.Relationship between hypocentral distributions and VP/VSratio structures inferred from dense seismic array data:a case study of the 1984western Nagano Prefecture earthquake,central Japan.Geophysical Journal International,195(2):1323-1336,doi:10.1093/gji/ggt312.
Domenico S N.1984.Rock lithology and porosity determination from shear and compressional wave velocity.Geophysics,49(8):1188-1195.
Feng D Y.1975.Anomalous variations of seismic velocity ratio before the Yongshan-Daguan earthquake(M=7.1)on May 11,1974.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),18(4):235-239.
Feng D Y,Zheng S H,Sheng G Y,et al.1976.Preliminary study of the velocity anomalies of seismic waves before and after some strong and moderate earthquakes in western China(I)-the velocity ratio anomalies.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),19(3):197-205.
Geller R J.1997.Earthquake prediction:a critical review.Geophysical Journal International,131(3):425-450.
Geng N G,Hao J S,Li J H,et al.1992.The relationship of rock′s velocity ratio and hydrostatic pressure.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),14(4):500-506.
Gritto R,Jarpe S P.2014.Temporal variations of VP/VS-ratio at the Geysers geothermal field,USA.Geothermics,52:112-119.
Gu J P,Sheng G Y.1991.The discussion on the problems of earthquake prediction by velocity ratio.North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),9(3):27-36.
Hauksson E,Haase J S.1997.Three-dimensional VPand VP/VSvelocity models of the Los Angeles basin and central transverse ranges,California.J.Geophys.Res.,102(B3),5423-5453.
Jia L Z,Wang Z S,Zhang Y L,et al.2017.Analysis of the 2014-2015Jinzhai earthquake swarm by double-difference VP/VSratio method.Earthquake(in Chinese),37(1):112-120.
Jia S X,Liu C Q.1996.VP/VSanomaly and earthquake in Xingtai epicentral region.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),39(S1):205-215.
Kato A,Sakai S,Iidaka T,et al.2010.Non-volcanic seismic swarms triggered by circulating fluids and pressure fluctuations above a solidified diorite intrusion.Geophysical Research Letters,37(15):L15302,doi:10.1029/2010GL043887.
Koch M.1992.Bootstrap inversion for vertical and lateral variations of the S wave structure and the VP/VS-ratio from shallow earthquakes in the Rhinegraben seismic zone,Germany.Tectonophysics,210(1-2):91-115.
Li M X,Zhang X D.2004.Determining average seismic velocity ratios(VS/VS)in the curst in North China region by multistation method.Earthquake(in Chinese),24(1),163-169.
Li Y E,Wang L Y,Zheng X Y.2014.Restudy of the variation of VP/VSbefore and after the Wenchuan earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),36(3):425-432.
Li Y E,Wang L Y,Song M Q,et al.2016.Study of the seismogenic process from wenchuan to the lushan earthquake based on wave velocity ratio temporal variation.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),36(11):991-997.
Li Z W,Xu Y,Hao T Y,et al.2009.VPand VP/VSstructures in the crust and upper mantle of the Taiwan region,China.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,52(7):975-983.
Lin G,Shearer P.2007.Estimating local VP/VSratios within similar earthquake clusters.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,97(2):379-388.
Lin G,Amelung F,Shearer P M,et al.2015.Location and size of the shallow magma reservoir beneath Kilauea caldera,constraints from near-source VP/VSratios.Geophysical Research Letters,42(20):8349-8357,doi:10.1002/2015GL065802.
Lin G Q,Shearer P M.2009.Evidence for water-filled cracks in earthquake source regions.Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17315,doi:10.1029/2009GL039098.
Lin G Q.2013.Seismic investigation of magmatic unrest beneath Mammoth Mountain,California,USA.Geology,41(8):847-850.
Lin J Y,Hsu S K,Lin A T S,et al.2016.VP/VSdistribution in the northern Taiwan area:Implications for the tectonic structures and rock property variations.Tectonophysics,692:181-190.
Nicholson C,Simpson D W.1985.Changes in VP/VS with depth:Implications for appropriate velocity models,improved earthquake locations,and material properties of the upper crust.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,75(4):1105-1123.
Novotny O,Málek J,Bou2kováA.2016.Wadati method as a simple tool to study seismically active fault zones:a case study from the West-bohemia/Vogtland region,central Europe.Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica,60(2):248-267,doi:10.1007/s11200-015-1206-1.
Palo M,Tilmann F,Schurr B.2016.Applicability and bias of VP/VSestimates by P and S differential arrival times of spatially clustered earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,106(3):1055-1063,doi:10.1785/0120150300.
Saito S,Ishikawa M,Arima M,et al.2016.Laboratory measurements of VPand VSin a porosity-developed crustal rock:Experimental investigation into the effects of porosity at deep crustal pressures.Tectonophysics,677-678:218-226.
Scholz C H,Sykes L R,Aggarwal Y P.1973.Earthquake prediction:a physical basis.Science,181(4102):803-810.
Smith.1983.Joint determination of seismic velocity ratios:theory and application to an aftershock sequence.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,73(2):405-417.
Walck M C.1988.Three-dimensional VP/VSvariations for the Coso region,California.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,93(B3):2047-2052.
Wang L Y,Li Y E,Zheng X Y,et al.2014.Temporal variation of VP/VSat sing le seismic station before the 2013Lushan MS7.0earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),36(1):42-58.
Wang X Q,Schubnel A,Fortin J,et al.2012.High VP/VSratio:Saturated cracks or anisotropy effects?Geophysical Research Letters,39(11):L11307,doi:10.1029/2012GL051742.
Wei Z G,Chen L,Yang X L.2011.Transverse variations of crustal thickness and VP/VSratio under the stations in the Liaodong anteclise-Yanshan belt-Xingmeng orogenic belt and their tectonic implications.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(11):2799-2808,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.11.010.
Wei Z G,Chen L.2012.Regional differences in crustal structure beneath northeastern China and northern North China Craton:constraints from crustal thickness and VP/VSratio.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(11):3601-3614,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.009.
Wilkens R,Simmons G,Caruso L.1984.The ratio VP/VSas a discriminant of composition for siliceous limestones.Geophysics,49(11):1850-1860.
Wu H T,Lees J M.1999.Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structures of the Coso Geothermal Area,California,from microseismic travel time data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,104(B6):13217-13233.
Xu Z J,Song X D.2009.Temporal changes of surface wave velocity associated with major Sumatra earthquakes from ambient noise correlation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(34):14207-14212.
Zhang H Y,Zhang G W,Wang X S,et al.2015.Regional characteristics of wave velocity ratio in Jilin area and their tectonic implications.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),37(3):829-839.
Zhang Q,Lin G Q.2014.Three-dimensional VPand VP/VSmodels in the Coso geothermal area,California:Seismic characterization of the magmatic system.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,119(6):4907-4922,doi:10.1002/2014JB010992.
Zheng J C,Qu L,Qu J H,et al.2015.Comparison of locations of Rushan earthquake swarm from large and small network.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),37(4):954-965.
Zheng J C,Li D M,Li C Q,et al.2017.Rushan earthquake swarm in eastern China and its indications of fluid-triggered rupture.Earthquake Science,30(5-6):239-250.
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Audet P,Bostock M G,Christensen N I,et al.2009.Seismic evidence for overpressured subducted oceanic crust and megathrust fault sealing.Nature,457(7225):76-78.
Bachura M,Fischer T.2016.Detailed velocity ratio mapping during the aftershock sequence as a tool to monitor the fluid activity within the fault plane.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,453:215-222,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.017.
Bezacier L,Reynard B,Bass J D,et al.2010.Elasticity of antigorite,seismic detection of serpentinites,and anisotropy in subduction zones.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,289(1-2):198-208.
Bhakta T,LandrM.2014.Estimation of pressure-saturation changes for unconsolidated reservoir rocks with high VP/VS ratio.Geophysics,79(5):M35-M54.
Brenguier F,Campillo M,Hadziioannou C,et al.2008.Postseismic relaxation along the San Andreas fault at Parkfield from continuous seismological observations.Science,321(5895):1478-1481.
Cai J G.2000.Nondeterministic factors in calculation of VP/VSratio and their application to earthquake prediction.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),23(1):51-56.
Catchings R D,Rymer M J,Goldman M R,et al.2014.A method and example of seismically imaging near-surface fault zones in geologically complex areas using VP,VS,and their ratios.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,104(4):1989-2006.
Christensen N I.1996.Poisson′s ratio and crustal seismology.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,101(B2):3139-3156.
Dahm T,Fischer T.2014.Velocity ratio variations in the source region of earthquake swarms in NW Bohemia obtained from arrival time double-differences.Geophysical Journal International,196(2):957-970.
Doi I,Noda S,Iio Y,et al.2013.Relationship between hypocentral distributions and VP/VSratio structures inferred from dense seismic array data:a case study of the 1984western Nagano Prefecture earthquake,central Japan.Geophysical Journal International,195(2):1323-1336,doi:10.1093/gji/ggt312.
Domenico S N.1984.Rock lithology and porosity determination from shear and compressional wave velocity.Geophysics,49(8):1188-1195.
Feng D Y.1975.Anomalous variations of seismic velocity ratio before the Yongshan-Daguan earthquake(M=7.1)on May 11,1974.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),18(4):235-239.
Feng D Y,Zheng S H,Sheng G Y,et al.1976.Preliminary study of the velocity anomalies of seismic waves before and after some strong and moderate earthquakes in western China(I)-the velocity ratio anomalies.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),19(3):197-205.
Geller R J.1997.Earthquake prediction:a critical review.Geophysical Journal International,131(3):425-450.
Geng N G,Hao J S,Li J H,et al.1992.The relationship of rock′s velocity ratio and hydrostatic pressure.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),14(4):500-506.
Gritto R,Jarpe S P.2014.Temporal variations of VP/VS-ratio at the Geysers geothermal field,USA.Geothermics,52:112-119.
Gu J P,Sheng G Y.1991.The discussion on the problems of earthquake prediction by velocity ratio.North China Earthquake Sciences(in Chinese),9(3):27-36.
Hauksson E,Haase J S.1997.Three-dimensional VPand VP/VSvelocity models of the Los Angeles basin and central transverse ranges,California.J.Geophys.Res.,102(B3),5423-5453.
Jia L Z,Wang Z S,Zhang Y L,et al.2017.Analysis of the 2014-2015Jinzhai earthquake swarm by double-difference VP/VSratio method.Earthquake(in Chinese),37(1):112-120.
Jia S X,Liu C Q.1996.VP/VSanomaly and earthquake in Xingtai epicentral region.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),39(S1):205-215.
Kato A,Sakai S,Iidaka T,et al.2010.Non-volcanic seismic swarms triggered by circulating fluids and pressure fluctuations above a solidified diorite intrusion.Geophysical Research Letters,37(15):L15302,doi:10.1029/2010GL043887.
Koch M.1992.Bootstrap inversion for vertical and lateral variations of the S wave structure and the VP/VS-ratio from shallow earthquakes in the Rhinegraben seismic zone,Germany.Tectonophysics,210(1-2):91-115.
Li M X,Zhang X D.2004.Determining average seismic velocity ratios(VS/VS)in the curst in North China region by multistation method.Earthquake(in Chinese),24(1),163-169.
Li Y E,Wang L Y,Zheng X Y.2014.Restudy of the variation of VP/VSbefore and after the Wenchuan earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),36(3):425-432.
Li Y E,Wang L Y,Song M Q,et al.2016.Study of the seismogenic process from wenchuan to the lushan earthquake based on wave velocity ratio temporal variation.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),36(11):991-997.
Li Z W,Xu Y,Hao T Y,et al.2009.VPand VP/VSstructures in the crust and upper mantle of the Taiwan region,China.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,52(7):975-983.
Lin G,Shearer P.2007.Estimating local VP/VSratios within similar earthquake clusters.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,97(2):379-388.
Lin G,Amelung F,Shearer P M,et al.2015.Location and size of the shallow magma reservoir beneath Kilauea caldera,constraints from near-source VP/VSratios.Geophysical Research Letters,42(20):8349-8357,doi:10.1002/2015GL065802.
Lin G Q,Shearer P M.2009.Evidence for water-filled cracks in earthquake source regions.Geophysical Research Letters,36(17):L17315,doi:10.1029/2009GL039098.
Lin G Q.2013.Seismic investigation of magmatic unrest beneath Mammoth Mountain,California,USA.Geology,41(8):847-850.
Lin J Y,Hsu S K,Lin A T S,et al.2016.VP/VSdistribution in the northern Taiwan area:Implications for the tectonic structures and rock property variations.Tectonophysics,692:181-190.
Nicholson C,Simpson D W.1985.Changes in VP/VS with depth:Implications for appropriate velocity models,improved earthquake locations,and material properties of the upper crust.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,75(4):1105-1123.
Novotny O,Málek J,Bou2kováA.2016.Wadati method as a simple tool to study seismically active fault zones:a case study from the West-bohemia/Vogtland region,central Europe.Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica,60(2):248-267,doi:10.1007/s11200-015-1206-1.
Palo M,Tilmann F,Schurr B.2016.Applicability and bias of VP/VSestimates by P and S differential arrival times of spatially clustered earthquakes.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,106(3):1055-1063,doi:10.1785/0120150300.
Saito S,Ishikawa M,Arima M,et al.2016.Laboratory measurements of VPand VSin a porosity-developed crustal rock:Experimental investigation into the effects of porosity at deep crustal pressures.Tectonophysics,677-678:218-226.
Scholz C H,Sykes L R,Aggarwal Y P.1973.Earthquake prediction:a physical basis.Science,181(4102):803-810.
Smith.1983.Joint determination of seismic velocity ratios:theory and application to an aftershock sequence.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,73(2):405-417.
Walck M C.1988.Three-dimensional VP/VSvariations for the Coso region,California.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,93(B3):2047-2052.
Wang L Y,Li Y E,Zheng X Y,et al.2014.Temporal variation of VP/VSat sing le seismic station before the 2013Lushan MS7.0earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),36(1):42-58.
Wang X Q,Schubnel A,Fortin J,et al.2012.High VP/VSratio:Saturated cracks or anisotropy effects?Geophysical Research Letters,39(11):L11307,doi:10.1029/2012GL051742.
Wei Z G,Chen L,Yang X L.2011.Transverse variations of crustal thickness and VP/VSratio under the stations in the Liaodong anteclise-Yanshan belt-Xingmeng orogenic belt and their tectonic implications.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),54(11):2799-2808,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.11.010.
Wei Z G,Chen L.2012.Regional differences in crustal structure beneath northeastern China and northern North China Craton:constraints from crustal thickness and VP/VSratio.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(11):3601-3614,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.009.
Wilkens R,Simmons G,Caruso L.1984.The ratio VP/VSas a discriminant of composition for siliceous limestones.Geophysics,49(11):1850-1860.
Wu H T,Lees J M.1999.Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structures of the Coso Geothermal Area,California,from microseismic travel time data.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,104(B6):13217-13233.
Xu Z J,Song X D.2009.Temporal changes of surface wave velocity associated with major Sumatra earthquakes from ambient noise correlation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(34):14207-14212.
Zhang H Y,Zhang G W,Wang X S,et al.2015.Regional characteristics of wave velocity ratio in Jilin area and their tectonic implications.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),37(3):829-839.
Zhang Q,Lin G Q.2014.Three-dimensional VPand VP/VSmodels in the Coso geothermal area,California:Seismic characterization of the magmatic system.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,119(6):4907-4922,doi:10.1002/2014JB010992.
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