2015～2016年北京市3次空气重污染红色预警PM_(2.5)成因分析及效果评估
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摘要
北京市空气重污染应急指挥部分别于2015年12月7日18:00、12月18日07:00和2016年12月15日13:00发布了3次空气重污染红色预警.为了厘清3次红色预警的成因差异,评估应急措施在应对空气重污染的有效性,本文基于北京市环境和气象监测数据,分析了红色预警期间PM_(2.5)浓度、气象条件、天气形势及气团传输.3次预警期间均受污染物二次转化影响,但造成高浓度PM_(2.5)的原因主要为气象条件影响.第1、第2次预警期间,地面受均压场控制,区域传输分别受西南和南部气团影响,第3次预警地面受大范围低压场控制,受西南传输及局地气团叠加影响.第3次红色预警期间北京市PM_(2.5)污染最为严重,PM_(2.5)平均小时浓度最高为273.6μg·m~(-3),是前两次预警的1.2倍和1.3倍.此外,结合各污染源减排量,采用WRF-CMAQ模式对第3次红色预警应急措施效果进行评估,结果表明:应急措施实施后,污染物日平均减排量为678.4 t,PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均下降了79.1μg·m~(-3),平均下降比例为26.9%.应急措施中增加燃煤源及加大交通源和其他源控制、预警启动时间提前及区域间联防联控有效缓解了PM_(2.5)浓度加重趋势.
Beijing authorities issued three red alerts for heavy air pollution at 6 pm on December 7 and 7 am on December 18,2015,and at 1 pm on December 15,2016,respectively.To better understand the different causes of the three red alerts and assess the effectiveness of emergency measures dealing with heavy air pollution,the PM_(2.5) concentrations,meteorological conditions,weather conditions,and air mass transmission were analyzed during the red alerts using data from environmental and meteorological monitoring stations in Beijing.All three red alerts were affected by secondary transformation,but the high PM_(2.5) concentrations were mainly affected by meteorological conditions.During the first and second red alerts,the ground in Beijing was controlled by a uniform pressure field and the regional transport was mainly affected by southwestern and southern air masses.During the third red alert,the ground was under the control of a wide range of low pressure and affected by the superposition of southwestern and local air masses.During the third red alert,the PM_(2.5) pollution was the most serious.Its average concentration was the highest(273.6 μg·m~(-3)),that is,1.2 times and 1.3 times higher than that of the previous two alerts,respectively.The WRF-CMAQ model was used in combination with the emission reduction of each source to evaluate the effects of the emergency measures related to the third red alert.The results show that the average daily emission reduction of pollutants was 678.4 t,the average concentration of PM_(2.5) decreased by 79.1 μg·m~(-3),and the average reduction ratio was 26.9% after the emergency measures were implemented.The increase of coal-fires,traffic,and other sources control the emergency measures,early alert start-up time,and inter-region joint prevention and effectively mitigate the increasing PM_(2.5) concentration.
Beijing authorities issued three red alerts for heavy air pollution at 6 pm on December 7 and 7 am on December 18,2015,and at 1 pm on December 15,2016,respectively.To better understand the different causes of the three red alerts and assess the effectiveness of emergency measures dealing with heavy air pollution,the PM_(2.5) concentrations,meteorological conditions,weather conditions,and air mass transmission were analyzed during the red alerts using data from environmental and meteorological monitoring stations in Beijing.All three red alerts were affected by secondary transformation,but the high PM_(2.5) concentrations were mainly affected by meteorological conditions.During the first and second red alerts,the ground in Beijing was controlled by a uniform pressure field and the regional transport was mainly affected by southwestern and southern air masses.During the third red alert,the ground was under the control of a wide range of low pressure and affected by the superposition of southwestern and local air masses.During the third red alert,the PM_(2.5) pollution was the most serious.Its average concentration was the highest(273.6 μg·m~(-3)),that is,1.2 times and 1.3 times higher than that of the previous two alerts,respectively.The WRF-CMAQ model was used in combination with the emission reduction of each source to evaluate the effects of the emergency measures related to the third red alert.The results show that the average daily emission reduction of pollutants was 678.4 t,the average concentration of PM_(2.5) decreased by 79.1 μg·m~(-3),and the average reduction ratio was 26.9% after the emergency measures were implemented.The increase of coal-fires,traffic,and other sources control the emergency measures,early alert start-up time,and inter-region joint prevention and effectively mitigate the increasing PM_(2.5) concentration.
引文
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[2]Zhang Y L,Zhu B,Gao J H,et al.The source apportionment of primary PM2.5in an aerosol pollution event over Beijing-TianjinHebei region using WRF-Chem,China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2017,17(12):2966-2980.
[3]Li M R,Hu M,Du B H,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5chemical composition in a coastal city of Southeast China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,605-606:337-346.
[4]2015年中国环境状况公报(摘录)[J].环境保护,2016,44(11):43-51.China environmental status bulletin 2015[J].Environmental Protection,2016,44(11):43-51.
[5]北京市2013-2017年清洁空气行动计划[N].北京日报,2013-09-13(006).
[6]Nie T,Nie L,Zhou Z,et al.Exploring the heavy air pollution in Beijing in the fourth quarter of 2015:assessment of environmental benefits for red alerts[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,2018,12(2):361-372.
[7]Qi X F,Sun J Y,Zhang L,et al.Aerosol hygroscopicity during the haze red-alert period in December 2016 at a rural site of the North China plain[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,2018,32(1):38-48.
[8]Cheng N L,Zhang D W,Li Y T,et al.Spatio-temporal variations of PM2.5concentrations and the evaluation of emission reduction measures during two red air pollution alerts in Beijing[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):8220.
[9]Zhong J T,Zhang X Y,Wang Y Q,et al.Relative contributions of boundary-layer meteorological factors to the explosive growth of PM2.5during the red-alert heavy pollution episodes in Beijing in December 2016[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,2017,31(5):809-819.
[10]Wang X Q,Wei W,Cheng S Y,et al.Characteristics and classification of PM2.5pollution episodes in Beijing from 2013 to2015[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:170-179.
[11]GB 3095-2012,环境空气质量标准[S].
[12]HJ 633-2012,环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行)[S].
[13]北京市人民政府.北京市空气重污染应急预案(2016年修订)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2016.
[14]Cheng S Y,Jin Y Q,Liu L,et al.Estimation of atmospheric mixing heights over large areas using data from airport meteorological stations[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part A,2002,37(6):991-1007.
[15]Lv B L,Liu Y,Yu P,et al.Characterizations of PM2.5pollution pathways and sources analysis in four large cities in China[J].Aerosols and Air Quality Research,2015,15(5):1836-1843.
[16]Tariku T B,Gan T Y.Sensitivity of the weather research and forecasting model to parameterization schemes for regional climate of Nile River Basin[J].Climate Dynamics,2018,50(11-12):4231-4247.
[17]Wang G,Cheng S Y,Wei W,et al.Characteristics and emission-reduction measures evaluation of PM2.5during the two major events:APEC and Parade[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,595:81-92.
[18]Arunachalam S,Wang B Y,Davis N,et al.Effect of chemistrytransport model scale and resolution on population exposure to PM2.5from aircraft emissions during landing and takeoff[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(19):3294-3300.
[19]Zhou Y,Cheng S Y,Lang J L,et al.A comprehensive ammonia emission inventory with high-resolution and its evaluation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,106:305-317.
[20]MEIC[EB/OL].http://www.meicmodel.org/.
[21]US EPA.Guidance on the use of models and other analyses for demonstrating attainment of air quality goals for ozone,PM2.5,and regional haze[M].Research Triangle Park,NC:BiblioGov,2013.
[22]Simon H,Baker K R,Phillips S.Compilation and interpretation of photochemical model performance statistics published between2006 and 2012[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,61:124-139.
[23]贾佳,郭秀锐,程水源.APEC期间北京市PM2.5特征模拟分析及污染控制措施评估[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2337-2346.Jia J,Guo X R,Cheng S Y.Numerical study on the characteristics of PM2.5in Beijing and the assessment of pollution control measures during APEC[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2337-2346.
[24]林小平,巫楚,曾树森,等.河源市城区春季PM2.5典型污染过程案例分析[J].环境监测与预警,2017,9(4):49-54,66.Lin X P,Wu C,Zeng S S,et al.Case study of PM2.5pollution episode in spring of Heyuan city[J].Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning,2017,9(4):49-54,66.
[25]许建明,常炉予,马井会,等.上海秋冬季PM2.5污染天气形势的客观分型研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4303-4314.Xu J M,Chang L Y,Ma J H,et al.Objective synoptic weather classification on PM2.5pollution during autumn and winter seasons in Shanghai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(12):4303-4314.
[26]北京市人民政府.北京市空气重污染应急预案[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015.
[27]天津市人民政府.天津市人民政府办公厅关于印发天津市重污染天气应急预案的通知[R].天津市人民政府公报,2017,(22):14-19.
[28]石家庄市裕华区人民政府.石家庄市重污染天气应急指挥部关于启动重污染天气最高级别减排措施的通告[EB/OL].http://www.yuhuaqu.gov.cn/col/1389844012734/2015/12/22/1450781935899.html,2015-12-22.
[29]天津市人民政府.天津市人民政府办公厅关于印发天津市重污染天气应急预案的通知[R].天津市人民政府公报,2017,(22):19-24.
[30]石家庄市裕华区人民政府.河北省重污染天气应急预案[EB/OL].http://www.yuhuaqu.gov.cn/col/1389844143922/2016/12/01/1480557082677.html,2016-12-01.
[31]Jia J,Cheng S Y,Liu L,et al.An integrated WRF-CAMx modeling approach for impact analysis of implementing the emergency PM2.5control measures during red alerts in Beijing in December 2015[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2017,17(10):2491-2508.