退化人工林不同恢复类型对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响
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摘要
为了评价华南退化人工林生态系统的不同恢复类型,本研究以土壤微生物群落功能多样性为对象,探讨恢复林土壤微生物功能多样性的差异及影响因子.在研究区内选取代表性的近自然经营杉木林(CF)和毛竹林(MB),以天然次生林(NF)为对照,采集表层土壤样品.运用Biolog-Eco微平板技术,对3种林分的土壤微生物群落功能多样性进行研究.结果表明:不同恢复林分的植物多样性差异显著,NF植物多样性指数显著高于MB和CF,而MB的植物多样性指数显著高于CF;不同林分类型的土壤pH和容重差异显著,其他土壤理化性质差异不显著;不同林分类型土壤微生物的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)为NF>MB>CF,不同林分对6种类型碳源底物的利用也有相似规律;NF的土壤微生物群落Shannon多样性指数、Shannon丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数和McIntosh指数最高,MB次之,CF最低;主成分分析表明,从31种碳源类型提取的主成分1和主成分2分别能解释变量方差的60.0%和12.4%,在主成分分异中起主要贡献作用的是羧酸类、碳水化合物类和氨基酸类碳源;相关性分析表明,植物物种丰富度和多样性指数、土壤容重与土壤微生物群落多样性指数之间存在显著相关关系,对土壤微生物群落功能多样性具有重要影响.NF土壤微生物的碳源利用效率高于人工林,而MB土壤微生物碳源利用效率高于CF.从植被多样性及土壤微生物群落功能多样性来看,近自然经营的MB人工林更有利于退化人工林生态系统功能的恢复与提升.
We explored the changes of soil microbial biodiversity in response to forest ecological restoration. Soil samples were collected from the close-to nature managed Chinese fir plantation(CF), Moso bamboo plantation(MB), and natural secondary forest(NF). Soil microbial community diversity was analyzed by Biolog-Eco micro-plate technique. The results showed that plant diversity was significantly different among the three stands. Plant diversity of NF was significantly higher than MB and CF, and MB was higher than CF. Soil pH and bulk density showed a great difference, while there was no difference of other soil physiochemical properties among the three stands. Avera-ge well color development(AWCD) of soil in various stands followed the order of NF>MB>CF, consistent with the changes of utilization of six types of carbon sources. Shannon index of NF was the highest, and the index of MB was significantly higher than that of CF. Soil physical and chemical properties in different stands were not significantly different, except soil pH and bulk density. The Shannon diversity index(H), Shannon species richness index(S), Simpson dominance index(D) and McIntosh index(U) were the highest in NF, second in MB, and the lowest in CF. Results from principal component analysis(PCA) showed that two factors from 31 carbon sources could explain 60.0% and 12.4% of the variation and that carboxylic acids, carbohydrates and its derivatives, amino acids were the main carbon sources of the two principal component factors. Correlation analysis indicated that plant species richness and Shannon diversity indexes, soil bulk density were significantly correlated to soil microbial community diversity. The microbial community of NF was more efficient in carbon utilization than that in MB and CF, while that in MB was more efficient than that of CF. Based on plant diversity and soil microbial carbon utilization, MB is much better than CF in the artificial forest restoration and improvement in South China.
We explored the changes of soil microbial biodiversity in response to forest ecological restoration. Soil samples were collected from the close-to nature managed Chinese fir plantation(CF), Moso bamboo plantation(MB), and natural secondary forest(NF). Soil microbial community diversity was analyzed by Biolog-Eco micro-plate technique. The results showed that plant diversity was significantly different among the three stands. Plant diversity of NF was significantly higher than MB and CF, and MB was higher than CF. Soil pH and bulk density showed a great difference, while there was no difference of other soil physiochemical properties among the three stands. Avera-ge well color development(AWCD) of soil in various stands followed the order of NF>MB>CF, consistent with the changes of utilization of six types of carbon sources. Shannon index of NF was the highest, and the index of MB was significantly higher than that of CF. Soil physical and chemical properties in different stands were not significantly different, except soil pH and bulk density. The Shannon diversity index(H), Shannon species richness index(S), Simpson dominance index(D) and McIntosh index(U) were the highest in NF, second in MB, and the lowest in CF. Results from principal component analysis(PCA) showed that two factors from 31 carbon sources could explain 60.0% and 12.4% of the variation and that carboxylic acids, carbohydrates and its derivatives, amino acids were the main carbon sources of the two principal component factors. Correlation analysis indicated that plant species richness and Shannon diversity indexes, soil bulk density were significantly correlated to soil microbial community diversity. The microbial community of NF was more efficient in carbon utilization than that in MB and CF, while that in MB was more efficient than that of CF. Based on plant diversity and soil microbial carbon utilization, MB is much better than CF in the artificial forest restoration and improvement in South China.
引文
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[2] Li WH. Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 201: 33-41
[3] Benayas JMR, Newton AC, Diaz A, et al. Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: A meta-analysis. Science, 2009, 325: 1121-1124
[4] Wang Y, Ouyang ZY, Zheng H, et al. Carbon metabolism of soil microbial communities of restored forests in Southern China. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2011, 11: 789-799
[5] Chazdon RL. Beyond deforestation: Restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science, 2008, 320: 1458-1460
[6] Ren H (任海), Li Z-A (李志安), Shen W-J (申卫军), et al. Change of biodiversity and ecosystem function under tropical forest restoration in South China. Science in China (中国科学), 2006, 36(6): 563-569 (in Chinese)
[7] Heijden MGAVD, Bardgett RD, Straalen NMV. The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2008, 11: 296-310
[8] Fuhrman JA. Microbial community structure and its functional implications. Nature, 2009, 459: 193-199
[9] He Y-J (何友均), Liang X-Y (梁星云), Qin L (覃林), et al. Community characteristics and soil properties of coniferous plantation forest monocultures in the early stages after close-to-nature transformation management in southern subtropical China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(8): 2484-2495 (in Chinese)
[10] Zheng H, Ouyang ZY, Wang XK, et al. Effects of regenerating forest cover on soil microbial communities: A case study in hilly red soil region, Southern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005, 217: 244-254
[11] Xu QF, Jiang PK, Xu ZH. Soil microbial functional diversity under intensively managed bamboo plantations in southern China. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2008, 8: 177-183
[12] Harris J. Soil microbial communities and restoration ecology: Facilitators or followers? Science, 2009, 325: 573-574
[13] Zheng H, Chen FL, Ouyang ZY, et al. Impacts of refore-station approaches on runoff control in the hilly red soil region of Southern China. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 356: 174-184
[14] Liu SS, Wang F, Xue K, et al. The interactive effects of soil transplant into colder regions and cropping on soil microbiology and biogeochemistry. Environmental Microbiology, 2015, 17: 566-576
[15] Ren GD, Ren WJ, Teng Y, et al. Evident bacterial community changes but only slight degradation when polluted with pyrene in a red soil. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015, 6: 1-11
[16] Huang XM, Liu SR, Wang H, et al. Changes of soil microbial biomass carbon and community composition through mixing nitrogen fixing species with Eucalyptus urophylla in subtropical China. Soil Biology & Bioche-mistry, 2014, 73: 42-48
[17] Chen XL, Wang D, Chen X, et al. Soil microbial functional diversity and biomass as affected by different thinning intensities in a Chinese fir plantation. Applied Soil Ecology, 2015, 92: 35-44
[18] Li K-M (李矿明), Tang X-Z (汤晓珍). Research to diversification and disconcordance of natural broad-leaved forests over different altitudes in Guangxi Mao’er Mountain. Central South forest inventory and planning (中南林业调查规划), 2003, 22(1): 56-58 (in Chinese)
[19] Huang J-L (黄金玲), Jiang D-B (蒋得斌). Integrated Scientific Investigation of Mt. Mao’er National Nature Reserve in Guangxi. Changsha: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2004 (in Chinese)
[20] State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国林业局). Methodology for Field Long-term Observation of Forest System (GB/T 33027-2016). Beijing: China Standards Press, 2017 (in Chinese)
[21] Lu R-K (鲁如坤). Methods for Soil Agricultural Chemi-stry Analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[22] State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国林业局). Determination of Available Phosphorus in Forest Soil (LY/T 1232-2015). Beijing: China Standards Press, 2016 (in Chinese)
[23] Garland JL, Mills AL. Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 1991, 57: 2351-2359
[24] Ratcliff AW, Busse MD, Shestak CJ. Changes in microbial community structure following herbicide (glyphosate) additions to forest soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 2006, 34: 114-124
[25] Kohler F, Hamelin J, Gillet F, et al. Soil microbial community changes in wooded mountain pastures due to simulated effects of cattle grazing. Plant and Soil, 2005, 278: 327-340
[26] Xu Q-F (徐秋芳), Jiang P-K (姜培坤), Wu Q-F (邬奇峰), et al. Effect of intensive management on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity in Castanea mollissima. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2007, 43(3): 15-19 (in Chinese)
[27] Chodak M, Klimek B, Azarbad H, et al. Functional diversity of soil microbial communities under Scots pine, Norway spruce, silver birch and mixed boreal forests. Pedobiologia, 2015, 58: 81-88
[28] Augusto L, Ranger J, Binkley D, et al. Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility. Annals of Forest Science, 2002, 59: 233-253
[29] Zheng H (郑华), Ouyang Z-Y (欧阳志云), Wang X-K (王效科), et al. Effects of forest restoration patterns on soil microbial communities. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2004, 15(11): 2019-2024 (in Chinese)
[30] Wu Z-Y (吴则焰), Lin W-X (林文雄), Chen Z-F (陈志芳), et al. Variations of soil microbial community diversity along an elevational gradient in mid-subtropical forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2013, 37(5): 397-406 (in Chinese)
[31] Wang Q (王强), Dai J-L (戴九兰), Wu D-Q (吴大千), et al. Statistical analysis of data from Biolog method in the study of microbial ecology. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2010, 30(3): 817-823 (in Chinese)
[32] Li N (黎宁), Li H-X (李华兴), Zhu F-J (朱凤娇), et al. Relationships between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physical-chemical properties of vegetable garden soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2006, 17(2): 285-290 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang J-J (王纪杰), Xu Q-F (徐秋芳), Jiang P-K (姜培坤). Impact of litter of Phyllostachy pubescens on functional biodiversity of soil microorganism communities in broad-leaved forest. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2008, 44(9): 146-151 (in Chinese)
[34] Wang Z (王珍), Cao G-Q (曹光球), Zhang Y-Q (张月全), et al. Responses of carbon metabolism diversity of topsoil microbial to the litterfall addition in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Journal of Forest and Environment (森林与环境学报), 2017, 37(2): 148-154 (in Chinese)
[35] Zou XM, Ruan HH, Fu Y, et al. Estimating soil labile organic carbon and potential turnover rates using a sequential fumigation-incubation procedure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1923-1928
[36] Yang N (杨宁), Zou D-S (邹冬生), Yang M-Y (杨满元), et al. Variations of soil microbial community diversity in purple soils at different re-vegetation stages on sloping-land in Hengyang, Hunan Province. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2016, 52(8): 146-156 (in Chinese)
[37] Nottingham AC, Thompson JA, Turk PJ, et al. Seasonal dynamics of surface soil bulk density in a forested catchment. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2015, 79: 1163-1168
[38] Zheng C-D (郑存德), Yi Y-L (依艳丽), Zhang D-G (张大庚), et al. Reaction of edaphon on brown soil of different bulk densities. Journal of Maize Sciences (玉米科学), 2011, 19(4): 69-74 (in Chinese)
[39] Harch BD, Correll RL, Meech W, et al. Using the Gini coefficient with Biolog substrate utilisation data to provide an alternative quantitative measure for comparing bacterial soil communities. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 1997, 30: 91-101
[2] Li WH. Degradation and restoration of forest ecosystems in China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 201: 33-41
[3] Benayas JMR, Newton AC, Diaz A, et al. Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: A meta-analysis. Science, 2009, 325: 1121-1124
[4] Wang Y, Ouyang ZY, Zheng H, et al. Carbon metabolism of soil microbial communities of restored forests in Southern China. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2011, 11: 789-799
[5] Chazdon RL. Beyond deforestation: Restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands. Science, 2008, 320: 1458-1460
[6] Ren H (任海), Li Z-A (李志安), Shen W-J (申卫军), et al. Change of biodiversity and ecosystem function under tropical forest restoration in South China. Science in China (中国科学), 2006, 36(6): 563-569 (in Chinese)
[7] Heijden MGAVD, Bardgett RD, Straalen NMV. The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2008, 11: 296-310
[8] Fuhrman JA. Microbial community structure and its functional implications. Nature, 2009, 459: 193-199
[9] He Y-J (何友均), Liang X-Y (梁星云), Qin L (覃林), et al. Community characteristics and soil properties of coniferous plantation forest monocultures in the early stages after close-to-nature transformation management in southern subtropical China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2013, 33(8): 2484-2495 (in Chinese)
[10] Zheng H, Ouyang ZY, Wang XK, et al. Effects of regenerating forest cover on soil microbial communities: A case study in hilly red soil region, Southern China. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005, 217: 244-254
[11] Xu QF, Jiang PK, Xu ZH. Soil microbial functional diversity under intensively managed bamboo plantations in southern China. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2008, 8: 177-183
[12] Harris J. Soil microbial communities and restoration ecology: Facilitators or followers? Science, 2009, 325: 573-574
[13] Zheng H, Chen FL, Ouyang ZY, et al. Impacts of refore-station approaches on runoff control in the hilly red soil region of Southern China. Journal of Hydrology, 2008, 356: 174-184
[14] Liu SS, Wang F, Xue K, et al. The interactive effects of soil transplant into colder regions and cropping on soil microbiology and biogeochemistry. Environmental Microbiology, 2015, 17: 566-576
[15] Ren GD, Ren WJ, Teng Y, et al. Evident bacterial community changes but only slight degradation when polluted with pyrene in a red soil. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015, 6: 1-11
[16] Huang XM, Liu SR, Wang H, et al. Changes of soil microbial biomass carbon and community composition through mixing nitrogen fixing species with Eucalyptus urophylla in subtropical China. Soil Biology & Bioche-mistry, 2014, 73: 42-48
[17] Chen XL, Wang D, Chen X, et al. Soil microbial functional diversity and biomass as affected by different thinning intensities in a Chinese fir plantation. Applied Soil Ecology, 2015, 92: 35-44
[18] Li K-M (李矿明), Tang X-Z (汤晓珍). Research to diversification and disconcordance of natural broad-leaved forests over different altitudes in Guangxi Mao’er Mountain. Central South forest inventory and planning (中南林业调查规划), 2003, 22(1): 56-58 (in Chinese)
[19] Huang J-L (黄金玲), Jiang D-B (蒋得斌). Integrated Scientific Investigation of Mt. Mao’er National Nature Reserve in Guangxi. Changsha: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2004 (in Chinese)
[20] State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国林业局). Methodology for Field Long-term Observation of Forest System (GB/T 33027-2016). Beijing: China Standards Press, 2017 (in Chinese)
[21] Lu R-K (鲁如坤). Methods for Soil Agricultural Chemi-stry Analysis. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[22] State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国林业局). Determination of Available Phosphorus in Forest Soil (LY/T 1232-2015). Beijing: China Standards Press, 2016 (in Chinese)
[23] Garland JL, Mills AL. Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 1991, 57: 2351-2359
[24] Ratcliff AW, Busse MD, Shestak CJ. Changes in microbial community structure following herbicide (glyphosate) additions to forest soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 2006, 34: 114-124
[25] Kohler F, Hamelin J, Gillet F, et al. Soil microbial community changes in wooded mountain pastures due to simulated effects of cattle grazing. Plant and Soil, 2005, 278: 327-340
[26] Xu Q-F (徐秋芳), Jiang P-K (姜培坤), Wu Q-F (邬奇峰), et al. Effect of intensive management on soil microbial biomass and functional diversity in Castanea mollissima. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2007, 43(3): 15-19 (in Chinese)
[27] Chodak M, Klimek B, Azarbad H, et al. Functional diversity of soil microbial communities under Scots pine, Norway spruce, silver birch and mixed boreal forests. Pedobiologia, 2015, 58: 81-88
[28] Augusto L, Ranger J, Binkley D, et al. Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility. Annals of Forest Science, 2002, 59: 233-253
[29] Zheng H (郑华), Ouyang Z-Y (欧阳志云), Wang X-K (王效科), et al. Effects of forest restoration patterns on soil microbial communities. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2004, 15(11): 2019-2024 (in Chinese)
[30] Wu Z-Y (吴则焰), Lin W-X (林文雄), Chen Z-F (陈志芳), et al. Variations of soil microbial community diversity along an elevational gradient in mid-subtropical forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2013, 37(5): 397-406 (in Chinese)
[31] Wang Q (王强), Dai J-L (戴九兰), Wu D-Q (吴大千), et al. Statistical analysis of data from Biolog method in the study of microbial ecology. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2010, 30(3): 817-823 (in Chinese)
[32] Li N (黎宁), Li H-X (李华兴), Zhu F-J (朱凤娇), et al. Relationships between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physical-chemical properties of vegetable garden soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2006, 17(2): 285-290 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang J-J (王纪杰), Xu Q-F (徐秋芳), Jiang P-K (姜培坤). Impact of litter of Phyllostachy pubescens on functional biodiversity of soil microorganism communities in broad-leaved forest. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2008, 44(9): 146-151 (in Chinese)
[34] Wang Z (王珍), Cao G-Q (曹光球), Zhang Y-Q (张月全), et al. Responses of carbon metabolism diversity of topsoil microbial to the litterfall addition in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Journal of Forest and Environment (森林与环境学报), 2017, 37(2): 148-154 (in Chinese)
[35] Zou XM, Ruan HH, Fu Y, et al. Estimating soil labile organic carbon and potential turnover rates using a sequential fumigation-incubation procedure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1923-1928
[36] Yang N (杨宁), Zou D-S (邹冬生), Yang M-Y (杨满元), et al. Variations of soil microbial community diversity in purple soils at different re-vegetation stages on sloping-land in Hengyang, Hunan Province. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2016, 52(8): 146-156 (in Chinese)
[37] Nottingham AC, Thompson JA, Turk PJ, et al. Seasonal dynamics of surface soil bulk density in a forested catchment. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2015, 79: 1163-1168
[38] Zheng C-D (郑存德), Yi Y-L (依艳丽), Zhang D-G (张大庚), et al. Reaction of edaphon on brown soil of different bulk densities. Journal of Maize Sciences (玉米科学), 2011, 19(4): 69-74 (in Chinese)
[39] Harch BD, Correll RL, Meech W, et al. Using the Gini coefficient with Biolog substrate utilisation data to provide an alternative quantitative measure for comparing bacterial soil communities. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 1997, 30: 91-101
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