车桑子小孢子发生与雄配子体发育
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摘要
为了解干热河谷区车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)胚胎学特征及其结籽率低的原因,采用常规石蜡切片法和电镜扫描技术对车桑子小孢子发生、雄配子体发育和花粉的形态特征进行了观察。结果表明,车桑子花药具有4个花粉囊。完整的花药壁从外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、2～3层中层细胞和绒毡层;绒毡层类型是腺质绒毡层。花药成熟期,中层、绒毡层均退化消失。小孢子母细胞进行同时型胞质分裂;四分体为四面体型结构。成熟的花粉为二细胞型。花粉近球形,外壁密布颗粒状纹饰,具有3条不构成合沟的萌发沟。雄性生殖发育过程出现的异常现象可能是干热河谷地区车桑子结籽率低的原因之一。
To understand the embryological characteristics of Dodonaea viscosa in the dry and hot valley and the reasons for its low seed setting rate, microsporogenesis, male gametophyte development and pollen morphological characteristics of D. viscosa were studied with traditional paraffin sections and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the anther of D. viscosa had four pollen sac. The anther wall was composed of the epidermis,the endothecium, 2-3 middle layers, and tapetum(glandular tapetum) from the outside to the inside; at anther mature stage, the middle layer and tapetum denegerated and disappeared. The cytokinesis occurred simultaneously in a microspore mother cell; the tetrad was tetrahedral. The mature pollen was two-celled type. The mature pollen grain was nearly spherical with granular ornamentation on exine and 3 germ furrows which did not form syncolpate. Our researches showed that some abnormal phenomenon in male reproductive development might be one of the reasons of low seed setting rate.
To understand the embryological characteristics of Dodonaea viscosa in the dry and hot valley and the reasons for its low seed setting rate, microsporogenesis, male gametophyte development and pollen morphological characteristics of D. viscosa were studied with traditional paraffin sections and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the anther of D. viscosa had four pollen sac. The anther wall was composed of the epidermis,the endothecium, 2-3 middle layers, and tapetum(glandular tapetum) from the outside to the inside; at anther mature stage, the middle layer and tapetum denegerated and disappeared. The cytokinesis occurred simultaneously in a microspore mother cell; the tetrad was tetrahedral. The mature pollen was two-celled type. The mature pollen grain was nearly spherical with granular ornamentation on exine and 3 germ furrows which did not form syncolpate. Our researches showed that some abnormal phenomenon in male reproductive development might be one of the reasons of low seed setting rate.
引文
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[2]WANG X M,YAN B G,LIU G C,et al.Spatial variation in seed dormancy and germination of Dodonaea viscose in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley,China[J].J Trop Subtrop Bot,2016,24(4):375-380.doi:10.11926/j.issn.1005-3395.2016.04.003.王雪梅,闫帮国,刘刚才,等.元谋干热河谷车桑子种子休眠与萌芽的空间变异特征研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2016,24(4):375-380.doi:10.11926/j.issn.1005-3395.2016.04.003.
[3]LI K,ZHANG C H,CUI Y Z,et al.A study on the fitting afforestation tree species during coverting the land for forestry in hot and arid valley of Jinsha-river[J].For Res,2004,17(5):555-563.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-1498.2004.05.002.李昆,张春华,崔永忠,等.金沙江干热河谷区退耕还林适宜造林树种筛选研究[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(5):555-563.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1001-1498.2004.05.002.
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[5]CHEN S Y,LANG N J,LI J Y,et al.Changes of cytomembrane permeability and proline content in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa,Leucaena leucocephala and Tephrosia candida under drought stress[J].Guihaia,2006,26(1):80-84.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3142.2006.01.019.陈少瑜,郎南军,李吉跃,等.干旱胁迫下坡柳等幼苗质膜相对透性和脯氨酸含量的变化[J].广西植物,2006,26(1):80-84.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3142.2006.01.019.
[6]ZHANG Q Y,SUN H L,LI S C,et al.Different environmental conditions on germination characteristics of Dodonaea viscose(L.)Jacq[J].Seed,2013,32(1):12-14,19.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4705.2013.01.004.张琼瑛,孙海龙,李绍才,等.不同环境条件对车桑子萌发的影响[J].种子,2013,32(1):12-14,19.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4705.2013.01.004.
[7]WANG C H,ZENG C H,SHEN D S,et al.Climatic effects of the artificial reservoir of China’s dry-hot valleys on the growth and physiological traits of Dodonaea viscosa seedlings[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2016,36(17):5343-5352.doi:10.5846/stxb201502110335.王传华,曾春函,沈德嵩,等.云南干热河谷水库气候效应对车桑子幼苗生长发育的影响及其作用机制[J].生态学报,2016,36(17):5343-5352.doi:10.5846/stxb201502110335.
[8]GE L,HUANG D,MA H C,et al.Comparison of leaves anatomical structures and related drought resistance among different populations of Dodonaea viscosa in Yunnan hot-dry valley[J].J Arid Land Resour Environ,2015,29(5):138-143.doi:10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2015.166.葛娈,黄冬,马焕成,等.云南干热河谷不同居群坡柳叶片的旱生结构比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(5):138-143.doi:10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2015.166.
[9]DAVIS G L.Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1966:6-17.
[10]HU S Y.Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2005:29-69.胡适宜.被子植物生殖生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:29-69.
[11]CAO L M,CAO M,LIU J H,et al.Sporogenesis and gametogenesis of Delavaya toxocarpa(Sapindaceae)and their systematic implications[J].J Syst Evol,2014,52(4):533-539.doi:10.1111/jse.12083.
[12]FENG X K.A preliminary study on the formation of megaspores,microspores,embryos and endosperm of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge[J].For Sci Technol,1984(2):15-18.doi:10.13456/j.cnki.lykt.1984.02.006.冯显逵.文冠果大、小孢子及胚和胚乳形成过程的初步研究[J].林业科技通讯,1984(2):15-18.doi:10.13456/j.cnki.lykt.1984.02.006.
[13]TONG P P,WANG L L,LIU W Z.Study on the morphodifferentiation and anther structure in flowers of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn[J].Plant Sci J,2016,34(2):165-174.doi:10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2016.20165.仝盼盼,王玲丽,刘文哲.倒地铃花的形态分化与花药结构研究[J].植物科学学报,2016,34(2):165-174.doi:10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2016.20165.
[14]CAO L M,XIA N H,CAO M,et al.Pollen morphology and its systematic significance in Sapindaceae from China[J].Plant Sci J,2016,34(6):821-833.doi:10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2016.60821.曹丽敏,夏念和,曹明,等.中国无患子科的花粉形态及其系统学意义[J].植物科学学报,2016,34(6):821-833.doi:10.11913/PSJ.2095-0837.2016.60821.
[15]DONG L G,DING Y L.Development of micro-and mega-spores and morphology of floral organ in Osmanthus fragrans‘Zao Zi Yin’[J].JTrop Subtrop Bot,2017,25(3):299-308.doi:10.11926/jtsb.3655.董立格,丁雨龙.‘早籽银桂’大小孢子发育与花器形态变化[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2017,25(3):299-308.doi:10.11926/jtsb.3655.
[16]DONG L G,DING Y L,WANG X R,et al.The microsporogenesis and the development of male gametophyte in Osmanthus fragrans‘Wanyingui’[J].J Nanjing For Univ(Nat Sci),2015,39(4):44-50.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2015.04.008.董立格,丁雨龙,王贤荣,等.‘晚银桂’的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2015,39(4):44-50.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.2015.04.008.
[17]LI Y X,LI L,CHEN G H.Advances in tapetum development of anthers in higher plants[J].Crop Res,2009,23(5):287-289.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5280.2009.z1.001.李懿星,李莉,陈光辉.高等植物花药绒毡层发育研究进展[J].作物研究,2009,23(5):287-289.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5280.2009.z1.001.
[18]ZHANG H,LIANG W Q,ZHANG D B.Research progress on tapetum programmed cell death[J].J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ(Agric Sci),2008,26(1):86-90.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-9964.2008.01.021.张虹,梁婉琪,张大兵.花药绒毡层细胞程序性死亡研究进展[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2008,26(1):86-90.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-9964.2008.01.021.
[19]LUO H S,MENG D X,CHEN X Y,et al.Advances in mechanism of pollen abortion caused by abnormal tapetum in plant[J].Crop Res,2012,26(6):725-729.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5280.2012.06.28.罗海山,孟德璇,陈晓阳,等.植物绒毡层异常导致花粉败育的机理研究进展[J].作物研究,2012,26(6):725-729.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5280.2012.06.28.
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