自尊稳定性的认知神经机制
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摘要
自尊稳定性(自尊在短期内波动的幅度)是一种具有重要心理功能的人格特质,它既不同于自尊水平,也区别于情境性自尊,但在理论和测量上却与后两者具有密不可分的联系。然而,由于目前人们对于自尊稳定性的认知神经机制知之甚少,所以并不清楚它与自尊水平在生理机制上的关系是什么,更不了解它会如何调节情境性自尊。鉴于此,本研究计划将自尊稳定性、自尊水平和情境性自尊置于整合的认知神经加工模型(神经内分泌-脑-行为)之中,通过融合心理测量、脑成像与应激诱发等多种技术指标,力争全方位、多角度揭示自尊稳定性的认知神经机制,及其与自尊水平、情境性自尊间的区别和联系。
There is accumulating evidence suggesting that stability of self-esteem, which refers to the magnitude of short-term fluctuations in an individual's self-esteem, has important psychological functions. It can not only influence people's feelings of anger, depression, and well-being, but also moderate the relationship between level of self-esteem and psychological health. However, knowledge about the neural mechanisms underlying stability of self-esteem is limited. Consequently, it is unclear what the difference or connection is between the stability and level of self-esteem, and how they modulate state self-esteem. To answer these questions, we first developed an integrated model to conceptualize the relationships between stability of self-esteem, level of self-esteem, and state self-esteem. Furthermore, we combined classical psychometry and neuroimaging techniques, stress induction, and physiological and biochemical tests to reveal the neural mechanisms underlying stability of self-esteem comprehensively and systematically. The current study will contribute to the understanding of the neural pathway underlying stability of self-esteem and thereby elucidate the nature of self-esteem, which has important theoretical and practical implications.
There is accumulating evidence suggesting that stability of self-esteem, which refers to the magnitude of short-term fluctuations in an individual's self-esteem, has important psychological functions. It can not only influence people's feelings of anger, depression, and well-being, but also moderate the relationship between level of self-esteem and psychological health. However, knowledge about the neural mechanisms underlying stability of self-esteem is limited. Consequently, it is unclear what the difference or connection is between the stability and level of self-esteem, and how they modulate state self-esteem. To answer these questions, we first developed an integrated model to conceptualize the relationships between stability of self-esteem, level of self-esteem, and state self-esteem. Furthermore, we combined classical psychometry and neuroimaging techniques, stress induction, and physiological and biochemical tests to reveal the neural mechanisms underlying stability of self-esteem comprehensively and systematically. The current study will contribute to the understanding of the neural pathway underlying stability of self-esteem and thereby elucidate the nature of self-esteem, which has important theoretical and practical implications.
引文
段海军,王雪微,王博韬,王彤星,张心如,王子娟,胡卫平.(2017).急性应激:诱发范式、测量指标及效果分析.心理科学进展,25(10),1780-1790.
王轶楠.(2016).自尊的神经生理基础.心理科学进展,24(9),1422-1426.
杨娟,侯燕,张庆林.(2011).应激神经成像的研究述评.心理科学进展,19(8),1174-1178.
张林,曹华英.(2011).社会计量器理论的研究进展:社交接纳/拒绝与自尊的关系.心理科学,34(5),1163-1166.
张向葵,田录梅.(2006).自尊只有高低之分吗?--高自尊的异质性及其启示.心理学探新,26(3),20-22,34.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Leary,M.R.(1995).The need to belong:Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Blletin,117(3),497-529.
Berntson,G.G.,Bechara,A.,Damasio,H.,Tranel,D.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(2007).Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,2(2),123-129.
Blackhart,G.C.,Eckel,L.A.,&Tice,D.M.(2007).Salivary cortisol in response to acute social rejection and acceptance by peers.Biological Psychology,75(3),267-276.
Bowlby,J.(1969).Attachment and loss:Attachment(Vol.1).New York:Basic Books.
Burklund,L.J.,Eisenberger,N.I.,&Lieberman,M.D.(2007).The face of rejection:Rejection sensitivity moderates dorsal anterior cingulate activity to disapproving facial expressions.Social Neuroscience,2(3-4),238-253.
Carré,J.M.,Fisher,P.M.,Manuck,S.B.,&Hariri,A.R.(2012).Interaction between trait anxiety and trait anger predict amygdala reactivity to angry facial expressions in men but not women.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(2),213-221.
Chabrol,H.,Rousseau,A.,&Callahan,S.(2006).Preliminary results of a scale assessing instability of self-esteem.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement,38(2),136-141.
Charney,D.S.,Grillon,C.,&Bremner,J.D.(1998).The neurobiological basis of anxiety and fear:Circuits,mechanisms,and neurochemical interactions(Part I.The Neuroscientist,4(1),35-44.
Dedovic,K.,Renwick,R.,Mahani,N.K.,Engert,V.,Lupien,S.J.,&Pruessner,J.C.(2005).The montreal imaging stress task:Using functional imaging to investigate the effects of perceiving and processing psychosocial stress in the human brain.Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience,30(5),319-325.
Denny,B.T.,Kober,H.,Wager,T.D.,&Ochsner,K.N.(2012).A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self-and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,24(8),1742-1752.
DeWall,C.N.,Masten,C.L.,Powell,C.,Combs,D.,Schurtz,D.R.,&Eisenberger,N.I.(2012).Do neural responses to rejection depend on attachment style?An fMRI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(2),184-192.
Eisenberger,N.I.,Inagaki,T.K.,Muscatell,K.A.,Haltom,K.E.B.,&Leary,M.R.(2011).The neural sociometer:Brain mechanisms underlying state self-esteem.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(11),3448-3455.
Ford,M.B.,&Collins,N.L.(2010).Self-esteem moderates neuroendocrine and psychological responses to interpersonal rejection.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(3),405-419.
Foster,J.D.,Kernis,M.H.,&Goldman,B.M.(2007).Linking adult attachment to self-esteem stability.Self and Identity,6(1),64-73.
Goldman,B.M.,&Kernis,M.H.(2002).The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being.Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association,5(6),18-20.
Greenier,K.D.,Kernis,M.H.,McNamara,C.W.,Waschull,S.B.,Berry,A.J.,Herlocker,C.E.,&Abend,T.A.(1999).Individual differences in reactivity to daily events:Examining the roles of stability and level of self‐esteem.Journal of Personality,67(1),187-208.
Holmes,A.J.,Lee,P.H.,Hollinshead,M.O.,Bakst,L.,Roffman,J.L.,Smoller,J.W.,&Buckner,R.L.(2012).Individual differences in amygdala-medial prefrontal anatomy link negative affect,impaired social functioning,and polygenic depression risk.The Journal of Neuroscience,32(50),18087-18100.
Kernis,M.H.(2003).Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem.Psychological Inquiry,14(1),1-26.
Kernis,M.H.(2005).Measuring self‐esteem in context:The importance of stability of self‐esteem in psychological functioning.Journal of Personality,73(6),1569-1605.
Kernis,M.H.,Brockner,J.,&Frankel,B.S.(1989).Self-esteem and reactions to failure:The mediating role of overgeneralization.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(4),707-714.
Kernis,M.H.,&Goldman,B.M.(2003).Stability and variability in self-concept and self-esteem.In M.R.Leary&J.P.Tangney(Eds.),Handbook of self and identity(pp.106-127).New York:Guilford Press.
Kernis,M.H.,Grannemann,B.D.,&Barclay,L.C.(1989).Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(6),1013-1022.
Kernis,M.H.,Grannemann,B.D.,&Mathis,L.C.(1991).Stability of self-esteem as a moderator of the relation between level of self-esteem and depression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61(1),80-84.
Kernis,M.H.,Whisenhunt,C.R.,Waschull,S.B.,Greenier,K.D.,Berry,A.J.,Herlocker,C.E.,&Anderson,C.A.(1998).Multiple facets of self-esteem and their relations to depressive symptoms.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24(6),657-668.
Kidd,T.,Hamer,M.,&Steptoe,A.(2011).Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress.Psychoneuroendocrinology,36(6),771-779.
Kubarych,T.S.,Prom-Wormley,E.C.,Franz,C.E.,Panizzon,M.S.,Dale,A.M.,Fischl,B.,...Kremen,W.S.(2012).A multivariate twin study of hippocampal volume,self-esteem and well-being in middle-aged men.Genes,Brain and Behavior,11(5),539-544.
Leary,M.R.,&Baumeister,R.F.(2000).The nature and function of self-esteem:Sociometer theory.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,32,1-62.
Northoff,G.,Heinzel,A.,de Greck,M.,Bermpohl,F.,Dobrowolny,H.,&Panksepp,J.(2006).Self-referential processing in our brain-A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self.NeuroImage,31(1),440-457.
O’Connor,T.G.,Rutter,M.,Beckett,C.,Keaveney,L.,&Kreppner,J.M.(2000).The effects of global severe privation on cognitive competence:Extension and longitudinal follow-up.Child Development,71(2),376-390.
Ochsner,K.N.,Beer,J.S.,Robertson,E.R.,Cooper,J.C.,Gabrieli,J.D.,Kihsltrom,J.F.,&D'Esposito,M.(2005).The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge.NeuroImage,28(4),797-814.
Onoda,K.,Okamoto,Y.,Nakashima,K.I.,Nittono,H.,Yoshimura,S.,Yamawaki,S.,...Ura,M.(2010).Does low self-esteem enhance social pain?The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,5(4),385-391.
Pan,W.G.,Liu,C.C.,Yang,Q.,Gu,Y.,Yin,S.H.,&Chen,A.T.(2016).The neural basis of trait self-esteem revealed by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and resting state functional connectivity.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,11(3),367-376.
Pietromonaco,P.R.,&Powers,S.I.(2015).Attachment and health-related physiological stress processes.Current Opinion in Psychology,1,34-39.
Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2004).SPSS and SASprocedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,36(4),717-731.
Pruessner,J.C.,Baldwin,M.W.,Dedovic,K.,Renwick,R.,Mahani,N.K.,Lord,C.,...Lupien,S.(2005).Self-esteem,locus of control,hippocampal volume,and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood.NeuroImage,28(4),815-826.
Qin,P.M.,&Northoff,G.(2011).How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network?NeuroImage,57(3),1221-1233.
Roberts,J.E.,&Monroe,S.M.(1992).Vulnerable selfesteem and depressive symptoms:Prospective findings comparing three alternative conceptualizations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,62(5),804-812.
Rosenberg,M.(1965).Society and the adolescent self image.New York:Princeton University Press.
Rosenberg,M.(1979).Conceiving the self.New York:Basic Books.
Seery,M.D.,Blascovich,J.,Weisbuch,M.,&Vick,S.B.(2004).The relationship between self-esteem level,selfesteem stability,and cardiovascular reactions to performance feedback.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87(1),133-145.
Shaver,P.R.,&Mikulincer,M.(2002).Dialogue on adult attachment:diversity and integration.Attachment&Human Development,4(2),243-257.
Slavich,G.M.,Way,B.M.,Eisenberger,N.I.,&Taylor,S.E.(2010).Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,107(33),14817-14822.
Somerville,L.H.,Kelley,W.M.,&Heatherton,T.F.(2010).Self-esteem modulates medial prefrontal cortical responses to evaluative social feedback.Cerebral Cortex,20(12),3005-3013.
Squire,L.R.(1992).Memory and the hippocampus:Asynthesis from findings with rats,monkeys,and humans.Psychological Review,99(2),195-231.
Wang,Y.N.,Kong,F.,Huang,L.J.,&Liu,J.(2016).Neural correlates of biased responses:The negative method effect in the rosenberg self-esteem scale is associated with right amygdala volume.Journal Personality,84(5),623-632.
Wang,Y.N.,Zhang,L.,Kong,X.Z.,Hong,Y.Y.,Cheon,B.,&Liu,J.(2016).Pathway to neural resilience:Self-esteem buffers against deleterious effects of poverty on the hippocampus.Human Brain Mapping,37(11),3757-3766.
Zeiglerhill,V.,Britton,M.,Holden,C.J.,&Besser,A.(2015).How will I love you?Self-esteem instability moderates the association between self-esteem level and romantic love styles.Self and Identity,14(1),118-134.
Zilioli,S.,Slatcher,R.B.,Chi,P.L.,Li,X.M.,Zhao,J.F.,&Zhao,G.X.(2016).Childhood adversity,self-esteem,and diurnal cortisol profiles across the life span.Psychological Science,27(9),1249-1265.
王轶楠.(2016).自尊的神经生理基础.心理科学进展,24(9),1422-1426.
杨娟,侯燕,张庆林.(2011).应激神经成像的研究述评.心理科学进展,19(8),1174-1178.
张林,曹华英.(2011).社会计量器理论的研究进展:社交接纳/拒绝与自尊的关系.心理科学,34(5),1163-1166.
张向葵,田录梅.(2006).自尊只有高低之分吗?--高自尊的异质性及其启示.心理学探新,26(3),20-22,34.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Leary,M.R.(1995).The need to belong:Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Blletin,117(3),497-529.
Berntson,G.G.,Bechara,A.,Damasio,H.,Tranel,D.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(2007).Amygdala contribution to selective dimensions of emotion.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,2(2),123-129.
Blackhart,G.C.,Eckel,L.A.,&Tice,D.M.(2007).Salivary cortisol in response to acute social rejection and acceptance by peers.Biological Psychology,75(3),267-276.
Bowlby,J.(1969).Attachment and loss:Attachment(Vol.1).New York:Basic Books.
Burklund,L.J.,Eisenberger,N.I.,&Lieberman,M.D.(2007).The face of rejection:Rejection sensitivity moderates dorsal anterior cingulate activity to disapproving facial expressions.Social Neuroscience,2(3-4),238-253.
Carré,J.M.,Fisher,P.M.,Manuck,S.B.,&Hariri,A.R.(2012).Interaction between trait anxiety and trait anger predict amygdala reactivity to angry facial expressions in men but not women.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(2),213-221.
Chabrol,H.,Rousseau,A.,&Callahan,S.(2006).Preliminary results of a scale assessing instability of self-esteem.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement,38(2),136-141.
Charney,D.S.,Grillon,C.,&Bremner,J.D.(1998).The neurobiological basis of anxiety and fear:Circuits,mechanisms,and neurochemical interactions(Part I.The Neuroscientist,4(1),35-44.
Dedovic,K.,Renwick,R.,Mahani,N.K.,Engert,V.,Lupien,S.J.,&Pruessner,J.C.(2005).The montreal imaging stress task:Using functional imaging to investigate the effects of perceiving and processing psychosocial stress in the human brain.Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience,30(5),319-325.
Denny,B.T.,Kober,H.,Wager,T.D.,&Ochsner,K.N.(2012).A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self-and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,24(8),1742-1752.
DeWall,C.N.,Masten,C.L.,Powell,C.,Combs,D.,Schurtz,D.R.,&Eisenberger,N.I.(2012).Do neural responses to rejection depend on attachment style?An fMRI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(2),184-192.
Eisenberger,N.I.,Inagaki,T.K.,Muscatell,K.A.,Haltom,K.E.B.,&Leary,M.R.(2011).The neural sociometer:Brain mechanisms underlying state self-esteem.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(11),3448-3455.
Ford,M.B.,&Collins,N.L.(2010).Self-esteem moderates neuroendocrine and psychological responses to interpersonal rejection.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(3),405-419.
Foster,J.D.,Kernis,M.H.,&Goldman,B.M.(2007).Linking adult attachment to self-esteem stability.Self and Identity,6(1),64-73.
Goldman,B.M.,&Kernis,M.H.(2002).The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being.Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association,5(6),18-20.
Greenier,K.D.,Kernis,M.H.,McNamara,C.W.,Waschull,S.B.,Berry,A.J.,Herlocker,C.E.,&Abend,T.A.(1999).Individual differences in reactivity to daily events:Examining the roles of stability and level of self‐esteem.Journal of Personality,67(1),187-208.
Holmes,A.J.,Lee,P.H.,Hollinshead,M.O.,Bakst,L.,Roffman,J.L.,Smoller,J.W.,&Buckner,R.L.(2012).Individual differences in amygdala-medial prefrontal anatomy link negative affect,impaired social functioning,and polygenic depression risk.The Journal of Neuroscience,32(50),18087-18100.
Kernis,M.H.(2003).Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem.Psychological Inquiry,14(1),1-26.
Kernis,M.H.(2005).Measuring self‐esteem in context:The importance of stability of self‐esteem in psychological functioning.Journal of Personality,73(6),1569-1605.
Kernis,M.H.,Brockner,J.,&Frankel,B.S.(1989).Self-esteem and reactions to failure:The mediating role of overgeneralization.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(4),707-714.
Kernis,M.H.,&Goldman,B.M.(2003).Stability and variability in self-concept and self-esteem.In M.R.Leary&J.P.Tangney(Eds.),Handbook of self and identity(pp.106-127).New York:Guilford Press.
Kernis,M.H.,Grannemann,B.D.,&Barclay,L.C.(1989).Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56(6),1013-1022.
Kernis,M.H.,Grannemann,B.D.,&Mathis,L.C.(1991).Stability of self-esteem as a moderator of the relation between level of self-esteem and depression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61(1),80-84.
Kernis,M.H.,Whisenhunt,C.R.,Waschull,S.B.,Greenier,K.D.,Berry,A.J.,Herlocker,C.E.,&Anderson,C.A.(1998).Multiple facets of self-esteem and their relations to depressive symptoms.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24(6),657-668.
Kidd,T.,Hamer,M.,&Steptoe,A.(2011).Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress.Psychoneuroendocrinology,36(6),771-779.
Kubarych,T.S.,Prom-Wormley,E.C.,Franz,C.E.,Panizzon,M.S.,Dale,A.M.,Fischl,B.,...Kremen,W.S.(2012).A multivariate twin study of hippocampal volume,self-esteem and well-being in middle-aged men.Genes,Brain and Behavior,11(5),539-544.
Leary,M.R.,&Baumeister,R.F.(2000).The nature and function of self-esteem:Sociometer theory.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,32,1-62.
Northoff,G.,Heinzel,A.,de Greck,M.,Bermpohl,F.,Dobrowolny,H.,&Panksepp,J.(2006).Self-referential processing in our brain-A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self.NeuroImage,31(1),440-457.
O’Connor,T.G.,Rutter,M.,Beckett,C.,Keaveney,L.,&Kreppner,J.M.(2000).The effects of global severe privation on cognitive competence:Extension and longitudinal follow-up.Child Development,71(2),376-390.
Ochsner,K.N.,Beer,J.S.,Robertson,E.R.,Cooper,J.C.,Gabrieli,J.D.,Kihsltrom,J.F.,&D'Esposito,M.(2005).The neural correlates of direct and reflected self-knowledge.NeuroImage,28(4),797-814.
Onoda,K.,Okamoto,Y.,Nakashima,K.I.,Nittono,H.,Yoshimura,S.,Yamawaki,S.,...Ura,M.(2010).Does low self-esteem enhance social pain?The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,5(4),385-391.
Pan,W.G.,Liu,C.C.,Yang,Q.,Gu,Y.,Yin,S.H.,&Chen,A.T.(2016).The neural basis of trait self-esteem revealed by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and resting state functional connectivity.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,11(3),367-376.
Pietromonaco,P.R.,&Powers,S.I.(2015).Attachment and health-related physiological stress processes.Current Opinion in Psychology,1,34-39.
Preacher,K.J.,&Hayes,A.F.(2004).SPSS and SASprocedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.Behavior Research Methods,Instruments,&Computers,36(4),717-731.
Pruessner,J.C.,Baldwin,M.W.,Dedovic,K.,Renwick,R.,Mahani,N.K.,Lord,C.,...Lupien,S.(2005).Self-esteem,locus of control,hippocampal volume,and cortisol regulation in young and old adulthood.NeuroImage,28(4),815-826.
Qin,P.M.,&Northoff,G.(2011).How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network?NeuroImage,57(3),1221-1233.
Roberts,J.E.,&Monroe,S.M.(1992).Vulnerable selfesteem and depressive symptoms:Prospective findings comparing three alternative conceptualizations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,62(5),804-812.
Rosenberg,M.(1965).Society and the adolescent self image.New York:Princeton University Press.
Rosenberg,M.(1979).Conceiving the self.New York:Basic Books.
Seery,M.D.,Blascovich,J.,Weisbuch,M.,&Vick,S.B.(2004).The relationship between self-esteem level,selfesteem stability,and cardiovascular reactions to performance feedback.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87(1),133-145.
Shaver,P.R.,&Mikulincer,M.(2002).Dialogue on adult attachment:diversity and integration.Attachment&Human Development,4(2),243-257.
Slavich,G.M.,Way,B.M.,Eisenberger,N.I.,&Taylor,S.E.(2010).Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,107(33),14817-14822.
Somerville,L.H.,Kelley,W.M.,&Heatherton,T.F.(2010).Self-esteem modulates medial prefrontal cortical responses to evaluative social feedback.Cerebral Cortex,20(12),3005-3013.
Squire,L.R.(1992).Memory and the hippocampus:Asynthesis from findings with rats,monkeys,and humans.Psychological Review,99(2),195-231.
Wang,Y.N.,Kong,F.,Huang,L.J.,&Liu,J.(2016).Neural correlates of biased responses:The negative method effect in the rosenberg self-esteem scale is associated with right amygdala volume.Journal Personality,84(5),623-632.
Wang,Y.N.,Zhang,L.,Kong,X.Z.,Hong,Y.Y.,Cheon,B.,&Liu,J.(2016).Pathway to neural resilience:Self-esteem buffers against deleterious effects of poverty on the hippocampus.Human Brain Mapping,37(11),3757-3766.
Zeiglerhill,V.,Britton,M.,Holden,C.J.,&Besser,A.(2015).How will I love you?Self-esteem instability moderates the association between self-esteem level and romantic love styles.Self and Identity,14(1),118-134.
Zilioli,S.,Slatcher,R.B.,Chi,P.L.,Li,X.M.,Zhao,J.F.,&Zhao,G.X.(2016).Childhood adversity,self-esteem,and diurnal cortisol profiles across the life span.Psychological Science,27(9),1249-1265.
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