基于现场监测的异味污染暴露-效应评价
|
摘要
为研究异味源排放的气味暴露在环境中对居民产生的影响,以某卷烟厂为研究对象,采用现场监测的方法测定异味暴露的频率、强度、愉悦度等暴露因子,并结合社会学问卷调查法,量化评价异味源对周边居民产生的烦恼程度,建立能够反映居民真实感受的气味影响评价模型,同时利用流行病学的研究思想及方法研究了异味愉悦度(愉快-不愉快)和强度对人群烦恼度的影响.结果表明,在监测周期,通过"气味小时数"得到该卷烟厂排气筒排放异味扩散到周边居民区的频率在2%—37%的范围内,采用六级强度法得到该烟厂排放异味的强度在2—2.8之间,同时根据愉悦度九级度量法,监测得到该烟厂排放异味的愉悦度为-1(稍感不快)—-2.1(中度不快).在居民区异味发生的频率与居民高度烦恼率之间的关系符合二次多项式模型,人群产生的烦恼程度随该卷烟厂异味暴露频率的增大而增加.将该卷烟厂的异味频率控制在不会引起10%的居民产生高度烦恼,则异味频率不能超过7%.暴露-效应关系受到气味强度及愉悦度的影响,愉悦度的影响更为严重(OR=3.3,95%-CI=1.8—6.2),异味源排放的气味越不愉悦,居民产生的烦恼就越严重.研究显示,掌握异味暴露与居民烦恼度之间的剂量-效应关系,可以确定合理的气味可接受水平,为异味污染环境影响评价标准的制订提供科学依据.
In order to study the exposure-response relationship between community annoyance and odour exposure, cigarette factory was selected as the research object, using field measurement to assess odour exposure factor such as frequency, intensity and hedonic tone with trained observers. Additionally, the degree of annoyance, and the frequency of general health complaints were collected from the exposed residents through sociological questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish exposure-response associations with odour frequency as independent variables and annoyance as the dependent variable. The epidemiological research method was used to study the effects of odor hedonic tone(offensiveness of the odour perception) and odour intensity on population interference. The results showed that during the monitoring period, the frequency of odour emitted from the cigarette factory spreading to the surrounding residential areas was 2%—37% calculated by "odour hour", the odour intensity was in range of 2—2.8 using 6-level intensity scale, and the hedonic tone level was-1(slightly unpleasant) to-2.1(moderately unpleasant) according to 9-point hedonic scale. The percentage of highly annoyed population(HA,%) was found to have a quadratic polynomial relationship with the odour exposure frequency(frequency,%). If the HA is less than 10%,the odour frequency cannot exceed 7%. The exposure-response association was affected by odour intensity and hedonic tone, but the impact of hedonic tone is more significant(OR=3.3, 95%-CI=1.8—6.2). The HA is found to be higher when the odour is less pleasant. The results showed that the establishment of exposure-response association can determine a reasonable acceptable level of odour exposure and provide scientific basis for the development of odour impact assessment standards.
In order to study the exposure-response relationship between community annoyance and odour exposure, cigarette factory was selected as the research object, using field measurement to assess odour exposure factor such as frequency, intensity and hedonic tone with trained observers. Additionally, the degree of annoyance, and the frequency of general health complaints were collected from the exposed residents through sociological questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to establish exposure-response associations with odour frequency as independent variables and annoyance as the dependent variable. The epidemiological research method was used to study the effects of odor hedonic tone(offensiveness of the odour perception) and odour intensity on population interference. The results showed that during the monitoring period, the frequency of odour emitted from the cigarette factory spreading to the surrounding residential areas was 2%—37% calculated by "odour hour", the odour intensity was in range of 2—2.8 using 6-level intensity scale, and the hedonic tone level was-1(slightly unpleasant) to-2.1(moderately unpleasant) according to 9-point hedonic scale. The percentage of highly annoyed population(HA,%) was found to have a quadratic polynomial relationship with the odour exposure frequency(frequency,%). If the HA is less than 10%,the odour frequency cannot exceed 7%. The exposure-response association was affected by odour intensity and hedonic tone, but the impact of hedonic tone is more significant(OR=3.3, 95%-CI=1.8—6.2). The HA is found to be higher when the odour is less pleasant. The results showed that the establishment of exposure-response association can determine a reasonable acceptable level of odour exposure and provide scientific basis for the development of odour impact assessment standards.
引文
[1] INVERNIZZI M,CAPELLI L,SIRONI S.Proposal of odor nuisance index as urban planning tool[J].Chemical Senses,2017,42(2):105-110.
[2] 包景岭,李伟芳,邹克华.浅议恶臭污染的健康风险研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2012,25(4):5-7.BAO J L,LI W F,ZOU K H.Research status of health risk of odor pollution[J].Urban Environment & Urban Ecology,2012,25(4):5-7 (in Chinese).
[3] 李伟芳,李昌建,曹阳,等.天津市环境空气恶臭污染状况与典型气态污染物识别[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(6):567-574.LI W F,LI C J,CAO Y,et al.Odor pollution conditions and typical gaseous pollution in urban ambient air in Tianjin City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(6):567-574 (in Chinese).
[4] NICELL J A.Assessment and regulation of odour impacts[J].Atmosphere Environment,2009,43(1):196-206.
[5] VAN HARREVELD A P.From odorant formation to odour nuisance:New definitions for discussing a complex process[J].Water Science & Technology,2001,44(9):9-15.
[6] BUSH R.Adverse effects of environmental odours:Reviewing studies on annoyance responses and symptom reporting[J].Water Science & Technology,2001,44(9):43-51.
[7] IAQM.Guidance on the assessment of odour for planning v1.1[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://www.iaqm.co.uk/text/guidance/odour-guidance-2014.pdf
[8] 王亘,荆博宇.恶臭污染防治难题怎解?[N].中国环境报,2018-11-08(003).WANG G,JING B Y.How to solve the problem of odor pollution prevention?[N].China Environment News,2018-11-08(003).
[9] 张妍,荆博宇,王亘,等.恶臭污染精准模拟的峰均值因子研究进展[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(3):428-434.ZHANG Y,JING B Y,WANG G,et al.Research progress on peak-to-mean factor in precision simulation of odor pollution[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(3):428-434 (in Chinese).
[10] 王亘,孟洁,商细彬,等.国外恶臭污染管理办法对我国管理体系构建的启示[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(8):1337-1345.WANG G,MENG J,SHANG X B,et al.The enlightenment of foreign odor management approaches for its establishment in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(8):1337-1345 (in Chinese).
[11] LI W F,YANG W H,LI J Y.Characterization and prediction of odours from municipal sewage treatment plant[J].Water Science & Technology,2018,3:762-769.
[12] BOTH R,SUCKER K,WINNEKE G,et al.Odour intensity and hedonic tone:important parameters to describe odour annoyance of residents[J].Water Science and Technology,2004,50:83-92.
[13] Netherlands Environmental Protection Agency.Netherlands Emission Guidelines for Air:Chapter3.6[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://rwsenvironment.eu/publish/pages/55546/ner_english-version_november_2007.zip
[14] German EPA.Detection and Assessment of Odour in Ambient Air:Guideline on Odour in Ambient Air [EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://www.lanuv.nrw.de/fileadmin/lanuv/luft/gerueche/pdf/GOAA10Sept08.pdf
[15] New Zealand Ministry of the Environment.Review of odour management in New Zealand:Technical report[EB/OL].New Zealand:New Zealand Ministry of the Environment,2002 [2018-12-10].http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/odour-tr-aug02.pdf.
[16] VDI 3940 Blatt1:Measurement of odor impact by field inspection - measurement of the impact frequency of recognizable odors - Grid Measurement[S],Berlin,Germany:Berlin Press,2006.
[17] VDI 3882 Blatt2:olfactometry-determination of hedonic odour tone[S].Berlin,Germany:Berlin Press,1994.
[18] BRANCHER M,LISBOA H D M.Odour impact assessment by community survey[J].Chemical Engineering Transactions,2014,40:139-144.
[19] UK Environment Agency.Assessment of Community Response to Odorous Emissions[R].Swindon:Environment Agency R&D Dissemination Centre,2002.
[20] 马彩霞,张朝能,王飞羽,等.卷烟企业异味对大气环境的影响分析[J].昆明理工大学学报(理工版),2007,32(2):90-94.MA C X,ZHANG C N,WANG F Y,et al.Impact of cigarette factory odor on environment[J].Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition),2007,32(2):90-94 (in Chinese).
[21] 柳小毅.城市交通噪声主观烦恼社会调查[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.LIU X Y.Social investigation on urban traffic noise subjective annoyance[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011 (in Chinese).
[22] MIEDEMA H,WALPOT J,VOS H,et al.Exposure-annoyance relationships for odour from industrial sources[J].Atmosphere Environment,2000,34:2927-2936.
[23] SUCKRT K,BOTH R,BISCHOFF M,et al.Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part 2:Dose-response associations and their modifications by hedonic tone[J].International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health,2008,81:683-694.
[24] NADDEO V,ZARRA T,GIULIANI S,et al.Odour impact assessment in industrial areas,chemical[J].Engineering Transactions,2012,30,85-90.
[25] 赵永利,刘正娟,王玉川.儿童反复肺炎危险因素的病例对照研究[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2011,13(12):962-965.ZHAO Y L,LIU Z J,WANG Y C.Risk factors for recurrent pneumonia in children:A case-control study[J].Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2011,13 (12):962-965 (in Chinese).
[26] 黄杜钗.重庆地区住宅室内环境与学龄前儿童肺炎患病关系的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.HUANG D C.Relationships between home environment in Chongqing and pneumonia in preschool children[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014 (in Chinese).
[27] 李佳音,李伟芳,杨伟华,等.三种典型异味物质的愉悦度特征[J].环境化学,2018,37(6):1311-1316.LI J Y,LI W F,YANG W H,et al.Hedonic tone of three typical odorants[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(6):1311-1316(in Chinese).
[28] 闫凤越,李伟芳,魏静东,等.典型异味源的感官特性及特征污染物筛选[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(9):1645-1650.YAN F Y,LI W F,WEI J D,et al.Sensory characteristics and specific pollutants for typical odour emission sources in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(9):1645-1650 (in Chinese).
[29] 翟增秀,李伟芳,邹克华,等.愉悦度在恶臭污染感官评价中的应用[J].环境工程技术学报,2018,8(5):546-550.ZHAI Z X,LI W F,ZOU K H,et al.The application of hedonic tone in odour pollution sensory evaluation[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2018,8(5):546-550 (in Chinese).
[2] 包景岭,李伟芳,邹克华.浅议恶臭污染的健康风险研究[J].城市环境与城市生态,2012,25(4):5-7.BAO J L,LI W F,ZOU K H.Research status of health risk of odor pollution[J].Urban Environment & Urban Ecology,2012,25(4):5-7 (in Chinese).
[3] 李伟芳,李昌建,曹阳,等.天津市环境空气恶臭污染状况与典型气态污染物识别[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(6):567-574.LI W F,LI C J,CAO Y,et al.Odor pollution conditions and typical gaseous pollution in urban ambient air in Tianjin City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(6):567-574 (in Chinese).
[4] NICELL J A.Assessment and regulation of odour impacts[J].Atmosphere Environment,2009,43(1):196-206.
[5] VAN HARREVELD A P.From odorant formation to odour nuisance:New definitions for discussing a complex process[J].Water Science & Technology,2001,44(9):9-15.
[6] BUSH R.Adverse effects of environmental odours:Reviewing studies on annoyance responses and symptom reporting[J].Water Science & Technology,2001,44(9):43-51.
[7] IAQM.Guidance on the assessment of odour for planning v1.1[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://www.iaqm.co.uk/text/guidance/odour-guidance-2014.pdf
[8] 王亘,荆博宇.恶臭污染防治难题怎解?[N].中国环境报,2018-11-08(003).WANG G,JING B Y.How to solve the problem of odor pollution prevention?[N].China Environment News,2018-11-08(003).
[9] 张妍,荆博宇,王亘,等.恶臭污染精准模拟的峰均值因子研究进展[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(3):428-434.ZHANG Y,JING B Y,WANG G,et al.Research progress on peak-to-mean factor in precision simulation of odor pollution[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(3):428-434 (in Chinese).
[10] 王亘,孟洁,商细彬,等.国外恶臭污染管理办法对我国管理体系构建的启示[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(8):1337-1345.WANG G,MENG J,SHANG X B,et al.The enlightenment of foreign odor management approaches for its establishment in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(8):1337-1345 (in Chinese).
[11] LI W F,YANG W H,LI J Y.Characterization and prediction of odours from municipal sewage treatment plant[J].Water Science & Technology,2018,3:762-769.
[12] BOTH R,SUCKER K,WINNEKE G,et al.Odour intensity and hedonic tone:important parameters to describe odour annoyance of residents[J].Water Science and Technology,2004,50:83-92.
[13] Netherlands Environmental Protection Agency.Netherlands Emission Guidelines for Air:Chapter3.6[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://rwsenvironment.eu/publish/pages/55546/ner_english-version_november_2007.zip
[14] German EPA.Detection and Assessment of Odour in Ambient Air:Guideline on Odour in Ambient Air [EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://www.lanuv.nrw.de/fileadmin/lanuv/luft/gerueche/pdf/GOAA10Sept08.pdf
[15] New Zealand Ministry of the Environment.Review of odour management in New Zealand:Technical report[EB/OL].New Zealand:New Zealand Ministry of the Environment,2002 [2018-12-10].http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/odour-tr-aug02.pdf.
[16] VDI 3940 Blatt1:Measurement of odor impact by field inspection - measurement of the impact frequency of recognizable odors - Grid Measurement[S],Berlin,Germany:Berlin Press,2006.
[17] VDI 3882 Blatt2:olfactometry-determination of hedonic odour tone[S].Berlin,Germany:Berlin Press,1994.
[18] BRANCHER M,LISBOA H D M.Odour impact assessment by community survey[J].Chemical Engineering Transactions,2014,40:139-144.
[19] UK Environment Agency.Assessment of Community Response to Odorous Emissions[R].Swindon:Environment Agency R&D Dissemination Centre,2002.
[20] 马彩霞,张朝能,王飞羽,等.卷烟企业异味对大气环境的影响分析[J].昆明理工大学学报(理工版),2007,32(2):90-94.MA C X,ZHANG C N,WANG F Y,et al.Impact of cigarette factory odor on environment[J].Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition),2007,32(2):90-94 (in Chinese).
[21] 柳小毅.城市交通噪声主观烦恼社会调查[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.LIU X Y.Social investigation on urban traffic noise subjective annoyance[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011 (in Chinese).
[22] MIEDEMA H,WALPOT J,VOS H,et al.Exposure-annoyance relationships for odour from industrial sources[J].Atmosphere Environment,2000,34:2927-2936.
[23] SUCKRT K,BOTH R,BISCHOFF M,et al.Odor frequency and odor annoyance Part 2:Dose-response associations and their modifications by hedonic tone[J].International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health,2008,81:683-694.
[24] NADDEO V,ZARRA T,GIULIANI S,et al.Odour impact assessment in industrial areas,chemical[J].Engineering Transactions,2012,30,85-90.
[25] 赵永利,刘正娟,王玉川.儿童反复肺炎危险因素的病例对照研究[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2011,13(12):962-965.ZHAO Y L,LIU Z J,WANG Y C.Risk factors for recurrent pneumonia in children:A case-control study[J].Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2011,13 (12):962-965 (in Chinese).
[26] 黄杜钗.重庆地区住宅室内环境与学龄前儿童肺炎患病关系的研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.HUANG D C.Relationships between home environment in Chongqing and pneumonia in preschool children[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014 (in Chinese).
[27] 李佳音,李伟芳,杨伟华,等.三种典型异味物质的愉悦度特征[J].环境化学,2018,37(6):1311-1316.LI J Y,LI W F,YANG W H,et al.Hedonic tone of three typical odorants[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(6):1311-1316(in Chinese).
[28] 闫凤越,李伟芳,魏静东,等.典型异味源的感官特性及特征污染物筛选[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(9):1645-1650.YAN F Y,LI W F,WEI J D,et al.Sensory characteristics and specific pollutants for typical odour emission sources in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(9):1645-1650 (in Chinese).
[29] 翟增秀,李伟芳,邹克华,等.愉悦度在恶臭污染感官评价中的应用[J].环境工程技术学报,2018,8(5):546-550.ZHAI Z X,LI W F,ZOU K H,et al.The application of hedonic tone in odour pollution sensory evaluation[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2018,8(5):546-550 (in Chinese).
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |